View of the State of Europe During the Middle Ages

afterwards ancient appears Aragon assembly authority barons became bishops Burgundy called Castile Charlemagne Charles Charles the Bald Charles VII charter Church cities citizens civil clergy common conquest consent constitution Cortes council court crown death dominions Duke Duke of Burgundy ecclesiastical Edward Edward III election emperor empire enemies England English established estates Europe feudal fiefs Florence Frederick French Germany Ghibelin granted Gregory Guelf Guienne Henry Henry III hereditary imperial Italian Italy John jurisdiction justice king of Aragon king's kingdom kings of France lands less liberty Lombard lord Louis magistrates ment Merovingian Milan military monarchy Naples nobility nobles Otho papal Parliament party perhaps persons Philip Philip the Fair pope possessed prerogative pretensions princes principle privileges provinces reign rendered republic Roman Rome royal Saxon seems sovereign sovereignty spirit statute Suabia subjects succession successors temporal tenure territory throne tion towns usurpation vassals villenage