mean angle only is put down, being calculated for the first of July of each year.

Azimuth Table.

Year.

Lat. 320 Lat. 34° Lat. 360 Lat. 38° Lat. 40°
Azimuth. Azimuth. Azimuth. Azimuth. Azimuth

1851......

Lat. 420 Lat. 44° Azimuth. Azimuth.

1° 45 1° 48′ 1° 50′ 1° 53' 1° 56′ 2° 001 2° 011/ 1852......... 1° 45′ 1° 47 1° 50' 1° 53′ 1° 561 1° 59' 2° 03/ 1° 441 1° 47′ 1° 493/ 1° 521 1° 55′ 1° 59′ 2° 031 1° 44′ 1° 46′ 1° 49′ 1° 52′ 1° 55′ 1° 597 20 023/

1853.

1854...

1855..

1° 433 1° 46′ 1° 48′ 1° 51′ 1° 54′ 1° 58′ 2° 02′ 1856......... 1° 431 1° 45′ 1° 481 1° 51′ 1° 54′ 1° 58′ 2° 01/ 1857.... 1° 43′ 1° 45' 1° 48′ 1° 503 1° 54′ 1° 57′ 2° 011/ 1858......... 1° 42' 1° 443 10 471 1° 501 1° 531/ 1° 57' 2° 003/ 1859......... 1° 42′ 1° 44' 1° 47′ 1° 493 1° 53′ 1° 56' 2° 001 1860....................... 1° 41′ 1° 44′ 1° 46′ 1° 49′ 1° 52′ 1° 56′ 2° 00′ 1861..... 1° 41′ 1° 43′ 1° 46′ 1° 49′ 1° 52′ 1° 55′ 1° 59′

The use of the above tables, in finding the true meridian, will soon appear.

TO FIND THE TRUE MERIDIAN WITH THE
THEODOLITE.

10. Take a board, of about one foot square, paste white paper upon it, and perforate it through the center; the diameter of the hole being somewhat larger than the diameter of the telescope of the theodolite. Let this board be so fixed to a vertical staff as to slide up and down freely; and let a small piece of board, about three

inches square, be nailed to the lower edge of it, for the purpose of holding a candle.

About twenty-five minutes before the time of the greatest eastern or western elongation of the pole-star, as shown by the tables of elongations, let the theodolite be placed at a convenient point and leveled. Let the board be

placed about one foot in front of the theodolite, a lamp or candle placed on the shelf at its lower edge; and let the board be slipped up or down, until the pole-star can be seen through the hole. The light reflected from the paper will show the cross hairs in the telescope of the theodolite.

Then, let the vertical spider's line be brought exactly upon the pole-star, and, if it is an eastern elongation that is to be observed, and the star has not yet reached the most easterly point, it will move from the line toward the east, and the reverse when the elongation is west.

At the time the star attains its greatest elongation, it will appear to coincide with the vertical spider's line for some time, and then leave it, in the direction contrary to its former motion.

As the star moves toward the point of greatest elongation, the telescope must be continually directed to it, by means of the tangent-screw of the vernier plate; and when the star has attained its greatest elongation, great care should be taken that the instrument be not afterward moved.

Now, if it be not convenient to leave the instrument in its place until daylight, let a staff, with a candle or small lamp upon its upper extremity, be arranged at thirty or forty yards from the theodolite, and in the same vertical plane with the axis of the telescope. This is easily effected, by revolving the vertical limb about its horizontal axis. without moving the vernier plate, and aligning the staff to coincide with the vertical hair. Then mark the point directly under the theodolite; the line passing through

this point and the staff makes an angle with the true meridian equal to the azimuth of the pole-star.

From the table of azimuths, take the azimuth corresponding to the year and nearest latitude. If the observed elongation was east, the true meridian lies on the west of the line which has been found, and makes with it an angle equal to the azimuth. If the elongation was west, the true meridian lies on the east of the line; and, in either case, laying off the azimuth angle with the theodolite, gives the true meridian.

TO FIND THE TRUE MERIDIAN WITH THE COMPASS.

11. 1st. Drive two posts firmly into the ground, in a line nearly east and west; the uppermost ends, after the posts are driven, being about three feet above the surface, and the posts about four feet apart; then lay a plank, or piece of timber three or four inches in width, and smooth on the upper side, upon the posts, and let it be pinned or nailed, to hold it firmly.

2d. Prepare a piece of board four or five inches square, and smooth on the under side. Let one of the compasssights be placed at right angles to the upper surface of the board, and let a nail be driven through the board, so that it can be tacked to the timber resting on the posts.

3d. At about twelve feet from the stakes, and in the direction of the pole-star, let a plumb be suspended from the top of an inclined stake or pole. The top of the pole should be of such a height that the pole-star will appear about six inches below it; and the plumb should be swung in a vessel of water to prevent it from vibrating.

This being done, about twenty minutes before the time of elongation, place the board, to which the compass-sight is fastened, on the horizontal plank, and slide it east or west, until the aperture of the compass-sight, the plumbline, and the star are brought into the same range. Then

if the star depart from the plumb-line, move the compasssight east or west along the timber, as the case may be, until the star shall attain its greatest elongation, when it will continue behind the plumb-line for several minutes, and will then recede from it in the direction contrary to its motion before it became stationary. Let the compasssight be now fastened to the horizontal plank. During this observation it will be necessary to have the plumbline lighted; this may be done by an assistant holding a candle near it.

Let now a staff, with a candle or lamp upon it, be placed at a distance of thirty or forty yards from the plumb-line, and in the same direction with it and the compass-sight. The line so determined makes, with the true meridian, an angle equal to the azimuth of the polestar; and from this line the variation of the needle is readily determined, even without tracing the true meridian on the ground.

Place the compass upon this line, turn the sights in the direction of it, and note the angle shown by the needle. Now, if the elongation, at the time of observation, was west, and the north end of the needle is on the west side of the line, the azimuth, plus the angle shown by the needle, is the true variation. But should the north end of the needle be found on the east side of the line, the elongation being west, the difference between the azimuth and the angle would show the variation, and the reverse when the elongation is east.

REMARK I. The variation at West Point, in September, 1835, was 6° 32′ west.

REMARK II. The variation of the needle should always be noted on every survey made with the compass, and then if the land be surveyed at a future time, the old lines can always be re-run.

12. It has been found by observation, that heat and cold sensibly affect the magnetic needle, and that the same needle will, at the same place, indicate different lines at different hours of the day.

If the magnetic meridian be observed early in the morning, and again at different hours of the day, it will be found that the needle will continue to recede from the meridian as the day advances, until about the time of the highest temperature, when it will begin to return, and at evening will make the same line as in the morning. This change is called the diurnal variation, and varies, during the summer season, from one-fourth to one-fifth of a degree.

13. A very near approximation to a true meridian, and consequently to the variation, may be had, by remembering that the pole-star very nearly reaches the true meridian, when it is in the same vertical plane with the star Alioth in the tail of the Great Bear, which lies nearest the four stars forming the quadrilateral.

The vertical position can be ascertained by means of a plumb-line. To see the spider's lines in the field of the telescope at the same time with the star, a faint light