HE title of illustrious was never given, till the

reign of Constantine, but to those whose

reputation was splendid in arms, or in letters. Adulation had not yet adopted this noble word into her vocabulary. Suetonius composed a book to record those who had possessed this title; and, as it was then bestowed, a moderate volume was sufficient to contain their names.

* In introducing the section of this work relating to the Titles of Dignity and Courtesy, together with the Forms of Address, by which the bearers of such titles may be approached or addressed, the Editor believes that the following able article by the author of “The Curiosities of Literature" will be fully appreciated by all interested in the subject.

In the time of Constantine, the title of illustrious was given more particularly to those princes who had distinguished themselves in war; but it was not continued to their descendants. At length, it became very common ; and every son of a prince was illustrious. There is a very proper distinction to be made between the epithets of ILLUSTRIOUS and FAMOUS. Niceron has entitled his laborious work, Memoires pour servir à l’Histoire des Hommes ILLUSTRES dans la République des Lettres. The epithet ILLUSTRIOUS is always received in an honourable sense; yet in these Memoirs are inserted many authors who have only written with the design of combating religion and morality. Such writers as Vanini, Spinoza, Woolston, Toland, &c., had been better characterized under the more general epithet of FAMOUS; for it may be said that the ILLUSTRIOUS are FAMOUS, but that the FAMOUS are not always ILLUSTRIOUS. In the rage for TITLES the ancient lawyers in Italy were not satisfied by calling kings ILLUSTRES ; they went a step higher, and would have emperors to be super-illustres, a barbarous coinage of their own. In Spain they published a book of titles for their kings, as well as for the Portuguese; but Selden tells us that “their Cortesias and giving of titles grew at length, through the affectation of heaping great attributes on their princes, to such an insufferable forme, that a remedie was provided against it.” This remedy was an act published by Philip III., which ordained that all the Cortesias, as they termed these strange phrases, they had so servilely and ridiculously invented, should be reduced to a simple subscription, “To the king, our lord,” leaving out those fantastical attributes which every secretary has vied with his predecessors in increasing their number. It would fill too many of the present pages to transcribe the titles and attributes of the Grand Seignior, which he assumes in a letter to Henry IV. Selden, in his “Titles of Honour,” first part, p. 140, has preserved it. This “emperor of victorious emperors,” as he styles himself, at length condescended, to agree with the Emperor of Germany, in 1606, that in all their letters and instruments they should be only styled father and son : the emperor calling the Sultan his son; and the Sultan the emperor, in regard of his years, his father. Formerly, says Houssaie, the title of highness was only given to kings; but now it has become so common, that all the great houses assume it. All the Great, says a modern, are desirous of being confounded with princes, and are ready to seize on the privileges of royal dignity. We have already come to highness. M

The pride of our descendants, I suspect, will usurp that of majesty.

Ferdinand, king of Arragon, and his queen Isabella, of Castile, were only treated with the title of highness. Charles was the first who took that of majesty : not in his quality of king of Spain, but as emperor.

St. Foix informs us that kings were usually addressed by the titles of most illustrious, or your serenity, or your grace; but that the custom of giving them that of majesty was only established by Louis XI., a prince the least majestic in all his actions, his manners, and his exterior-a severe monarch, but no ordinary man, the Tiberius of France ; whose manners were of the most sordid nature in public audiences he dressed like the meanest of people, and affected to sit on an old broken chair, with a filthy dog on his knees. In an account found of his household, this majestic prince has a charge made him, for two new sleeves sewed on one of his old doublets.

Formerly kings were apostrophized by the title of your grace. Henry VIII. was the first, says Houssaie, who assumed the title of highness, and at length majesty. It was Francis I. who saluted him with this last title, in their interview in the year 1520, though he called himself only the first gentleman in his kingdom !

So distinct were once the titles of highness and excellence that when Don Juan, the brother of . Philip II., was permitted to take up the latter title, and the city of Granada saluted him by the title of highness, it occasioned such serious jealousy at court, that had he persisted in it he would have been condemned for treason.

The usual title of cardinals, about 1600, was seignoria illustrissima ; the Duke of Lerma, the Spanish minister and cardinal, in his old age, assumed the title of excellencia reverendissima. The Church of Rome was in its glory, and to be called reverend was then accounted a higher honour than to be styled the illustrious. But by use illustrious grew familiar, and reverend vulgar, and at last the cardinals were distinguished by the title of eminent.

After all these historical notices respecting these titles, the reader will smile when he is acquainted with the reason of an honest curate of Montserrat, who refused to bestow the title of highness on the Duke of Mantua, because he found in his breviary these words, Tu solus Dominus, tu solus Altissimus; from all which he concluded that none but the Lord was to be honoured with the title of highness. The "Titles of Honour” of Selden is a very curious volume, and, as the learned Usher told Evelyn, the most valuable work of this