48TH CONGRESS, 2d Session.

5.

SENATE.

BUREAU OF EDUCATION
SPECIAL REPORT, 1888

INDIAN

BY

EDUCATION AND CIVILIZATION

A REPORT PREPARED IN ANSWER TO SENATE RESOLUTION
OF FEBRUARY 23, 1885

WASHINGTON

487-48

ALICE C. FLETCHER

UNDER DIRECTION OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION

Ex. Doo.
No. 95.

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

CONTENTS.

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CHAPTER I.-THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY.

Origin of the American Indians, 13 – Why they had never become civilized, 13—

Early Spanish explorers, 14- Cabeza de Vaca, 14- Coronado, 15- De Soto, 15-

Expedition of Cartier, 17 — Indian tribal organization, 17 — Position of women,

17 - Conduct of war, 18- Former Indian population exaggerated, 19— Missionary

effort in the sixteenth century, 19— Results of contact with the white race, 22.

CHAPTER II.-THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY.

VIRGINIA: Early treaties, 24-Massacre of 1622, 25-Legal measures, 26-Treaty

of peace, 27 — Growing strength of the colonists, 29 — Bacon's rebellion, 30 — In-

dian slavery, 31 - Failure of early educational projects, 34 - The Boyle fund, 34 —

Indian school of William and Mary College, 34-Difficulty of obtaining pupils,

35.

MARYLAND: First settlement, 36-Laws regarding the Indians, 37- Lack

of education, 38. MASSACHUSETTS: Distrust of the natives, 33- Educational

provisions, 39-Laws regulating intercourse, 40-Slavery, 42-Religious instruc-

tion, 43― Indian civilization checked by King Philip's War, 44-Treatment of the

"praying Indians,” 46—John Eliot, 47 - Society for the propagation of the Gospel,

50-Indian school at Natick, 52-Vices of the natives, 53-Indian college at

Cambridge, 54-Indian books, 54- Expenditures for Indian civilization, 57 -

Mashpee Indians, 59-Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket Indians, 61. NEW YORK:

Dealings of the Dutch with the natives, 62- Liquor traffic, 63 - The Five Nations,

64-Slavery, 61. ROMAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS: In Florida, 64 -- In New Mexico,

64-In California, 65-In Maine, 65-In Michigan and along the Lakes, 65 — In

New York, 67.

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CHAPTER III.--THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY.

VIRGINIA: Enactments against Indians by the Assembly, 70- Favors extended to

tributary tribes, 71- Exploration of the Neuse River by De Graffenried and Law-

son, September, 1711, 71-Indian depredations, 74- Indian education, 75. PENN-

SYLVANIA: Moravian missions, 78- Moravian missions in Ohio, 82. NEW YORK:

Missions among the Iroquois, 85- Moravian missions, 87. NEW ENGLAND: Indian

education, 90-Revolutionary leaders and the Indian question, 103-Enactments

of the Continental Congress, 104.

CHAPTER IV.-ADMINISTRATION OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.

Historical outline of administration, 106 - The Indian Department, 108- Transferred

to Department of the Interior by act of March 3, 1849, 103-Offico organization,

109-List of Commissioners of Indian Affairs since 1832, 109-Finance division;

land and law division, 110- Field organization, 112-Duties of agents, 112 - Sala-

ries of agents, 115-Indian police and court of Indian offenses, 117- Indian inspect-

ors, 117 — Special agents, 118 — The Board of Indian Commissioners, 118-Present

members of the Board with their post-office addresses, 121.

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CHAPTER V.-General REVIEW OF INDIAN ReservatIONS.

Established by treaty and by order of President, 123 - Reservations established by

treaty or act of Congress, 124-Reservations established by Executive order, 126–

Rules pertaining to Indian reservations, 127 — Indian land tenure, 129 — Treaty of

Guadaloupe Hidalgo, 134-Laws permitting Indians to take up public lands, 136 —

Leasing of Indian lands, 138-Land in severalty, 138-Legal status of Indians,

141-Trading regulation, 146— Are the Indians dying out? 152.

CHAPTER VI.-INDIAN EDUCATION.

Regulations for Indian education made by the Continental Congress, 161-Early regu-

lations for Indian education by the United States, 162- Reports of schools, 164 –

Statistics of Indian education, 173.

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CHAPTER VII.-INDIAN RESERVATIONS OF ARIZONA TERRITORY.

The Gadsden purchase, 198-COLORADO RIVER AGENCY: Colorado River Reserva-

tion, 198; Hualpai Reservation, 200; Suppai Reservation, 201- PIMA AGENCY:

Gila River Reservation, 202; Gila Bend Reservation, 205; Papago Reservation,

205; Salt River Reservation, 206- SAN CARLOS AGENCY: White Mountain Reser-

vation, 208; Tulerosa Valley Reserve, 208; Camp Grant Reservation, 209; Camp

Verde Reservation, 210; Moqui Reservation, 215.

CHAPTER VIII.-INDIAN RESERVATIONS OF CALIFORNIA.

Acts of Congress for sustaining military reservations in California, 216-HOOPA VAL-

LEY AGENCY: Hoopa Valley Reservation, 219; Klamath River Reservation, 221

MISSION AGENCY: Mission Reservations, 225; Executive orders relating to same,

227-ROUND VALLEY AGENCY: Round Valley Reservation, 230-TULE RIVER

AGENCY: Tule River Reservation, 237; Yuma Reservation, 238.

CHAPTER IX.-INDIAN RESERVATIONS OF COLOrado.

First emigrants sustained by purchases of wheat, corn, etc., from the Indians, 240—

Indian farms in 1856, 241 — SOUTHERN UTE AGENCY: Ute Reservation, 242 - Syn-

opsis of treaties made with Utah Indians, 243; Treaty with the Tabegauche, Muache,

Capote, Weeminuche, Yampa, Grand River, and Uintah bands of Ute Indians, made

at Washington, March 2, 1868, 245; Treaty between United States and the above at

San Pinos Agency, September 13, 1873, 246.

CHAPTER X.-INDIAN RESERVATIONS OF DAKOTA TERRITORY.

Agencies, 251-FORT BERTHOLD AGENCY: Fort Berthold Reservation, 251-Synopsis

of treaties, 252; Sioux Reservation, 252-CHEYENNE RIVER AGENCY, 257 — CROW

CREEK AND LOWER BRULÉ AGENCY: Crow Creek Reservation, 258; Old Winne-

bago Reservation, 260-PINE RIDGE AGENCY, 262-ROSEBUD AGENCY, 263-

STANDING ROCK AGENCY, 264-Synopsis of Sioux treaties, 265-SISSETON AGENCY:

Lake Traverse Reservation, 281-DEVIL'S LAKE AGENCY: Devil's Lake Reserva-

tion, 284; Turtle Mountain Reservation, 285; Ponca Reservation, 286 — YANKTON

AGENCY: Yankton Reservation, 287.

A

CHAPTER XI.-INDIAN RESERVATIONS OF IDAHO TERRITORY.

FORT HALL AGENCY: Fort Hall Reservation, 291; Synopsis of treaties, 292; Unrati-

fied agreement of 1880, 294-LEMHI AGENCY: Lemhi Reservation, 294-NEZ

PERCÉ AGENCY: Lapwai Reservation, 296-COLVILLE AGENCY: Cœur d'Alêne

Reservation, 300. 1

CHAPTER XII.-INDIAN RESERVATIONS OF INDIAN TERRITORY.

Agencies, 304 CHEYENNE AND ARAPAHO AGENCY: Cheyenne and Arapaho Reser-

vation, 305; Synopsis of treaties made with Apache Indians, etc., 306; with Chey-

enne Indians, 303; with Cheyenne and Arapahoes, 308; Unratified agreement made

October 19, 1872, with Arapahoes, Wichitas, Caddos, and others, 311- KIOWA, Co-

MANCHE, AND WICHITA AGENCY: Kiowa and Comanche Reservation, 314; Treaties

with the Kiowas, Wichitas, Katakas, Tawakaros, and others, 315; Wichita Reser-

vation, 318; Treaties with Delaware Indians, etc., 318; Unratified agreement of

October 19, 1872, 323 — OSAGE AGENCY: Osage Reservation, 323; Treaty with Osage

Indians, 324; Kansas Reservation, 327; Treaties with Kansas Indians, 328-PONCA,

PAWNEE, AND OTOE AGENCY: Ponca Reservation, 330; Treaties with the Ponca

Indians, 330; Otoe Reservation, 333; Treaties with Otoe Indians, 333; Pawnee

Reservation, 336; Treaties with Pawnee Indians, 336; Oakland Reservation, 339–

QUAPAW AGENCY: Quapaw Reservation, 340; Treaties with Quapaw Indians, 341;

Modoc Reservation, 342; Ottawa Reservation, 343; Treaties with Ottawa Indians,

344; Peoria Reservation, 345; Kaskaskia treaties, 346; Treaties with Miami Indians,

etc., 349.

CHAPTER XIII.-INDIAN RESERVATIONS OF INDIAN TERRITORY-CONTINUed.

QUAPAW AGENCY, continued: Seneca Reservation, 359; Shawnee Reservation, 359;

Treaties with Shawnee Indians, 360; Wyandotte Reservation, 363; Treaties with

the Wyandotte Indians, 363 – SAC AND FOX AGENCY: Sac and Fox Reservation,

367; Treaties with Sac and Fox Indians, 368; Iowa Reservation, 372; Kickapoo

Reservation, 373; Pottawatomie Reservation, 374; Treaties with Pottawatomies,

375-UNION AGENCY: Cherokee Reservation, 381; Government of the Five Nations,

381; Cherokee treaties, 382; hickasaw Reservation, 390; Treaties with Chicka-

saws, 391; Choctaw Reservation, 396; Treaties with Choctaws, 397; Creek Reser-

vation, 400; Treaties with Creeks and Seminoles, 401; Seminole Reservation, 407;

Treaties with Seminoles, 408.

CHAPTER XIV.-INDIAN RESERVATIONS OF IOWA, KANSAS, AND MICHIGAN.

Iowa: SAC AND FOX AGENCY: Sac and Fox Reservation, 411- Kansas: POTTAWATO-

MIE AND GREAT NEMAHA AGENCY: Chippewa and Munsee Reservation, 412; Trea-

ties with Munsee Indians, 413; Kickapoo Reservation, 413; Kickapoo treaties, 414;

Pottawatomie Reservation, 416- Michigan: MACKINAC AGENCY: Isabella Reserva-

tion, 417; L'Anse Reservation, 419; Ontonagon Reservation, 420; Treaties with

Chippewa and other Indians, 420.

CHAPTER XV.-INDIAN RESERVATIONS OF MINNESOTA AND MONTANA.
Minnesota: WHITE EARTH AGENCY: White Earth Reservation, 443; Leech Lake
Reservation, 445; Mille Lac Reservation, 446; Red Lake Reservation, 446; Winne-
bagoshish Reservation, 447; Boisé Fort Reservation, 448; Deer Creek Reservation,
448; Fond du Lac Reservation, 449; Grand Portage Reservation, 450; Vermillion
Lake Reservation, 451 — Montana Territory: BLACKFEET AGENCY, 452- FORT BEL-
KNAP AGENCY, 453-FORT PECK AGENCY, 453-Blackfeet treaties, 454-CROW
AGENCY: Crow Reservation, 459; Synopsis of Crow Treaties, 459 — FLATHEAD
AGENCY: Jocko Reservation, 463; Synopsis of treaties with confederated bands of
Flathead, Kootenai, and Upper Pend d'Oreille Indians, 464-TONGUE RIVER
AGENCY: Northern Cheyenne Reservation, 467; Arapaho treaties, 468.

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