every thing is frozen fo long as the fun is under the horizon, or but a little above it. However, these zones are not quite uninhabitable, though much lefs fit for living in than the torrid. None of all thefe zones are thoroughly discovered by the Europeans. Our knowledge of the fouthern temperate zone is very imperfect; we know little of the northern frigid zone; and still lefs of the southern frigid zone. The northern temperate and torrid zones are those we are beft acquainted with. CLIMATES.] But the divifion of the earth into hemifpheres and zones, though it may be of advantage in letting us know in what quarter of the earth any place lies, is not fufficiently minute for giving us a notion of the diftances between one place and another. This however is ftill more neceffary, because it is of more importance to mankind to know the fituations of places with regard to each other, than with regard to the earth itself. The firft ftep taken for determining the relative fituation of places was to divide the earth into what are called Climates. It was obferved, that the day was always twelve hours long at the equator, and that the longest day increased in proportion as we advanced north or fouth on either fide of it. The ancients therefore determined how far any place was north or fouth of the equator, or what is called the Latitude of the place, from the greatest length of the day in that place. They conceived a number of circles parallel to the equator, which bounded the length of the day at different diftances from the equator; and as they called the spaces contained between thefe circles Climates, because they declined from the equator towards the pole, fo the circles themselves may be called Climatical Parallels. This, therefore, was a new divifion of the earth, more minute than that of zones, and ftill continues in ufe; though, as we thall fhow, the defign which firft introduced it may be better anfwered in another way. There are thirty climates between the equator and either pole. In the first twentyfour, the days increase by half hours: but in the remaining fix, between the polar circle and the pole, the days increase by months. The nature and reafon of this the reader will more fully underftand, when he becomes acquainted with the use of the globe: in the mean time, we shall infert a table, which will ferve to fhow in what climate any country lies, fuppofing the length of the day, and the distance of the place from the equator, to be known. Cli. Lat. D. M. Breadth Lo. D. 1 8 25 216 25 S 013 Names of Countries and remarkable Places, fituated in 8 25 12 50 I. Within the first Climate lie the Gold and Silver 323 50 7 25 13 50 III. Contains Mecca in Arabia; Bombay, part of Ben 4 30 20 6 30 14 5 36 28 6 gal, in the Eaft-Indies; Canton, in China; Mexico, 0 IV. Egypt, and the Canary Islands, in Africa; Delhi, 8 14 30 V. Gibraltar in Spain; part of the Mediterranean fea; the Barbary coaft, in Africa; Jerufalem; Ifpahan, capital of Perfia; Nankin, in China; California, New Mexico, Weft Florida, Georgia, and the Carolinas, in North America. 6 41 22 4 54 15 O VI. Lifbon, in Portugal; Madrid, in Spain; Minorca, 745 29 4 7 15 30 VII. Northern provinces of Spain; fouthern ditto of France; Turin, Genoa, and Rome, in Italy; Conftantinople, and the Black Sea, in Turkey; the Cafpian Sea, and part of Tartary; New York, Boston, in New England, North America. 8 49 VIII. Paris; Vienna, capital of Germany; Nova Scotia, IX. London, Flanders, Prague, Drefden; Cracow, in 0X. Dublin, York, Holland, Hanover, and Tartary; Warfaw, in Poland; Labrador, and New South Wales, in North America. 30 30 30 1156 37 2 12 58 29 1 52 18 2 Months. 3 Months. 4 Months. 25 67 21 26 69 43 2773 37 28 78 30 XI. Edinburgh, Copenhagen; Moscow, capital of Ruffia. XVI. Siberia, and the south part of Weft Greenland. 30 XVII. Drontheim, in Norway. XVIII. Part of Finland, in Ruffia. 30 XIX. Archangel, on the White Sea, Ruffia, 30 XXI. Northern part of Ruffia and Siberia. LATITUDE.] The distance of places from the equator, or what is called the Latitude, is eafily measured on the globe, by means of the meridian above defcribed. For we have only to bring the place, whose latitude we would know, to the meridian, where the degree of latitude is marked, and it will be exactly over the place. As latitude is reckoned from the equator towards the poles, it is either northern or fouthern ; and the nearer the poles, the greater the latitude. No place can have more than ninety degrees of latitude, because the 'poles, where the reckoning of the latitude terminates, are at that distance from the equa tor. PARALLELS OF LATITUDE.] Through every degree of latitude, or, more properly, through every particular place on the earth, geographers fuppofe a circle to be drawn, which they call a parallel of latitude. The interfection of this circle with the meridian of any place shows the true fituation of that place. LONGITUDE The Longitude of a place is its fituation with regard to the first meridian, and confequently reckoned towards the east or weft: in reckoning the longitude, there is no particular spot from which we ought to fet out preferably to another; but, for the advantage of a general rule, the meridian of Ferro, the moft wefterly of the Canary islands, was formerly confidered as the firft meridian in most of the globes and maps, and the longitude of places was reckoned to be fo many degrees eaft or weft of the meridian of Ferro. The modern globes fix the first meridian, from which the degrees of longitude are reckoned, in the capital city of the different countries where they are made, viz. the English globes date. the first meridian from London or Greenwich, the French globes from Paris, &c. The degrees of longitude are marked on the equator. No place can have more than 180 degrees of longitude, because, the circumference of the globe being 360 degrees, no place can be remote from another above half that diftance; but many foreign geographers improperly reckon the longitude quite round the globe. The degrees of longitude are not equal, like those of latitude, but diminish in proportion as the meri❤ dians incline, or their diftance contracts in approaching the pole. Hence, in fixty degrees of latitude, a degree of longitude is but half the quantity of a degree on the equator, and fo of the reft. The number of miles contained in a degree of longitude in each parallel of latitude, are fet down in the table in the following page. LONGITUDE AND LATITUDE FOUND.] To find the longitude and latitude of any place, therefore, we need only bring that place to the brazen meridian, and we shall find the degree of longitude marked on the equator, and the degree of latitude on the meridian. So that to find the diftance between two places in the fame latitude, we have only to fubtract the greater longitude from the lefs, and the difference, reduced to miles, according to the table given below, will be the distance fought. If the places have the fame longitude, the difference of latitude turned into miles at the rate of 60 geographic or 69 English ftatute miles to a degree, will give the diftance. DISTANCE OF PLACES MEASURED.] The diftance of places which lie in an oblique direction, i. e. neither directly fouth, north, eaft, nor weft, from one another, may be measured by extending the compaffes from the one to the other, and then applying them to the equator. For inftance, extend the compaffes from Guinea in Africa, to Brazil in America, and then apply them to the equator, and you will find the diftance to be twenty-five degrees, which, at fixty miles to a degree, makes the distance 1500 miles. QUADRANT OF ALTITUDE.] In order to fupply the place of the com paffes in this operation, there is commonly a pliant narrow plate of braft, fcrewed on the brazen meridian, which contains ninety degrees, or on quarter of the circumference of the globe, by means of which the diftance;" and bearings of places are measured without the trouble of firft extending the compafles between them, and then applying the fame to the equator. This plate is called the Quadrant of Altitude. HOUR CIRCLE.] This is a fmall brafs circle fixed on the brazen meridian, divided into twenty-four hours, and having an index moveable round the axis of the globe. A TABLE, SHOWING The Number of Miles contained in a Degree of Longitude, în each Parallel of Latitude from the Equator. PROBLEMS PERFORMED BY THE GLOBE. PROBLEM 1. The Diameter of an artificial Globe being given, to find its Surface in fquare, and its Solidity in cubic, Measure. MULTIPLY the diameter by the circumference, which is a great circle dividing the globe into two equal parts, and the product will give the firft: then multiply the faid product by one fixth of the diameter, and the product of that will give the fecond. After the fame manner we may find the furface and folidity of the natural globe, as alfo of the whole body of the atmosphere furrounding the fame, provided it be always and every where of the fame height; for, having found the perpendicular height of the atmosphere by the common experiment of the afcent of mercury at the foot and top of a mountain, double the faid height, and add the fame to the diameter of the earth; then multiply the whole, as a new diameter, by its proper circumference, which again multiply by one fixth of that diameter, and from the product fubtract the folidity of the earth, it will leave that of the atmosphere. PROB. 2. To rectify the Globe. The globe being fet upon a true plane, raise the pole according to the given latitude; then fix the quadrant of altitude in the zenith; and if there be any mariner's compass upon the pedestal, let the globe be so situated, that the brazen meridian may stand due fouth and north, according to the two extremities of the needle, allowing for its variation. PROB. 3. To find the Longitude and Latitude of any Place. PROB. 4. The Longitude and Latitude of any Place being given, to find that Place on the Globe. Bring the degree of longitude to the brazen meridian; reckon upon the fame meridian the degree of latitude, whether fouth or north, and make a mark where the reckoning ends; the point exactly under the mark is the place defired. PROB. 5. The Latitude of any Place being given, to find all those Places that have the fame Latitude. The globe being rectified (a) according to the latitude of the given place, and that place being brought to the (a) PROE. 2. brazen meridian, make a mark exactly above the fame, and turning the globe round, all thofe places paffing under the faid mark have the fame latitude with the given place. PROB. 6. To find the Sun's Place in the Ecliptic at any Time. The month and day being given, look for the fame upon the wooden horizon; and over-against the day you will find the fign and degree in which the Sun is at that time; which fign and degree being noted in the ecliptic, the fame is the Sun's place, or nearly, at the time defired, PROB. 7. The Month and Day being given, as alfo the particular Time of that Day, to find thofe Places of the Globe to which the Sun is in the Meridian at that Time. The pole being elevated according to the latitude of the place where you are, bring the laid place to the brazen meridian, and fetting the |