ful difpofition, if he labours under a violent flux of the belly, or want of food. Should he confefs any of thefe, the cafe is lefs to be dreaded; an opportunity, however, is afforded, both in the day and night time, of judging whether fuch an appearance is owing to any of thefe caufes. But if he fay that none of these actually exifts, and is not restored within a reasonable time, it may be concluded that death is at no great distance.'

The original paffage is,

Hy μεν εν εν αρχή της νούσου το προσωπου τοιούτου ἦν καὶ μηπω οἷον τε ἢ τοῖσιν αλλοισι σημείοισι ξυντεκμαίρεθαι, επανέρεθαι χρή, με ηγρύπνησεν ω θρωπο, η τα της κοιλίης εξυγρασμένα ή ισχυρώς, η λιμν δες τι εχη αυτόν την μεν τι τουτεων ὁμολογῆ ἧσσον νομίζειν δεῖνον είναι κρινεται δε τα τοιαύτα, εν ήμέρη τε καὶ νυκλι, ην δια ταύτας τας προφα σιας, το προσωπου τοιούτου ἢ ην δε μηδεν του λεων φησιν είναι, μηδε εν τῷ χρόνῳ τῷ προειρημένω καταςή, ειδέναι χρη, εγγυς εονία το θανάτε. Javale. The plain meaning of which is,

If the countenance appears thus in the first period of the disease, and no probable conjecture can be formed from the other symptoms, it ought to be enquired whether the patient has not been kept awake, or had a violent purging, or been oppreffed with hunger; for if any of these are acknowleged, the danger may be efteemed lefs; and indeed where Juch a countenance, as that defcrited above, is produced by these caufes, a crifis happens within four and twenty hours: but if the patient lays this is not the cafe, and a re-inflatement does not take place within the time above mentioned, it is certain that he is near dying.

The fenfe of the author is not conveyed in the following paffage, page 9.

Such [i. e. fweats] likewife as are diffused over the whole body, the patient at the fame time bearing the difeafe eafily, are attended with very beneficial confequences; but when no fuch effects take place, they are of little or no fervice.'

νοσηματ

The original is, Αγαθοι δε [1δραλις] καὶ οκόσαι δια παλις τε σώματος γινομενοι, αποδείξαν τον άνθρωπον ευπετετερον φερουλα το oi d' αν μη τοιουίον τι εργασωλαι, 8 λυσιτελέες. i. e. Su.b univerfal fweats as evince that the patient bears the difcafe more eafily, are good; but if they do not produce fome fuch effect, they are not advantageous.

Speaking of dropfies, Hippocrates fays, apxona de ci m> sro, απο των κενεώνων, καὶ τῆς οσφύος" οἱ δὲ απο τα ήπατος, οἷσι μὲν ἐν απο των κενεώνων, κ. τ. λ which Dr. Moffat tranflares, The greatest part of thefe originates in the lumber region, and others in the liver. In thofe first mentioned, &c. &c. p. 14. leaving out the dropfies arifing anO "Twv XEVEVO, and then enumerating their fymptoms; which fymptoms the reader of the tranflation can only refer to dropfies of the lumber region.

We could eafily produce many more, and fimilar inftances; but we fhall now proceed to place fome of Dr. Moffat's annota tions by the fide of Foefius's notes.

Dr. Moffat's Notes.

P. 13. note b] Celfus, in confirmation of this very doctrine, has the following no less remark. able than elegant expreffion, in Jib. 2. cap. 7. "Cumque omnis tumor longus ad fuppurationem Speczet, magis eo tendet is, qui in præcordiis, quam is qui infra eft."

P. 32. note] In the Coac. Præn. this fentiment is more fhortly expreffed in these words. Τα δε συντόμως. κ. το λο P. 46. note n.] This is frequently taken notice of by Hippocrates, in his book De Judicationibus, as a principal point. In the Coac. Præn. it is very clearly expreffed in there words, τῶν πυρετ τῶν ἐν μεν' εν ἡμέρῃσι κρισιμησι, μητε μετα σημείων λυτη των αξιώδες, ύπρο κα SIZ. Celfus gives the fame fentiment very properly as follows, "Febris autem quæ fubito fine ratione, fine bonis fignis finita eft, fere revertitur. Lib. 2. cap.7.'

Forfius's Notes.

P. 59. not. 21.] "Hunc locum difertis verbis mihi fic expreffiffe Celfus videtur, cap. 7. lib. 2. Cumque omnis tumor longus ad fuppurationem fjellet, magis eo tendit is, qui in præcordiis, quam is qui infra eft."

P. 6o. not. 41. "In Coac. Pren. hæc eadem repetuntur et expeditiorem habent explicationem his verbis, Τα δε συντόμως. κ. το λο

P. 61. not. 66.] “Iftud multis locis repetitur apud Hippocratem. tanquam caput in tota difciplina judiciorum celeberrimum. Et in Coac. Prenot. τῶν πυρετων οι μήν εν ημέρησε κρισιμεσι, μήτε μετα σημείων λυτηρίων αφελές, υποτροπιάζουσι. Iftum vero locum proprie mihi fic expreffiffe Celfus videtur, “ Febris autem quæ fubito fine ratione, fi ne bonis fignis finita eft, fere revertitur. Cap. 7. lib. 2.5"

It is with real pain that we fometimes find ourselves under the neceffity of expofing the errors of profeffional men; but in scientific matters, we are compelled to undeceive the Public, and fhew in what particulars, authors have failed in the accomplishment of their undertakings.

Dr. Moffat once engaged our attention before [See Rev, vol. lxxv. p. 101.]; and had we been then more fevere in our animadverfions on his tranflation of Aretus from the Greek, for which there was ample room, he would not have ventured, perhaps, a fecond time, to have expofed himself in the fame capacity, viz. as a tranflator of the most difficult works of science in the Greek language. Scientific books, indeed, are of all others the most difficult to tranflate; for they require not only an intimate acquaintance with the language, but a thorough knowlege of the fubject; in neither of which refpects, the prefent tranflator appears to merit our higheft commendations. We could have produced, from the work before us, many other queftionable paffages in confirmation of our frictures; but it is an unpleasant tafk; and we heartily with that Dr. M. may never afford us another occafion of pointing out the defects of his tranflations.

Mifprinted for mergoma. See the Errata.

ART.

ART. III. The Rudiments of Ancient Archite&ure; containing an historical Account of the five Orders, with their Proportions, and Examples of each, from the Antiques. Alfo VITRUVIUS on the Temples and Intercolumniations of the Ancients. Calculated for thofe who wish to attain a fummary Knowlege of the Science of Architecture. With a Dictionary of Terms. Illuftrated with Plates. Svo. pp. 84. 5s. Boards. Taylor, Holborn. 1789. Brief, elementary treatife on this fubject, was, certainly, wanted, for the information of general readers; but, more particularly, for travellers and gentlemen who wish to know fomething of the architecture of the ancients, without undergoing the labour of ftudying, fcientifically, the works of Vitruvius, and other voluminous and erudite authors.

A

The writer of this useful compendium juftly obferves, in his preface, that architecture, as a liberal icience, and confidered as connected with the study of antiquities, is a fubject on which every perfon of tafte and reading has, fometimes, occafion for information; yet that precifion in rules, which is neceffary to a profeffional man, is not the kind of knowlege wanted: but fomething more general, which will not fatigue the mind to understand, or burden the memory to recollect.

With this view to elementary information, the author has aimed only to give a tolerably precife idea of the five orders, and their feveral parts; the general effect of which is exhibited in the engravings; and thefe are felected from antiques which have ever been refpected for their proportion and elegance. Thefe, with the deviations of modern times, and the hiftorical account of each order, he trufts, will render the knowlege of the fubject both eafy and entertaining; yet fufficiently accurate to enable a gentleman to fketch any drawing of architecture that fancy or neceffity may prompt him to have executed, without erring much from the general rules of defign.'

With respect to the rules of the ancients, in building their palaces, temples, or other public edifices, with the diftribution of their columns, and their diminutions, the author has tranfJated what Vitruvius has recorded, in thefe refpe&s: and which he hopes, will be found useful to travellers who vifit the remains of ancient architectural fplendour and magnificence; as in a pocket volume they will have examples of the five crders, with the laws obferved by the ancients in the great outline of their public ftructures, by what name and character each building is diftinguifhed, with rules for adjusting the columns; from which an edifice, though in ruins, may, with confiderable certainty, be zeftored to its original form.'

For the farther affiftance of travellers, &c. the author has added a Dictionary, or explanation of terms used by artifts, to exprefs the feveral parts of buildings. This part of the per

formance,

formance, which confifts of 20 pages, will, doubtless, be useful to all who, not being professional men themselves, are, occasionally, readers of the works of those writers who come under that defcription; and whofe productions will, by fuch helps, be underftood with more facility, and perufed with more pleasure.

Although the author has entitled his work Ancient Architecture, he has confined, and we think, very properly, his attention to that of the Greeks and Romans; omitting thofe very early efforts in the science, of which magnificent traces remain in Upper Egypt, and in many parts of India: the era of whofe foundations is so remote, that no certain idea can be formed of their age.

Gothic architecture is likewife omitted in this compilement; not, fays the author, because I think flightly, or disapprove, that light though firm, and grave though pleasant, kind of arehitecture, of which this country boafts the beft and most complete fpecimens.' He farther remarks, that, in his opinion, the effect of awe and reverence which this kind of building always produces in the mind, is one of the ftrongest proofs that can be given, of its propriety, and fitnefs, for large facred buildings: but thefe, he adds, I have avoided, confining myfelf to the Greek and Roman ftyles, which may be truly called claffical, and which are in most general request and use.'

On the whole, fays this ingenious compiler, my endeavour is intended more for the gentleman than the artift. How far I have fucceeded, in the feveral particulars, I leave others to determine,-affuring them, that I have fpared no pains to be both accurate and useful.'-To this affurance, we yield the author entire credit, founded on the best judgment that we have been able to form, after an attentive perufal of his publication.

In regard to the plates, we think them well adapted to the general defign of the book. The portrait which decorates the title-page, is a very good, and a pleafing likeness of the celebrated Athenian Stuart: fuch as we well remember him, when about 40, or from 40 to 50 years of age. It is copied from a drawing of his own, which will be found in one of the plates engraved, in his life-time, for the fecond volume of his Antiquities of Athens; which, as we learn from the advertifements, is now ready to be delivered to the fubfcribers.

* Is it not, however, poffible, after all that may be said, with respect to our veneration for Gothic architecture, that much of this awe may be imputed to the early impreffion made on our minds, perhaps even in what may be called infancy, by the facred uses to which thofe vaft and folemn edifices were appropriated?-We only ftart this hint of the moment, as a point of inquiry, in order to afcersain, if we can, the respective shares which RELIGION OF ARCHITECTURE may claim, in the production of that reverence which Arikes us, on entering our ancient cathedrals.

ART.

ART. IV. A Survey of the Lakes of Cumberland, Westmorland, and Lancashire: together with an Account, hiftorical, topographical, and defcriptive, of the adjacent Country. To which is added, a Sketch of the Border Laws and Customs. By James Clarke, Land. Surveyor. Folio. 21. 5s. Boards. pp. 235. Penrith, printed. London, fold by Robfon, &c. 1787

ROM all that can be collected concerning the original state of nations, it appears that the human race, however difperfed, have borne a very confiderable refemblance to each other. Allowance is to be made in these reflections, for the difference of climate, foil, &c. together with adventitious circumstances which occafioned fome to arrive at a degree of cultivation and improvement fooner than others: yet all feem to have fallen into a great fimilarity of manners and cuftoms, varied, indeed, in particular inftances, but ftill fpringing from the fame caufe. They poffeffed in common, a ferocious fpirit, a love of plunder and rapine, fub tlety and artifice, together with a wild, and, too often, a brutal, courage and proneness to oppreffion; all had their mufic, their bards, their fuperftitious feftivals, diverfions, and rites; and at the fame time, their fiercenefs, cunning, and rapacity, were ftrangely blended with generofity and good faith, and fome regard to hulptality; like that of the Arab, of whom it is often obferved, that he might, perhaps, feaft you in the house to-day, and rub you in the defart to-morrow." The ancestors of the Greeks and Remans were men of a like famp; and although that admired people, by the aid of the Phenicians and others, were more speedy in their advances to civilization than fome of their neighbours; yet zealous as they were in the caule of liberty, they ever retained la much of the favage fpirit, as to fuppute (like many others who have regarded themfelves as patriot) that while they attained er defended its enj ›yment for their own party, they were fully empowered to opprefs and domineer over different people. Right reafon, if it is attended to, will give us very different ideas; and it is the excellence of Chriflianity, when truly attended to and understood, that it is molt friendly to every natural and reafonabie claim of mankind; the certain tendency of its spirit and rules is, to humanize the tavage, and to reftrain and reform the tyrant. This, we ought to add, s its tendency, without any coercive external force; for when human policy has interfered, it is too evident, that it has darkened its light, and weakened, if not deftroyed its energy.-To this all history bears witness.

We were led into thete reflections, by fome of the remarks which are made by the author of the work now before us; which

Though the date of this book is 1787, it was not, we believe, advertised in London before the year 1789; when we first gained information of the work.