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NOTES:-Pilgrimage to Parnassus, 181-Hobby, Hobbyhorse, Hobler, 182-Mosing of the Chine, 183-English Martyrs-Wolferton, 185- Phænomenon v. Phenomenon Elizabethan English-More-Root-New Year Cards, 186. QUERIES:- Brisk-"The Prophet Genesis" - Collins's 'Peerage'-Sir Gilbert de Lancaster-Exchange-Elizabeth Knowles - Municipal Civility Portrait of Charles I.Shelley Forgeries, 187- Delitti e Pene'-Kossuth-Major R. Lowick-T. Flower-Birth of Henry V.-Warrant of Charles I.-River Names-Crow v. Magpie-Niccolò Trono, 188-Daughter and Daftar-The Owl Critic-Precious Stones-The Black Death-"This so-called Nineteenth Century"-Homer-Sir F. Dening-Mincing Lane-Macnaghten -Roll of Battle Abbey-Holy Thursday - Yam-Waller Family-Authors Wanted, 189. REPLIES:-Poets engaged in Battle, 190-Darkling, 191Jimplecute: Disgruntled-Ivy-hatch- A Royal Tomb"Omnium Gatherum "-Pycroft's ' Oxford Memories,' 192 Bishop Leyburn-" English as she is wrote "-Contributions to a History of the Thames-Thackeray's 'Esmond'-Convicts Shipped to the Colonies-Wisest of English Clergymen, 193-Scotch Regiment in Sweden-Wm. Noble-KidcotePrior's Two Riddles-Henry Kingsley-Jokes on DeathHad Legendary Animals an Existence? 194-Percy Anecdotes-Foreign English-Peninsular War Medals-Travels of E. Thompson'-Chrisomer, 195-Old Clockmaker-Clockmaker-John Drakard - Nowel-Eliana-Monumental Heraldry-Question of Grammar, 196-"Eat one's hat" Hagways-Chappell: Markland, 197-Talleyrand-Appoint ment of Sheriffs-Duke of Wellington-Serpent and InfantEvil Demons-Citizen of London, 198-Authors Wanted, 199. NOTES ON BOOKS:-Doyle's 'English in America'-Axon's 'Annals of Manchester.' Notices to Correspondents, &c. Notes. NOTINGS ON THE PILGRIMAGE TO PARNASSUS.' All English scholars must have felt some excitement at the news of the recovery of the first two plays of this trilogy, and that Mr. Halliwell-Phillipps's contemporary copy of the 1601 Return' was for the first time to be utilized. Hence, and though I have been somewhat disappointed with the general character of the recovered plays, a few remarks on the text and phrasings of The Pilgrimage' may be acceptable, and should they prove so I may follow them up with some on 'The Return.' L. 98. That leads to Parnassus where content doth dwell, This line being a syllable too long, a note would have been useful to say that, as in 11. 238, 268, we should read Parnass. L. 146. The ecchoinge wood with thy praise shall ringe. Finger-counting scansion can make a full line of this, but to, I think, a rhythmic ear there is a syllable wanting after "thy," not improbably "high." L. 550. I doe not whet my tongue againste poetrie. Certainly read 'gainste. L. 88. The court a lookinge glass from morne till nighte, It may be that, as the editor says, we should read That for "The "; but it seems preferable to read They, because we have the same spelling of "the" for they elsewhere, as in 1. 429. The scribe, in fact, seems sometimes to have thus spelt they, just as, by a reverse usage, he, as noted in the preface, wrote "they" for the. L. 444, "Philo."-This speech is too sudden a change for Philomusus, and therefore out of character; neither does it go well before his next speech (11. 462-7), which is the newly expressed assent of a man won over by Amoretto's enticing suggestions. Hence, and as this speech (11. 444–53) perfectly agrees with Amoretto's character, and with his preceding and following speeches (11. 378408 and II. 457-61), it may without hesitation be transferred to Amoretto. In the after plays there are instances of the wrong attribution of speeches. L. 486, "Melte in Venus surquerie."- Here "surquerie" is not, I believe, as the editor says, "apparently intended for suquerie, sugariness," a word unknown to me either in French or English, but, as I take it, is intended for a word specially affected by Marston, viz., surque[d]rie. "Melt" was at that time often used as a figure of speech, wholly-though here not wholly-regardless of the context words. L. 249, "Cursing my witless head that woulde suffer my headlesse feete to take such a tedious journey."-Here "headlesse"=heedless, for (1) we have this last word so spelt 1. 488; and (2) the repetition of words, though more common then than now, was not anything like so common as the frequent use of two similarly sounding words, used as though the second had been suggested by the sound of the first. We find this tendency in various proverbial sayings; and in 'The Whipping of the Satyre,' by a Cambridge man, in 1601, this affectation is most freely indulged in. L. 393. "Thou loves" should, of course, be loves[t], pronounced as lovst. L. 566. Whiter" should be whit[h]er. L. 631. For "foming pauch" read panch or pauch. L. 666, "Chearfullie let's warke."-" Warke" may be taken by some as evidence of a northern author, and it may truly be said of academics that they work. But here they are metaphorically employed in 'A Pilgrimage to Parnassus,' and on this point I would especially direct attention to 11. 667-70 and to ll. 711-4. From these considerations, and as the interchange of r and l is not an uncommon error, I would read walke. L. 87," Smother-dangled."-A form, I think, of "smoother-dangled," (1) for the writer somewhat unduly affects comparatives, possibly for metre's sake; and (2) because, though it may be due to ignorance, I know of no English fashion of wearing the hair so that it could be said to smother the wearer. L. 157, "Poore English_skinkers." Here "skinkers," or tapsters, is used metaphorically, by one whose thoughts ran in that line, for the poor English literates who drew their small pint or quart from the stored barrels of Greek and Roman literature. L. 372," I' faith &c."-That is, the actor was to use any one or two other words extempore, so as to allow time and naturalness for Stupido's shocked ejaculations. L. 175. In like manner Madido must appear to compose and recite some English verse translation of Horace, for Philomusus entering exclaims In faith, Madido, thy poetrie is good; L. 681," Laye thy legg over thy staffe."-Every pedestrian when halting and resting would naturally do this, neither is there anything comic in the action. Hence the stage clown must, I think, not only have done this, but afterwards have apparently attempted to move his staff onward as being about to recommence walking, and then have shown a farcical astonishment, first at there being an obstacle, and secondly at his discovery of that obstacle. The circus clown does now-or at least a few years back did things equally absurd, to make the audience laugh at him. L. 703, "O nature, why didest thou giue mee soe good a looke."-Here the effect of this speech was probably heightened by his producing a pocketglass from his hat-band, &c., where it was then the custom for gallants to carry them, and complacently contemplating himself. BR. NICHOLSON. tions, says that they were Irish. Ménage, again, and Ducange quote a writer whom they call Varæus or Waræus, who declares these horses to be of Irish origin. Palsgrave, too, has, "Hobby, a horse of Irelande-hobyn." And lastly Godefroy, who gives the three forms hobin, hobi, and haubby, has two passages (undated, unfortunately), in one of which we find un haubby d'Irlande" and in the other "Huit hobis d'Engleterre.' So that these two French writers believed the horses to have come from Ireland or England. This evidence certainly is far from supporting Prof. Skeat's view. 61 ,, Again, if the word hobin, in use in Scotland, is really a French word, surely we ought to find it in at least as common, or in more common use in Old French than we do hobin (or the more usual hobby) in English. But such is far from being the case. Littré (8.v. "Aubin "+) gives only one example (writtten hobin) from De Commines (1445-1509), and Godefroy has only five, of which two (Littré's passage is one of them) are certainly not later than the fifteenth century, and two more are given above. The dates of three I am unable to ascertain, but I very much doubt whether they are as early as the examples given by Prof. Skeat from Barbour (1375). If they are, I shall be glad of evidence. There is, besides, a word which is found in Old French, in Anglo-Norman French, and in Mid. English, which is allowed on all hands to be derived from, or to be connected with, hobin, or hobby. This word is found in the forms hobeler, hobler, hobelour, in Anglo-Norman French (see Ducange, s. v. Hobellarii," and Godefroy, s.v. "Hobelier"); hobeleor in Old French (see Godefroy); and hobeler (Stratmann), hoblur Ducange, l. c.) in Mid. English. Here, again, the (Bardsley, Surnames,' p. 167), hobiler and hobiner word is more common, and this time vastly more common, in Anglo-Norman French and Mid. English than in pure French, where I find it only examples (A.-N. Fr. and Eng.) given by Ducange once, apparently of a late date, whilst some of the date from 1326 to 1350, and the passage to be found in Mr. Bardsley's book is also from a song (name not given) of the fourteenth century. With regard to the origin of this word, the form So, it is curious that the corresponding form in French, which would be hobinier,§ does not seem Now Littré was very likely wrong in saying that the horses called hobins (or hobbies) origin-hobiner was no doubt derived from hobin, and if ally came from Scotland (though he has Johnson and Roquefort on his side), but there really is a good deal of evidence that they were originally Irish, and not French, as might be inferred from Prof. Skeat's remarks. Thus, in Richardson I find two quotations to this effect from Holinshed and Pennant. Johnson is uncertain whether they are Irish or Scotch. Halliwell, giving other quota *Littré says nothing about hobin being a Scotch word; what he says is that hobin is the " nom d'une race de chevaux d'Ecosse qui vont naturellement le pas qu'on appelle l'amble." † Scheler seems inclined to see in this form and others connected with it beginning with au the Lat. albus, but unfortunately, so far as I can make out, aubin is decidedly more modern than hobin, for aubin, according to to be found in Godefroy, who eschews forms which still Littré, is the modern form, and accordingly aubin is not exist, whilst he does give hobin. Godefroy gives the form hobelier, but supports it by no quotation. The ending ier in French (Lat. arius) is commonly used when one substantive in derived from another; to occur at all! But as to hobeler, hobler, &c., they may have come direct from the Mid. English verb hobelen to hobble, as this verb seems to have been used of the gait of a horse when uneven, as in ambling, and the pace of these hobbies is said to have been an amble (see note); still I think it is almost certain that the hob of hobin and hobby (which, as will be seen further on, I consider to be the root of these words) had a good deal to do with the matter. Or, again, hobeler (which is also found in the form hobiler) may be simply a corruption of the form hobiner (by the common change of n into 7), with the help of the verb hoble = hobble. and more especially used of the toy like, or used like, a horse. The horse may have been added because it had ceased to be generally understood that hobby also meant horse (cf. loup-garou). Or, which seems to me much more likely, horse was added to, or used with, what was still known to be a familar diminutive of a Christian name, just as we have dickass and jackass (dicky alone being also used of an ass, see ante), and bobby-wren and jenny-wren (see Halliwell)-probably either for the sake of making the word a familiar one, or because hobby alone no longer sufficiently conveyed the idea of a horse (for it was applied to a hawk also). So, again, many people talk of a pollparrot, a robin-redbreast, a dicky-bird, and Halliwell has jack-hern-heron. Compare also hobgoblin, of which the hob is allowed by Prof. Skeat to be Rob, or, as he somewhat inexactly puts it, Robin. Hobby, a kind of small falcon, has probably the same origin, but in this case I think it will be found more difficult to prove that the word was used more frequently or earlier in England than its equivalent in France, where, however, this equivalent seems to have been more usually the diminutive hobereau than hobe (or hobé, Godefroy) or hobel, or at any rate hobereau ultimately prevailed, and still exists. F. CHANCE. Sydenham Hill. Having now shown how very little evidence there really is in favour of the French origin of hobin and its derivative hobiner, and its connexions hobeler, &c., I will proceed to state my own view, which I can do in a few words. For my view is simply that hobin and hobby have been formed from hob, a diminutive of Robert, but, unfortunately, not very well known nowadays. Prof. Skeat has recognized this diminutive (see his 'Dict.,' s.v. "Hob"), but apparently has not long been acquainted with it, though he might have found it in Skinner, in Johnson, in Halliwell, in Pott (P. Namen), in Lower, and in Bardsley (English Surnames '). And that Hob Bob should, in the form of Hobby-Bobby, have been applied to a horse, especially a little one, which a hobby is or was, is no more surprising than that MOSING OF THE CHINE: MOURNING OF THE Dick or Dicky, Neddy, and Jack should be applied to an ass (see Halliwell, s.vv." Dickass" and Dicky"); or that in German Heinss, Hainzel, and Heinzlein (see Schmeller and Grimm)=Harry; and little Harry, and Hänsel-little Jack, should be applied to male or young horses. Hobin, therefore, would, according to this view, be merely = Robin,** and we really have Dobbin (which also= Robin, for Dob, like Rob, Robert) frequently used of horses (generally cart-horses I think). In French Robert has never, that I know of, become hob(e) (see below, last paragraph), and so it is probable, nay almost certain, that, if my view is correct, hobin originated in England, Ireland, or Scotland, and was transported to France. 66 = Hobby-horse seems to have been a later form, CHINE. of Petruchio's horse, and will remember how that All students of Shakspeare know the description luckless animal, amongst other ills, was "possesst with the glanders, and like to mose in the chine." On this it might seem that a few words of explanation would not be wholly wasted, yet not a word can I find in any commentary. Does the verb to mose (a amag Xey. so far as appears) represent Fr. chine" should mean a marasmus of the spinal moisir, to grow mouldy, so that "mosing in the cord? or may we compare the statement of Topsell, that "mourning of the chine" is sometimes called "the moist disease"? This second phrase, "mourning of the chine," which certainly means the same thing, viz, "malignant glanders," is better known; and the whilst eur (Lat. or) commonly marks that the sub-disease is described by old writers with some ful stantive comes from a verb. See Palsgrave, s. v. "Hoble," and Skeat, s. v. "Hobble." See also my note on "Henchman," 7th S. ii. 469. Halliwell gives other instances in which compounds with Jenny are applied to birds. ** In Kelly's London Directory (1882) I find the name Hobbins (no doubt Robins, also spelt Robbins) four times, Hoby, again, which will also be found there, is considered by Lower (i. 180) to be Roby, and to come, like it, from Robert; and Hoby (cf. Godefroy's form hobi) is given by Prof. Skeat in his second edition as a form of Hobby, ness. Fitzherbert (On Husbandry,' 1534) says, Mournynge on the chyne is a dysease incurable, and it appereth at his nosethryll lyke oke water.' Topsell (Four-footed Animals,' 1607) says, p. 370, "Most Ferrers do take Glanders and Strangullion to be all one disease." ("Strangles, an abscess occurring between the branches of the lower jaw," Imperial Dictionary.") And on p. 371: "The Italians do call this disease [viz., mourning of the chine] ciamorro; the olde authors do cal it the moist malady, whereof Theomnestus maketh two differ |