Levenax, now Lennox. The tree is, of course, the indigenous_wych elm (Ulmus montanus), not the so-called English elm (Ulmus campestris), which is not an indigenous British tree. HERBERT MAXWELL. DESCENDANTS OF 'N. & Q.' (7th S. ii. 439).— The number of these is constantly increasing; and the list that was correct three years ago will be incomplete now. If the list in the note on p. 1 of Northern Notes and Queries be compared with the latest reference in 6th S. ix. 52, it will, I am sure (though I have not the book to refer to), be seen that additions are necessary. Q. V. CURALIA (7th S. ii. 507).—This form is a blunder of Charles Reade's or somebody else's. Curialia; or, Anecdotes of Old Times,' is the title of a work written by Samuel Pegge. C. F. S. WARREN, M.A. Treneglos, Kenwyn, Truro. Should not this word be curialia? If so, it is only the neuter nominative plural of the Latin adjective curialis, as regalia is of the adjective regalis. I notice that the word does not occur in Wharton's Law Lexion' (ed. 1883). Q. V. WEARING HATS IN CHURCH (7th S. i. 189, 251, 373, 458; ii. 272, 355).—In the east, where men are obliged to keep their heads shaved on account of the heat, it would be considered sinful and irreverent in the highest degree to enter a house of prayer with the bald head exposed to view. The wearing of the tarboosh, or fez, by Oriental Catholics, Armenians, &c., is probably a continuation of the old custom of keeping the shaved head covered while worshipping. BERTHA D. LEWIS. There is a canon of the Church of England, which I regret I have not at hand, which sanctions the clergy to wear a "covering on their heads in church when necessary. This covering, I believe, invariably takes the form of a so-called skull-cap. CELER ET AUDAX. HENCHMAN (7h S. ii. 246, 298, 336, 469).-In looking over the correspondence in N. & Q.' relative to the derivation of this word, it appears to me that DR. CHANCE has-unwittingly-pointed to the true solution of the problem. In his last communication he says, "In the Prompt. Parv.' it is rendered gerolocista or gerelocista, which, whatever it may mean, has certainly nothing to do with a borse." Let us be quite sure of this. Gerelocista, although given as the Low Lat. equivalent of henchman, is evidently of Teutonic origin. Ducange interprets gerula as "Gestatorium instrumentum, quod ad dorsum gestatur, nos vulgo Hottes dicimus." In a MS. of the eleventh century in the Cottonian Library geruli is explained by berend. It must, therefore, mean something carried. Now as burdens of travelling in the Middle Ages were usually borne on horseback, there is evidently a close connexion between the gerula, or baggage, and the horse which carried it. If, therefore, the gerolacista is the henchemanne, his connexion with horses is at once established. The A.-S. origin of the term is not difficult of explanation. Gear has been used from time immemorial for furniture and trappings. Gears at the present day is the technical word for harness. Locian means to look after, attend to. Gerolocista would, therefore, be the man who looked after the baggage. The suffix ist was probably adopted when the term was Latinized, though it may possibly be of Teutonic origin. From the middle of the sixteenth century the henchman degenerated into a page, as in the 'Midsummer Night's Dream': I do but beg a little changeling boy but in Chaucer's Flower and Leaf,' And every knight ha after him riding there can be little doubt that the allusion is to armed followers on horseback, for they are described as bearing shields and spears. The occurrence of Hengst in connexion with service is very common in the early Middle Ages. Thus, in A.D. 903 we have, in a charter of King Lewis, hengist-fuoter, "cui cura equorum demandata est." In the same reign, in 892, we find Sindmannis, hengistnotis, &c.; in 1039, hengistwoteris; in 1057, hengisturtis. So in Old Norse, hesta-lio, a horseman; hestasveinn, a DOES CAMDEN MENTION THE EDDYSTONE ? (7th S. ii. 249.)—The first lighthouse was destroyed on November 27, 1703. Your correspondent may, perhaps, be glad to have the following allusion to the event soon after it occurred : "Arch. Now, unless Aimwell has made good use of his time, all our fair machine goes souse into the sea like the Edistone."-Farquhar, 'Beaux' Stratagem,' Act V., 1707. F. C. BIRKBECK TERRY. EN FLUTE (7th S. ii. 367, 434, 493).-Guillaume Gueroult lived in Paris about 1564. He published a set of Bible cuts dedicated to Catherine de' Medicis, and also a series of pretty engravings of ships, of which I have a set, deficient, I regret to say, in a few plates. It gives the distinctive names of various descriptions of ships, and brief definitions of their uses. Amongst them I find, "Fluste.-Batimens de Charge pour le Commerce, 34, St. Petersburg Place, W. THE LIMIT OF SCOTCH PEERS (7th S. ii. 469). -No Scotch peerages have been created since the Union, in consequence of the expressions used in the Act of Union limiting the right of electing the Scotch representative peers to the then existing peers of Scotland, but no such provision as that quoted by F. J. S. is to be found in the Act. TURNPIKE GATES (7th S. ii. 447).-There are The Roads and Bridges (Scotland) Act, 1878, now no turnpike gates on any roads in Scotland. abolished tolls, and it was given effect to in most counties shortly after its passing. In the counties of Lanark and Renfrew, owing to difficulties arising from their relation to Glasgow, the tolls were not abolished till the term of Whitsunday (May 15), 1883. A supplementary query to that of your correspondent L. T., and perhaps a more interesting one, might be, What became of the pike-keepers? Most of them seem to have died of a sort of melancholy, for want of something to prey upon. Only two that I know are still to the fore, the one a keeper in a lunatic asylum and the other a sheriff's officer. That we have a highway rate in Scotland we are painfully conscious of, from the fact that it varies hereabouts from eightpence to tenpence in the pound-another instance of Scotch superiority! Can any Sassenach road board boast of so high a rate as that? Glasgow. J. B. FLEMING. It may be worth notice that a turnpike gate was in existence just outside the little town of Kidwelly, on the borders of Carmarthenshire and Glamorganshire, when I was there in August, 1884. The tolls were still being exacted. G. F. R. B. The statement in Smith is not quite correct, as may be seen by a reference to the Act of Union, 5 Anne, c. 8, the Crown, since the Union, has been debarred from creating any new Scotch peers, but there is no provision for their absorption when the number gets down to sixteen or below. The peers will then have simply to elect themselves into each new Parliament. See the late Mr. Taswell - Langmead's article, The Representative Peerage of Scotland and Ireland,' in the Law-Though I can see no grounds for the least guess Magazine, May, 1876. Hastings. EDWARD H. MARSHALL, M.A. POPULATION OF SOMERSET (7th S. ii. 448). – Your correspondent should consult a rare pamphlet, in the British Museum Library, amongst the King's Pamphlets, entitled 'Account by John Houghton, F.R.S., of Acres and Houses in each County' (London, printed for Randal Taylor, near Stationers' Hall, 1693). He can then deduce the population from the number of houses, according to the present rule of the Registrar General, calculating five to a house; but perhaps six or seven in 1693 would be more correct. Then compare the total population in 1693 with that in 1801 (the date of the first census), and the rate of increase will be ascertained, from which the population in 1500 can be readily computed. It is, of course, assumed that between 1500 and 1693 no great industry or trade had arisen or collapsed, to draw E. WALFORD, M.A. Hyde Park Mansions, N.W. whether this was hours or years, the very different pronounced." Why should there be any whispering in heaven? We are not to suppose that they indulge in gossip and tittle-tattle there. What incongruous images the unlucky word raises! Pickering concludes the short preface to his reprint thus : "Of the merits of the poems themselves I will not speak further than to say that one of them has been long erroneously attributed to Byron, and that another is such a distinguished friend and admirer of that poet.' a clever imitation of Wordsworth's style, that it deceived R. R. of Enoch. Before that event, which canonized his But I agree with MR. DIXON in his objection to family, we have no reason for expecting synchron-"the judicious improvement" (!) of "whispered ism between the Biblical dates that are merely for 66 domestic and those handed down to Berosus, which were political; but after it, I look on Ardates as Jared and Xisuthrus as Methuselah (chronologically, though absorbing also the glories of Enoch before and Noah after him). Going up, however, to the first three of the Berosian periods falling in the lifetime of Adam, we ought again to find synchronisms, and so we do. The saros wherein the fourth reign was said to begin was that of the birth in Gen. iv. 26," Then began men to call upon the name of the Lord." The third had begun in the same saros as the life of Seth, and hence, if we do but suppose the second to have begun with that of Cain (which Genesis does not date), all would agree. Now Adam's stay in Eden (whenever it began) ended between his marriage and the birth of Cain. This event the Berosian legend would put in his tenth saros, the same age of him wherein Jared and Enoch begat their heirs. The first three Popes or Messiahs were Adam till his fall, Cain till his fall, and then Seth, answering to the first three Berosian reigns; and, if so, Adam's age at his fall would be somewhat over nine sari, or 162 years; and the Flood may have come at the two-thousandth anniversary thereof. E. L. G. I omitted to say in my paper on this subject that much useful information may be found in Selden's prolegomena to his treatise, 'De Successionibus in Bona Defuncti ad Leges Ebræorum.' Of the character of the Talmud he says: "Sed Tralatitium est, fateor, in doctrinam Talmudicam, portentosas, quarum quidem satis est foecunda, fabulas objicere, vana etiam atque impia effata; adeoque existimationem ejus inde minuere." On all matters connected with the ancient laws, manners, and customs of the Jews, Selden, like Carpsovius, is an unquestionable authority. EDMUND TEW, M.A. POEMS ATTRIBUTED TO LORD BYRON (7th S. ii. 183, 253, 298, 389, 457).-MR. DIXON's thin volume of Miss Fanshawe's poems is very rare. My friend the late B. M. Pickering had been looking for it many years before he found one. When at length he was successful, in 1876, he had 250 copies of it printed in fcap. 8vo. (the original was a 4to. demy). I know it was an exact literal reprint, because I read the proofs. Neither MR. DIXON nor any other of your contributors has given the line quite correctly. It is"Twas in heaven pronounced, and 'twas muttered in hell, I disagree entirely with the objection to "muttered." It is a characteristic word, and implies sullenness, dissatisfaction, and rebellion, such as well might be attributed to the spirits in hell. It seems to me that no other word would do so well. Boston, Lincolnshire. FASTING MEN (7th S. ii. 406). — "At Chateauroux, near Embrun, there is a boy about 13 Years of age, whose name is William Gay; and who, if we may believe a number of persons, has neither eat nor drank any thing since the 14th of April, 1760. His mouth has a little tincture of vermillion; a pale red overspreads his cheeks; and he has a smiling countenance......[ Here follow details which are best omitted.] Since he has ceased eating and drinking, he has had the small-pox very violently, which has not in the least impaired his contook him home to his house for a whole month, and stitution......M. Fournier, the curate of Chateauroux, appears perfectly convinced of the reality of this extraordinary fact. An account of so surprizing a phoenomenon has been communicated to the royal academy of Sciences." -Annual Register, July, 1761. One would like to know what the academy said also applicable to the following fact. On the 8th of February, 1750, between twelve and one o'clock at noon a smart shock of an earthquake was felt through the cities of London and Westminster, and parts adjacent; and on the 8th of March, between five and six in the morning, the violent, and of longer continuance, than the first. Many town was alarmed with another shock, much more people, awakened from their sleep, ran terrified into the streets without their clothes; a great number of chimneys were thrown down; several houses were considerably damaged; and in Charter-house Square a woman was thrown from her bed and her arm broke. The panic of the people in consequence of these earthquakes was greatly increased by the ridiculous prediction of a wild enthusiastic soldier in the Life Guards, who boldly proexactly four weeks after the first, there would be a third phesied that as the second earthquake had happened exactly four weeks after the second, which would lay the whole cities of London and Westminster in ruins. Though "Our observations on the credulity of the public_are his prognostication appears too ridiculous to merit the least attention, yet it produced the most astonishing effect on the credulous and already terrified people. "A day or two before the expected event multitudes of the inhabitants abandoned their houses and retired into the country; the roads were thronged with carriages of persons of fashion; and the principal places within twenty miles of London were so crowded, that lodgings were procured at a most extravagant price. "On the evening preceding the dreaded 5th of April most of those who staid in the city sat up all night; some took refuge in boats on the river, and the fields adjacent to the metropolis were crowded with people; all of whom passed the night in fearful suspense, till the light of the morning put an end to their apprehensions by convincing them that the prophecy they had been weak enough to credit had no other basis than that of falsehood. Although the predicted time was now elapsed, yet the terror of the people did not thoroughly abate till after the eighth day of the month, because the earthquakes had happened on the eighth day of the two former months. When this time also passed, their fears vanished, and they returned to their respective habitations. The false prophet who had been the instigator of such general confusion among the people was committed to a place of confinement. LIMEHOUSE, OR LYMOSTE (7th S. ii. 408, 437).In connexion with a recent query on the derivation of this word, the only link in the chain of etymology required seems to be the substitution of house for ost. The name "Lymoste" is apparently derived from the very old "Limekiln Dock," by far the oldest and most important dock on the river in the ancient rural hamlet and present parliamentary borough of Limehouse, E. In an old Johnson's 'Dictionary' in my possession, date 1819 (abstracted from folio edition by the author), the derivation of lime from lim, Saxon, is given, "matter of which mortar is made," and oast, a kiln (not in use), ost or oust, a vessel upon which hops or malt are dried (Dictionary'). In Murray's Guide to Kent and Sussex,' in the introduction, p. xvii, reference is naturally made to the oasts, or hop-kilns, the little round spires of which are the most characteristic feature of Kentish scenery. "Oast-houses. Oast is said (but very improbably, although we are unable to give a more certain explanation) to be a corruption of the Flemish word huys-a house, the first driers having been introduced from Flanders at the same time as the hops themselves'" (Murray). This Flemish origin would account for the word limekiln or limehouse (as given in an excellent 'Handworterbuch,' published by Brockhaus, 1849) being translated "das Kalkmagazin, Kalkhof," instead of Kalkost. The above explanation seems satisfactory than another idea which suggests itself: Ost and Ostern being the German for east (whence East end), Ostern giving us our word Easter. In the German dictionary quoted above ost is put down as an English word, and translated into "Die Maltzdarre" (Germ.), and the French equivalent is "Jour à sécher le malt." St. Leonards. more A. Dowson. The following extract from B. H. Cowper's 'Descriptive, Historical, and Statistical Account of Millwall, commonly called the Isle of Dogs,' &c. (1853), p. 108, may be of interest to MR. Dowson : "In behalf of the common derivation of this name, we may quote Mr. Pepys. In his Diary,' under date October 9, 1661, we find the following: By coach to captain Marshe's at Limehouse, to a place that hath been their ancestors' for this 250 years, close by the lime-house, which gives the name to the place.' The lime-house is there to this day, and also a house, which, if I mistake not, is either the same or occupies the same adopts the view that Limehouse is a corrupt spelling for site as the one mentioned by Mr. Pepys. John Stow...... Lime host, or Lime-hurst; the latter of which denotes a plantation or a place of lime trees. John Norden, in 1592, rather earlier than Stow, gives the more usual explanation, and......refers to the lime kilns. These lime kilns are very ancient, and must have existed for 450 years." G. F. R. B. HOGARTH ENGRAVINGS (7th S. ii. 228, 311, 478). The four states of the plate of 'The Sleeping Congregation' which MR. JOLY inquires about may be thus described in the words of the British Museum Catalogue, published by the Trustees, in regard to the national collection of Hogarths, which is the richest in the world: 1, in which the motto under the royal arms is absent, and the angel has four thighs and smokes a tobacco pipe; 2, in which these characteristics remain, but the shadows throughout have been darkened; 3, that which is above described, with the motto added, the number of the angel's thighs reduced, and the pipe removed; 4, in which the following additional inscription, part of which extends up the side of the engraved margin, occurs, "Retouched & Improved April 21 1762 by the Author." This plate, in the fourth state, having been much worn and reworked, was used for "The Works of William Hogarth, from the The original edition of Stevens's glee, signed by the composer, has these words on the title, "The Poetry attributed to Ben Johnson (sic). The ballad of 'The Merry Pranks of Robin Goodfellow' commences with the line "From Oberon in Fairy-Land"; and, in the old black-letter copies, is directed to be sung to the tune of 'Dulcina' (words by Sir W. Ralegh). Both are printed in Percy's 'Reliques' (W. Chappell's 'Ballad Literature'). JULIAN MARSHALL. I have an old copy of this glee, on which is pencilled in my father's handwriting, "Words by Ben Jonson." E. G. ANGEL. Exeter. NURSERY RHYMES (7th S. ii. 507).-This has been already printed, 1st S. vi. 601. It is also found in Fifty Nursery Songs and Rhymes, adapted to Familiar Tunes,' by Geo. Linley, second series, London, Metzler & Co. (1864), No. 40, p. 38. I have a MS. copy written down from the dictation of my mother, who was born in 1824. . W. C. B. [It is also to be found in Halliwell's 'Nursery Rhymes.' Many copies of the verses, which are at the service of M. A. M. H. are acknowledged. HAG-WAYS (7th S. ii. 366, 417).—In Miss Georgina F. Jackson's most excellent Shropshire Word-book,' sub “ Hag," there are the following remarks:: "When a wood is to be cut down and a number of men are engaged to do it, they conduct the operation on this wise-they range themselves at the edge of the wood at about forty-six yards apart, then they start, proceeding in straight lines through the wood, hewing down the underwood, and hacking the outer bark of the trees with their hackers' as they go along; shouting to each other in the meanwhile, in order to keep their respective distances, till they reach the farther limit. The lines thus cleared form the boundaries of the hag apportioned to each man to fell...... See' Hagways,' N. & Q.' (5th S. xi. 257)." F. C. BIRKBECK TERRY. "A kag is a certain division of wood intended to be cut. In England, when a set of workmen undertake to fell a wood, they divide it into equal portions by cutting off a rod, called a hag-staff, three or four feet from the ground, to mark the divisions, each of which is called a whole fall is called a flag. The term occurs in Cotgrave, hag, and is considered the portion of one individual. A in v. Degrader. The word was also applied to a small wood or inclosure. The Park at Auckland Castle was formerly called the Hag. Nares, p. 220, gives a wrong explanation."-Halliwell's 'Dictionary.' The word is in common use in connexion with the divisions of underwood in Worcestershire. W. A. C. Bromsgrove. CUTHBERT BEDE will find the word haye used in the sense of a winding way and a winding dance in Sir John Davies's Orchestra, or a Poeme of Dauncing,' unfinished, but published in 1622. Speaking of the "saphire streams " of earth he says: Of all their wayes I love Meanders path Stanza lii. Thus when at first Love had them marshalled, Love in the twinckling of your eyelids daunceth, Sidmouth. " it. I can confirm the rendering hag= hacked = cut. In various parts of the country, notably in the North, every fifteen to eighteen years the underWood of coppices is sold at so much an acre. The The industry is a curious one, and in some of its buyer cuts the underwood and "converts phases produces most picturesque effects. products of the conversion are numerous, ranging from pyroligneous acid to Holloway's pillboxes. Now the portion of a coppice which has been cut is the hag. H. J. MOULE. Dorchester. " The COUNTY BADGES (7th S. i. 470, 518; ii. 34, 98, 138, 213, 336, 433).-According to Boyne, the court seal at Beverley, the chief town of the East Riding, bears the inscription, "Sigillum Provincia Euruicscira Orientalis," the field a shield of arms, Or, an eagle displayed azure. Cf. Yorkshire Tokens,' &c. (privately printed, 1858), p. 51. As these arms are not those of any town in the neigh |