RIVERS AND CAPES.] The principal rivers of North Caroli the Chowan, and its branches, Roanoke, Tar, Neus, and Cape or Clarendon. Most of these and the smaller rivers have bars a mouths, and the coast furnishes no good harbours except Cape The principal capes are, Cape Fear, Cape Look-out, and Cape Ha CLIMATE, SOIL, AND PRODUCE.] The western hilly p North Carolina are as healthy as any part of America; but in t country near the sea-coast, the inhabitants, during the summer a tumn, are subject to intermitting fevers, which often prove fa bilious or nervous symptoms prevail. North Carolina, in its width, for sixty miles from the sea, is a dead level. A great prop of this tract lies in forests and is barren. On the banks of some rivers, particularly of the Roanoke, the land is fertile and good. western hilly parts of the state are fertile, and full of springs and lets of pure water interspersed; through the other parts are gla rich swamp, and ridges of oak-land, of a black fertile soil. Six eighty miles from the sea, the country rises into hills and mountai in South Carolina and Georgia. Wheat, rye, barley, oats, and grow well in the back hilly country; Indian-corn, and pulse of all! in all parts. Cotton and hemp are also considerably cultivated might be raised in much greater plenty. The cotton is planted ye the stalk dies with the frost. The labour of one man will pro 1000 pounds in the seeds, or 250 fit for manufacturing. The larg tural growth of the plains in the low country is almost universally p pine, which is a tall handsome tree, far superior to the pitch-pi the northern states. The swamps abound with cypress and bay ti CHARACTER AND MANNERS The people of Carolina liv the same easy, plentiful, and h rious manner with the Virginians already described. Poverty is! almost an entire stranger; and the planters are the most hospit people that are to be met with, to all strangers, and especially to s as, by accidents or misfortunes, are rendered incapable of providing themselves. The general topics of conversation among the men, w cards, the bottle, and occurrences of the day do not intervene, negroes, the prices of indigo, rice, tobacco, &c.

OF INHABITANTS.

Less attention and respect are paid to the women here than in th parts of the United States where the inhabitants have made a grea progress in the arts of civilised life. Indeed, it is a truth, confirmed observation, that in proportion to the advancement of civilisation, the same proportion will respect for women be increased; so that i progress of civilisation in countries, in states, in towns, and in familie may be remarked by the degree of attention which is paid by husband to their wives, and by the young men to the young women.

The North Carolinians are accused of being rather too deficient i the virtues of temperance and industry; and it is said that a strang and very barbarous practice prevailed among the lower class of peop efore the revolution, in the back parts of Virginia, North and Sout Carolina, and Georgia, called gouging*: but we have lately been in formed, that in a particular county, where, at the court, twenty year

The delicate and entertaining diversion, with propriety called gouging, is thus de scribed. When two boxers are wearied with fighting and bruising each other, they come, as it is called, to close quarters, and each endeavours to twist his forefingers in the ear-locks of his antagonist. When these are fast clinched, the thumbs are extended each way to the nose, and the eyes gently turned out of their sockets. The victor for her expertness receives shouts of applause from the sporting throng, while his poor gear antagonist is laughed at for his misfortune.

ago, a day seldom passed without ten or fifteen boxing-matches, it is now a rare thing to hear of a fight.

POPULATION AND TRADE.] The number of inhabitants in North Carolina in 1790 was 393,751, of whom 100,571 were slaves.

A great proportion of the produce of the back country, consisting of tobacco, wheat, Indian corn, &c. is carried to market in South Carolina and Virginia. The southern interior counties carry their produce to Charles-town, and the northern to Petersburg in Virginia. The exports from the lower parts of the state are tar, pitch, turpentine, rosin, Indian corn, boards, scantling, staves, shingles, furs, tobacco, pork, lard, tallow, bees-wax, myrtle-wax, and some other articles; amounting in the year, ending September 30th, 1791, to 524,548 dollars. Their trade is chiefly with the West Indies and the northern states.

RELIGION AND LEARNING.] The Methodists and Baptists are numerous and increasing in North Carolina; the Moravians have several flourishing settlements in the upper part of this state; and the Friends or Quakers have a settlement in New-Garden, in Guildford county, and several congregations at Pequimins and Pasquotank,

The general assembly of North Carolina, in 1789, passed a law, incorporating forty gentlemen, five from each district, as trustees of the university of North Carolina. The general assembly, in December 1791, loaned 5,000l. to the trustees, to enable them to proceed immediately with their buildings. There is a very good academy at Warenton, another at Williamsborough, in Granville, and three or four others in the state of considerable note.

CHIEF TOWNS.] Newbern is the largest town in North Carolina, and was formerly the residence of the governors. Edenton, Wilming ton, Halifax, Hillsborough, Salisbury, and Fayetteville, have each in their turns been the seat of the general assembly. Raleigh, situated near the centre of the state, has lately been established as the metropolis.

HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT.] The history of North Carolina is less known than that of any other of the states. From the best accounts that history affords, the first permanent settlement in North Carolina was made about the year 1710, by a number of Palatines from Germany, who had been reduced to circumstances of great indigence by a calamitous war. The infant colony remained under the general government of South Carolina till about the year 1729, when seven of the proprietors, for a valuable consideration, vested their property and jurisdiction in the crown; and the colony was erected into a separate province, by the name of North Carolina, and its present limits established by an order of George IĮ.

By the constitution of this state, which was ratified in December 1796, all legislative authority is vested in two distinct branches, both dependent on the people, viz. a Senate and House of Commons, which, when convened for business, are styled the General Assembly. The senate is composed of representatives, one from each county, chosen annually by ballot. The House of Commons consists of representatives chosen in the same way, two for each county, and one for each of the towns of Edenton, Newbern, Wilmington, Salisbury, Hillsborough, Halifax, and Fayetteville.

BOUNDARIES.] BOUNDED by North Carolina on the North; by the Atlantic Ocean on the East; and on the South and South-west by the Savannah river, and a branch of its head-waters, called Tugulo river, which divides this state from Georgia. South Carolina is divided into nine districts, in which are 38 counties, as follow:

Marlborough, Chesterfield, Darlington.

Pendleton, Greenville.

town PINCKENSVILLE. RIVERS AND CANALS.] South Carolina is watered by many navigable rivers, the principal of which are the Savannab, Edisto, Santee, Pedee, and their branches. The Santee is the largest river in the state. Those of a secondary size are the Wakkamaw, Black, Cooper, Ashepoo, and Combahee rivers. A canal of twenty-one miles in length, connecting Cooper and Santee rivers, is nearly completed, which it is estimated will cost 400,000 dollars; and another canal is soon to be begun, to unite the Edisto with the Ashley.

SEAS AND HARBOURS.] The only sea bordering on this, is the Atlantic Ocean, which is so shallow near the coast, that a ship of any great burden cannot approach it, except in some few places. The principal harbours in South Carolina are Winyaw, or George-town, Charles-town, and Port-royal.

CLIMATE AND AIR.] The climate of South Carolina agrees in general with that of North Carolina and Virginia. The weather, as in all this

part of America, is subject to sudden transitions from heat to cold, and from cold to heat, but not to such violent extremities as Virginia. The winters are seldom severe enough to freeze any considerable water, affecting only the mornings and evenings; the frosts have never sufficient strength to revisit the noon-day sun, so that many tender plants, which do not stand the winter in Virginia, flourish in South Carolina, for they have oranges in great plenty near Charles-town, and excellent in their kinds, both sweet and sour. The salubrity of the air is different in different parts of the state. Along the sea-coast, bilious diseases, and fevers of various kinds, are prevalent between July and October; one cause of which is the low marshy country, which is overflowed for the sake of cultivating rice. The upper country, situated in the medium between extreme heat and cold, is as healthful as any part of the United States. SOIL, PRODUCE, AND FACE The soil of South Carolina may be OF THE COUNTRY. divided into four kinds: first, the pine barren, which is valuable only for its timber. Interspersed among the pine barren are tracts of land free of timber, and every kind of growth, but that of grass. These tracts are called savannas, constituting a second kind of soil, good for grazing. The third kind is that of the swamps and low grounds on the rivers, which is a mixture of black loam and fat clay, producing, naturally, canes in great plenty, cypress bays, loblolly pines, &c. In these swamps rice is cultivated, which constitutes the staple commodity of the state. The high lands, commonly known by the name of oak and hickory lands, constitute the fourth kind of soil. The natural growth is oak, hickory, walnut, pine, and locust. On these lands, in the low country, Indian corn is principally cultivated; and in the back country, likewise, they raise tobacco in large quantities, wheat, rye, barley, oats, hemp, flax, and cotton. From experiments which have been made, it is well ascertained that olives, silk, and madder, may be as abundantly produced in South Carolina, and we may add in Georgia also; as in the south of France. There is little fruit in this state, especially in the lower parts of it. They have oranges, chiefly sour, and figs in plenty; a few limes and lemons, pomegranates, pears, and peaches; apples are scarce, and are imported from the northern states; melons, especially water-melons, are raised here in great perfection.

Except the high hills of Santee, the Ridge, and some few other hills, this country is like what is called the upper country,-is one extensive plain, till you reach the Tryon and Hog-back mountains, 220 miles north-west of Charles-town. The elevation of these mountains above their base is 3840 feet, and above the sea-coast 4640. Their summit affords an extensive view of this state, North Carolina, and Georgia. The sea-coast is bordered with a chain of fine islands, the soil of which is generally better adapted to the culture of indigo and cotton than the main land, and less suited to rice. The whole state, to the distance of eighty or a hundred miles from the sea, is low and level, almost without a pebble, and is little better than an unhealthy salt marsh; but the country, as you advance in it, improves continually; and at 100 miles distance from Charles-town, where it begins to grow hilly, the soil is of a prodigious fertility, fitted for every purpose of human life; nor can any thing be imagined more pleasant to the eye than the variegated disposition of this back country. Here the air is pure and wholesome, and the summer heat much more temperate than on the flat sandy coast.

In South Carolina vegetation is incredibly quick. The climate and soil have something in them so kindly, that the latter, when left to itself, naturally throws out an immense quantity of flowers and flowering shrubs. All the European plants arrive at perfection here beyond that

in which their native country affords them. With proper culture and encouragement, silk, wine, and oil, might be produced in these colonies; of the first we have seen samples equal to what is brought to us from Italy. Wheat in the back parts yield a prodigious increase.

From what we have observed, it appears that the vegetable produc tions of this state are wheat, rice, Indian corn, barley, oats, peas, beans, hemp, flax, cotton, tobacco, indigo, olives, oranges, citron, cypress, sas safras, oak, walnut, cassia, and pine-trees; white mulberry-trees for feeding silk-worms; sarsaparilla, and pines, which yield turpentine, rosin, tar, and pitch. There is a kind of tree from which runs an of ef extraordinary virtue in curing wounds; and another which yields a balm thought to be little inferior to that of Mecca. There are other trees besides these, that yield gums.

South Carolina abounds with precious ores, such as gold, silver, lead, black-lead, copper, and iron; but it is the misfortune of those who d rect their pursuits in search of them, that they are deficient in the knowledge of chemistry, and too frequently make use of improper menstruums in extracting the respective metals. There are likewise rock-crystal, pyrites, marble beautifully variegated, abundance of chalk, crude alum, nitre, and vitriol. The Carolinas produce prodigious quantities of honey, of which they make excellent spirits, and mead as good as Malaga sack. Of all these the three great staple commodities at present are the indigo, rice, and the produce of the pine. Nothing surprises an European more at first sight than the size of the trees here, as well as in Virginia and other American countries. Their trunks are often from fifty to seventy feet high, without a branch or limb; and frequently above thirty-six feet in circumference. Of these trunks, when bollowed, the people of Charles-town, as well as the Indians, make canoes, which serve to transport provisions and other goods from place to place; and some of them are so large, that they will carry thirty or forty bar rels of pitch, though formed of one piece of timber. Of these are like wise made curious pleasure boats. There are also a variety of medi cinal roots; among others, the rattle-snake root, so famous amongst the Indians for the cure of poison; and the venereal root, which, under a vegetable regimen, will cure a confirmed lues.

ANIMALS.] The original animals of this country do not differ much from those of Virginia; but in both the Carolinas they have a still greater variety of beautiful fowls. All the animals of Europe are here in plenty; black cattle are multiplied prodigiously; to have 200 or 300 cows is very common, but some have 1000 or upwards. These ramble all day at pleasure in the forest; but their calves being separated and kept in fenced pastures, the cows return every evening to them. The hogs range in the same manner, and return like the cows; these are very numerous, and many run quite wild, as well as horned cattle and horses, in the woods. POPULATION AND TRADE.] The number of inhabitants in South Carolina, in 1790, was 249,073, including 107,094 slaves.

The little attention that has been paid to manufactures occasions a vast consumption of foreign imported articles; but the quantity and value of their exports generally leave a balance in favour of the state, except when there have been large importations of negroes. The prin cipal articles exported from this state are rice, indigo, tobacco, skins of various kinds, beef, pork, cotton, pitch, tar, rosin, turpentine, myrtle wax, lumber, naval stores, cork, leather, snake-root, and ginseng. In the most successful seasons, there have been as many as 140,000 barrels of rice, and 1,300,000 pounds of indigo, exported in a year. In 1791, exports from this state amounted to 1,693,267 dollars, and in 1795 98,492 dollars.