about two millions and a half sterling. T nearly half of this revenue. The following the seven United Provinces contributed to Of every million of ducats, the provi Holland contributes

Zealand

Friesland

Utrecht

Groningen

Guelderland
Overyssel

Of the 420,000 ducats paid by the prov Amsterdam furnished upwards of 320,000 vinces are so heavy, and so many, that it is author asserts, that the only thing which ha the air they breathe. But for the encourag goods and merchandise are exceedingly low by the present war, and the contributions the French, cannot but have considerably in year 1797, after the defeat of the Dutch fle of eight per cent. on all income was imposed their navy. A forced loan of three per cent. and a tax of seven per cent. besides, on all lately decreed.

MILITARY AND MARINESTRENGTH.] in the United Provinces, in time of peace, c forty thousand: twenty-five thousand of who of them are Scots and Swiss; and in time of ments of Germans. The chief command of stadtholder, under whom was the field-mars force of the United Provinces used to be very fitted out very formidable fleets; but their na much neglected. Their late war with Great increase it; and they have great resources for it must be in a very feeble and shattered sta surrender of admiral Lucas's squadron at the victory gained by admiral Duncan, and espe fleet in the Texel to admiral Mitchel; since wh has been published, which makes their nav ships of the line and seven or eight frigates.

ORDER OF TEUTONIC KNIGHTS.] This w ful as well as ancient orders in Europe, now di one for papists, and the other for protestants. at Utrecht, where they transact their business if they propose a son to be a knight, enter his pay a large sum of money to the use of the poor and the candidate succeeds in rotation, if he his nobility for four generations on the father's ensign is a cross pattie, enamelled white, su black; above the cross is a ball twisted, whit pendent to a broad black watered ribband, w neck. The same cross is embroidered on the garment of each knight.

ARMS.] The ensigns armorial of the Seven States of Holland, are, Or, a lion, gules, holding

and with the other a bundle of seven arrows close bound together, in allusion to the seven confederate provinces, with the following motto; Concordia res parcæ crescunt.

HISTORY.] See the Austrian Netherlands.

William V. prince of Orange and Nassau, hereditary stadtholder, captain-general and admiral of the Seven United Provinces, and knight of the garter, was born March 19, 1748; married, in 1767, the princess Frederica-Sophia-Wilhelmina, of Prussia, born in 1751; by whom he

has issue:

1. Frederica-Louisa-Wilhelmina, born Nov. 28, 1770; married to the hereditary prince of Brunswick.

2. William-Frederic, hereditary prince, born Aug. 2, 1772; married, Oct. 1, 1791, to princess Frederica-Sophia-Wilhelmina, of Prussia. 3. William-George-Frederic, born Feb. 15, 1774.

The stadtholder has one sister, Wilhelmina-Carolina, born 1743, and' married to the prince of Nassau Wielbur.

Boundaries.] BOUNDED by the United Provinces on the North; by Germany, East; by Lorraine, Champagne, and Picardy, in France, South; and by another part of Picardy, and the English Sea, West.

As this country so lately belonged to three different powers, the Austrians, French, and Dutch, we shall continue to distinguish the provinces and towns belonging to each state*.

The whole of the Austrian Netherlands are now in possession of the French, who have decreed them an integral part of their republic, and divided them into Line departments, of which the following are the names and chief towns:

DEPARTMENTS.

CHIEF TOWNS. ....Brussels

...Antwerp

Liege

..Bruges

Lower Meuse........................................... ...Maestricht

Sambre and Meuse.................................................. .Namur

Forests.......

...Luxemburg

Jemappe...

...Mons

changed with count Meerfeldt the ratification of the treaty of peace with the court of Vienna; after which he returned to Paris, leaving the commissioners Treilhard and Bonnier to conduct the negotiations, which were protracted to a great length.

After the conclusion of peace with the empire, the army became a burthen which it was found difficult to support; and though a part of it had been employed in the plundering of Rome, and the oppression of Switzerland, there still remained a large body of troops in a state of inc tivity that might ultimately prove dangerous to the government. An inmediate invasion of England was therefore announced to be resolved on, and an army collected along the coasts of France opposite to Great B tain, to which was given the pompous title of the Army of England. Con vinced, however, of the impracticability of such an invasion, if ever t were really intended, the project was changed for another, likewise suficiently absurd, which was an expedition to Egypt, under the command of Buonaparte; and the ultimate object of which, it is believed, was to penetrate, either by the isthmus of Suez or by the Red Sea, to the Indian Ocean, embark the troops, and, by a co-operation with Tippoo Sultan, endeavour to effect the overthrow of the British empire in the East. While preparations were secretly making for this expedition, the public were amused with strange and monstrous stories of rafts to be constructed for the invasion of England, and troops were collected on the northern coast of France, while the navy of the republic were secretly repiring to Toulon. At length the preparations being completed, Buonaparte embarked on board the fleet, under the command of admiral Brueys, with about 40,000 men, chiefly the veterans of the Italian army, and sailed from Toulon in the latter end of May. On the 9th of June he arrived off the island of Malta, where he demanded leave to water the fleet, which was refused by the grand-master; in consequence of which the French on the following day landed a body of troops. The little island of Gozzo was taken by one detachment, while the southern parts of Malta were reduced by another. The greater part of the inhabitants took refuge in the garrison, which, however, made but a feeble resistance, the grand-master on the 11th agreeing to a capitulation, by which the whole island and its dependencies were surrendered to the French republic.

After leaving a garrison of 4,000 men in Malta, Buonaparte proceeded on his voyage, about the 21st of June, and arrived at Alexandria on the 1st of July, having escaped the British squadron which was detached in pursuit of him under the command of admiral Nelson. His usual good fortune appeared to attend him in all his first attempts.. The town of Alexandria was taken by assault, on the night of the 5th, with the loss of between two and three hundred men, and on the 21st the French army appeared before Cairo, which was defended by Morad Bey witha considerable body of the Mamalukes; but on the 23d it was attacked and carried. The beys, however, attempted to rally, and collected a formidable force in the neighbourhood of Cairo; but the battle of the pyramids, which was fought on the 26th, rendered the French master of the greater part of the country. In that engagement twenty-thre beys, with all the forces they could bring into the field, were templetch defeated. Two thousand of the Mamalukes were slain, and four h dred camels with their baggage, and fifty pieces of cannon, were tuk 3. with a very trifling loss on the part of the French.

The conquest of Egypt now appeared to be complete; but on the la of August the expedition received a terrible blow in the defeat and 4 struction of the fleet. by admiral Nelson, of which an account has already

been given in our historical summary of the affairs of England. The French land-forces, however, remained in possession of Egypt; and, to secure his conquest, Buonaparte advanced into Syria; where, after gaining some advantages, he received a decisive check before St. John d'Acre. The English squadron, under Sir Sydney Smith, intercepted a flotilla which was bringing his battering artillery and ammunition from Egypt; and, Sir Sydney acting in concert with the Turks, he was com¬ pletely repulsed in every assault, and obliged to raise the siege, and retreat back to Egypt with the shattered remains of his army. From Egypt, Buonaparte soon after took an opportunity to make his escape to France; where, as we shall presently see, he became the author of a new and extraordinary revolution in the constitution and government. The unprincipled attack on Egypt, contrary to the faith of treaties, so incensed the Turks, that they immediately declared war against the French republic; and the emperor of Russia having accepted a subsidy from Great Britain, entered into a treaty of alliance with the Ottoman Porte and with England, and gave orders for a large body of troops to be raised to act against France. Austria likewise appeared disposed to avail itself of the assistance of this new ally; and the French directory having applied to the emperor for an explanation on this subject, and received none which they deemed satisfactory, sent orders to general Jourdan to pass the Rhine, with the avowed intention of forcing the diet of Ratisbon to declare against the march of the Russian troops. He executed these orders on the 1st of March, 1799; and nearly about the same time, general Bernadotte, at the head of an army of observation, passed the Rhine at Waldeck, invested Philipsburg, and summoned that fortress to surrender, while general Ney sent a similar summons to Manheim, which immediately opened its gates to him. Yet, notwithstanding these proceedings, the French ambassadors declared to the congress of Rastadt, which though it had sat so long had as yet come to no conclusion, that these hostile movements were undertaken solely to prevent the interference of the court of Petersburg, and accelerate a general peace. The congress soon after was broken up, and two of the three French plenipotentiaries basely and inhumanly murdered, as they were leaving the town, by some Austrian hussars, or persons who had assumed that disguise.

The cabinet of Vienna being now certain of the aid of Russia, the Austrian army, under the command of the archduke Charles, passed the Lech on the 4th of March, and the war, which has so long desolated Europe, was renewed. Fortune, at first, appeared to declare in favour of the French. A body of troops of that nation, advancing through Schafthausen towards Suabia, were opposed by a detachment of Austrians, whom they defeated, taking the general and three thousand men prisoners. They were also successful for a short time in Italy. Their troops occupied the whole of Tuscany; and the king of Sardinia was reduced, in the month of January, to the cruel necessity of formally renouncing the sovereignty of Piedmont, and retiring with his family and adherents to the island whence he derived his title. The king of Naples likewise, having again taken up arms, and invaded the Roman republic, after being at first so successful as to obtain possession of Rome, was totally defeated, and obliged to take refuge in the island of Sicily.

But soon after the commencement of hostilitics with Austria, the French arms experienced a fatal reverse. On the 25th of March, general Jourdan attacked the Austrians near Stockach, but was defeated, and obliged to retire in disorder; and on the 26th of the same month general Kray beat the French on the Adige near Verona, and again defeated.

them on the 30th. On the 14th of April, marshal Suwarrow arrived with the first column of the Russian troops, and the successes of the allies became rapid and uninterrupted. On the 24th of the same month, the Austrians and Russians passed the Oglio, and drove the French before them. They then crossed the Adda, and Suwarrow, on the 27th, de feated Moreau at Cassans; and so decisive was his victory, that general Serrurier and three thousand men were taken prisoners, and Milan opened its gates to the conquerors on the 30th. Peschiera was taken on the 6th of May, and, on the 10th, Pizzighetone surrendered to general Kray; on the 12th the Austrians entered Bologna, and took twelve hundred prisoners; and on the 23d they took possession of Ferrara. In Piedmont, the French, notwithstanding the efforts of Moreau, Macdonald, and Joubert, beheld themselves successively deprived of all their strong holds. The Austrians entered Turin on the 27th of May, and the citadel surrendered on the 20th of June. Mantua, after a short siege for so strong a place, surrendered on the 30th of July, the city of Alessandria on the same day; and such was the success of the campaign, that the French were obliged to abandon the whole of Italy, Genoa and a small portion of the adjoining territory only excepted. On the 25th of August a desparate battle was fought between the French and the Austrians and Russians at Novi, in the territory of Genoa, in which the French are supposed to have lost not less than ten thousand men; but this victory was purchased with a loss nearly as great on the part of the allies.

On the side of Switzerland, the affairs of the republic at first wore a less disastrous aspect-Massena having obtained some slight advantages. These, however, were soon counterbalanced by events more favourable to the allies; the French general being obliged to abandon Zurich, which was immediately occupied by the Austrian troops unde Hotze. Italy being now rescued from the power of the French, it was resolved that Suwarrow should proceed with his army to Switzerland, to drive the French back into their own territories, and enter France; where he was to endeavour to re-establish the fallen monarchy. The directory were now convinced of their danger, and made every exertion to reinforce their armies in Switzerland, and the most active preparations for a vigorous defence. General Massena, who commanded the republican army in that country, displayed great military genius, and evinced uncommon abilities in all his enterprises. Knowing that if Suwarrow effected a junction with the troops already acting against him, he must be inevitably overpowered, he determined to attack the latter; and in a variety of actions, during four whole days between the 14th and 20th of September, repeatedly defeated the Austrian and Russian armies-many thousands being killed and taken prisoners, among the former of which was the brave Austrian general Hotze.

Suwarrow, in consequence of his arrival in Switzerland, found it impossible to join his defeated and dispirited allies; his plats were all rendered abortive; he was under the necessity of immediately withdrawing into Germany; and during his retreat over mountains covered with snow, and through roads nearly impassable, he suffered as much loss as could have ensued after a signal defeat.

On the 13th of October, the celebrated Buonaparte, having found means to escape from Egypt, and elude the vigilance of the British Cruizers, arrived in France, accompanied by general Berthier and some other officers. The recent losses which the republic had sustained, and the imminent danger which threatened its very existence, had greatly akened the authority of the directory, and prepared the way for the