bold treachery comes to light. He sees himself about to be pledged to make war upon the French,-he, the first ally of their republic; and what amazed him even more, he is to give his royal warrant to the Greek faith of a Swedish queen. Enraged at a monstrous stratagem, he tore himself from love and hope, sacrificing all for country, and the humbled empress was the victim of the plot. A funeral pageant usurped the splendor of the wedding feast. Rage, mortified pride, unspeakable disappointment reaped the whirlwind, and the sorrowing bridegroom had scarcely regained his home, before the heart of the mighty empress was still for ever.

Let us hasten to acquit Stedingk. No hand of his had meddled in these sad nuptials. Special ambassadors had been their master's stewards; and we read of Russian gold, of course, among the persuasive arts of this as of other periods. Stedingk had a far more difficult task. He was to allay the troubled waters. Success would have been later, had Catherine lived; but happily the new Emperor Paul was tractable. He loved Stedingk; his "preux chevalier," as he always styled him. Reconciliation was not long delayed, and the young Gustavus was comforted with a fairhaired German bride, the most lovely queen, we are told, that had yet adorned the Swedish throne.

A prominent event in the career of Stedingk during the reign of Paul, was his negotiation with Rostopchin of a famous treaty of armed neutrality. It was signed at St. Petersburg, on the 16th December, 1800, and although destined to be blown to atoms at Copenhagen by the guns of Nelson, its influence in the world's affairs will ultimately surpass the naval victory. The sublime justice which our own Franklin urged upon the nations, and which this fainous treaty meant to engraft upon general law is admitted, at last, by its late arch

enemy.

The alliance of Sweden and Russia, closer at this period than ever before or since, may be illustrated by an anecdote of the Emperor Paul, which, at the same time, epeaks volumes for Stedingk. A report reached St. Petersburg of rebellion in a neighboring Swedish province. The rumor was first spread upon a Thursday, the regular day of a weekly dinner-party at the Swedish embassy. The guests were seated, and

"une très bonne soupe,' ""mais quel excellent caviar," were already buzzing about the table, when the host received a pressing summons to the palace. Excusing himself to his guests he hurried away, and found the emperor impatiently waiting in his cabinet. "Well, well, well," he exclaimed, before Stedingk was fairly in the room, "here is a pretty business. I must not lose a moment to fly to the assistance of my friend, your good king. He shall have fifty thousand Russians. I name you their commander, and my son Constantine your aide-decamp. You shall march to-morrow. Sit there and write out a treaty; you and I will sign it." Stedingk knew his friend well. There was but one way to manage his impetuosity-it must run itself out. Paul dictated, and Stedingk (impransus) wrote. The emperor and the ambassadors signed the treaty within the hour. The Grand Duke Constantine was summoned, and readily accepted service under the Swedish general. The emperor looked happy, and when he settled quietly to repose after the excitement, Stedingk ventured to propose that the troops should wait for confirmation of the rumor. Paul unwillingly consented, and presently came news that the whole story of revolt was false. The troops were countermanded; and on the following Thursday the guests at the Swedish embassy did not dine without their host. The treaty, completed and signed, a singular diplomatic curiosity, was brought away by Stedingk, and preserved, a legacy to his family.

Another interesting document found among the Stedingk papers, was a detailed account of Napoleon's winning the partisanship of this unhappy Paul. His fantastic imagination was completely won away from Great Britain by the First consul gravely proposing a Russian and French conquest of India. A plan for the expedition was written out, and at the time of his death, Paul had absolutely ordered troops for the service. A scheme so wild and senseless might well shake the confidence of all about the emperor's person, and already, indeed, after a long series of folly and tyranny combined, his deposition had come to be regarded as a state necessity. His son, the Grand Duke Alexander, suffered himself to join the conspiracy, persuading himself of patriotism, and historians release him from the charge of parricide. Stedingk had long been

regarded by the imperial family in the light rather of an old family friend than a foreign ambassador; and accordingly, on the morning after the murder of Paul, we find his successor hastening to the Swedish embassy, throwing himself upon Stedingk's neck, and sobbing aloud "I am the most wretched of mankind!" "You must be, indeed!" was the answer of the honest old soldier.

*

*

66

"The Emperor Paul," says Monsieur Thiers, an intellectual and not a bad man, was, however, extreme in all his feelings, and like all such men, was capable of good and bad deeds, according to the impulse of the moment. If such a temper is unhappy in private life, what must it be among princes, and especially among those whose power is absolute. In these cases it results, at length, in insanity, often of a bloody dye. Everybody in St. Petersburg began to tremble. The emperor's greatest favorites of to-day thought of Siberia and exile to-morrow."

Sympathetic and chivalrous, Paul felt a lively sympathy for the victims of the French revolution, and cherished hatred against its abettors. Catherine endeavored to rouse Europe against France, but never equipped a Russian soldier in the quarrel. Paul sent Suwarrow and a hundred thousand men into Italy. He forbade every import into France; books, fashions, dresses, alike, and Russian nobles thought it an excess of antirevolutionary zeal. The wind changed, and the weathercock turned. Portraits of the republican Bonaparte covered the imperial walls: his health was the public toast, and war was declared against Great Britain. This time the Russian nobles were enraged. The loss of fashions, gloves, and the perfections of civilization, they had borne with patience; but how should they turn their hemp and tallow into money if at war with England? Domestic cruelties followed a crowd of unfortunates were hurried to Siberia, and Paul, touched with their lamentations, called them back, but forgot to restore their confiscated homes. Worse lamentations filled the ears of the emperor, and in a rage he sent them back again to Siberia. No

man's life was safe. Ministers, the empress, the imperial children were threatened alike. Four empresses, since the great Peter, he remembered, had taken their husband's crowns, and poor Paul, fortifying himself with salique decrees, still locked his wife's door at night. His palace was a citadel, and his haughtiness, of which Stedingk witnessed a curious instance, overstepped all bounds.

The emperor was seen one day to whisper mysteriously to his grand chamberlain, M. De Narishkin, who was so well known to stand ill in the imperial graces, that the circumstance created no little surprise, and no little curiosity. The diplomatic corps stood on tiptoe, until M. de Narishkin put them at ease. "He told me I was durack" (fool), said he, "and not another word beside." Next day, the emperor, in conversation with Stedingk, began to abuse his "durack" chamberlain, and our Swede, true to his instincts, gallantly defended an absent friend. Unluckily, however, he styled him a "grand seigneur." At this imprudent word the emperor changed countenance, and raising his voice, "Mr. Ambassador," said he, "know that in Russia there is no grand seigneur except him to whom I speak, and he is only such while I speak."*

The unhappy Paul was to be murdered. Many a Russian knew it; and Stedingk, probably, did not doubt it. A plot was hatched by the governor of the city, Count Pahlen, who, with consummate skill, carried out his purpose without delay. The young prince Alexander consented to depose his father, but he exacted from the conspirators the most solemn oath to spare his father's life. The second chief of the conspiracy was the celebrated Benningsen, a German officer, and commander-in-chief of the Russian army. Poor Paul began to read his doom. "Were you in St. Petersburg when my father was assassinated?" said he to the chief of the police. I was, sire." "What were you then?" "A subaltern cavalry officer, serving with my regiment, your majesty." "Very well," continued Paul, eyeing his minister suspiciously, "there is a plan, to-day, to play that tragedy over again." "I know it, sire: I am in the plot." "How! you are in the plot ?" "I am,"

was the answer, "but only to fathom itto be better able to care for your majesty." Paul was reassured by the calmness of the arch-conspirator, for such he was, the deepest of the band.

On the 23d of March, 1801, there was a dinner party at the residence of this chief of police. Pablen and Benningsen alone, of sixty guests, drank nothing at a feast where conscience was to be drowned in wine. Midnight came, and the conspirators stole to the palace. Gates and doors were unbarred to the high dignitaries of the empire. Two faithful servants watched and defended their master's bed-room. One was silenced with a dagger, but the other sprang to give the alarm. The emperor, startled at the noise, leaped out of bed. The door to the empress he had himself barricaded. Escape was hopeless, and he crouched trembling in the folds of a screen.-Benningsen stumbled upon his hiding-place, and sword in hand presented the act of abdication. "On this condition," says he, "I answer for your life."-Paul refused, implored, struggled; and the lamp which shone upon this frightful scene was overturned by the half-drunken conspirators. Benningsen went to the antechamber for another, and returned to find the emperor yielding his last breath. The scarf of an imperial guardsman had done the work of the bowstring.

He

Pahlen had remained without. went to the prince, whose grief, the secret torment of his subsequent life, burst in bitter reproaches. He was conducted to the troops. Shouts of proclamation rent the city,but with the first pause of repose, the wretched Alexander sobbed, as we have seen, upon the neck of Stedingk.

Here let us pause with the historian Thiers, to look at institutions. At another end of Europe, adds the philosophical narrator of this terrible event,-upon a great and ancient throne, there also sat a mad prince;-a king whose reason for whole months would be in eclipse, often in moments critical for empire. Did the thought of murder cross an English mind? Yet, let it be repeated, men are far less to blame than institutions. If in

Stedingk was now in his sixty-second year. A vigorous constitution, and cheerful temper, gave éclat and grace to the experience of so many years passed among the most prominent of the events of the age; and his natural wisdom and talents had richly profited by great opportunities. Of all his countrymen at this period he was probably the most capable of conducting the war; but Gustavus the Fourth does not seem to have had a proper estimate of his military talents. Six years later, in the great campaign of 1814, he was selected by one of the best of modern captains to command the Swedish army; and indeed there is no room for doubt that if Bernadotte had been king in 1808, and Stedingk his field marshal, Sweden would not have been despoiled of its oldest and most cherished province. Finland was conquered not by Russian force, which did not at first exceed 20,000 men,* nor by Russian skill, for in the field the Swedes were victorious; but was lost through the unpardonable mismanagement and treachery of those whom Gustavus intrusted with its defence.

In the meantime Stedingk entered upon his administrative duties as one of the Regents of Sweden. The king, who chose to affect the character of Charles XII., had gone to Aland, intending to direct the operations of his army in per

son.

It does not appear that he ever confronted the enemy; but, on the contrary, remained passively in an island fortress, surrounded by troops and gunboats, watchful of his personal safety and fast undermining all foundations of the loyalty of his people. No king ever hastened more blindly to his own destruction and the ruin of his country. It is customary in Sweden to attribute his misfortunes to insanity, and the severity of his judges should be moderate

therefore. This insanity, moreover, was apparent before as well as after the loss of Finland, and the remedy was as much in the hands of the Diet before as after. His dethronement was postponed three years too long, and the fault surely lay not with the king. When Stedingk arrived in Stockholm, Sweden seemed tottering to destruction. Surrounded with enemies, she made face on every side, North, East, and South.-17,000 Russians occupied lower Finland, opposed by an equal number of Swedes and Finns on their own ground, and anxious to defend the sacred cause. A strong Swedish reserve was at hand also in the islands of Aland, while the Russians, dispirited and without supplies, hesitated to advance. At this moment, against all reason and sense, according at least to the opinion of his aide-de-camp, Count Biörnstierna, the Swedish General Klingsparre ordered a retreat, abandoning half the province to an enemy who needed but a single blow to complete his ruin. The great Gibraltar-like fortresses of Swartholm and Sweaborg were surrendered by their commanders; the first, in overt treason, and the latter veiled for appearances, but unquestionably in real treachery. These are sore points in Swedish history.*

It was at this hopeless period that Stedingk entered, in some degree, upon the scene of action. He was summoned by the king, not to command the army unfortunately, which was still left with Klingsparre, but to give his counsels and experience at the royal headquarters. The obstinacy and infirmities of Gustavus, however, increased day by day. He had the unparalleled folly to reject an offer of 11,000 English troops, because their English general did not suit his fancies. With more than 100,000 men under arms, he managed never to have 10,000 together. They were continually exhausted in forced marches across the length and breath of the kingdom, from Norway to Russia, and again from Russia to the strait of Elsinore. All system was set at naught. English subsidies and Swedish supplies, lavishly afforded by his allies and by his patient people, were squandered senselessly and ungratefully; and in the midst of all, we read that he absolutely sold ainmunition and

stores masters.

to the Russian quarter

Stedingk often hazarded remonstrance. His counsels were given with the frankness and fearlessness of his character, but always fruitlessly. The king answered hotly that he made his own decisions-nothing should change them, and that never in this world would he be at peace with that "Anti-Christ Bonaparte."-"Then," said Stedingk, losing all patience, "if it must be war, learn at least how to make war." The rebuke was not forgotten.

In the meantime the patience of the country was exhausted. Among responsible men there was but one opinion in all Sweden; that nothing was left but to depose and banish the king. A plot ripened fast, and its chiefs are held up to history as the liberators of their country. "Sire," said Baron Adlercreutz, entering the royal apartment at the head of the resolute band, "in the name of the nation I demand your sword." Gustavus drew it undaunted, and would have struck down the audacious speaker. Servants and guard sprang to the side of the king, who struggled and fought like a madman; but overpowered, at last, he was borne away a prisoner, foaming with rage, to the castle of Gripsholm. Not a drop of blood was shed. The people of Stockholm heard the news with perfect satisfaction, and in the evening thronged to the theatres as if the day had been the feast day of the nation. In Dalecarlia, where the first Vasa declaimed against tyranny, a sentiment of loyalty for his decendant rose to the surface; but reason and right were soon manifest to the noble Dalesmen, and the revolution was unanimous. The conspirators hastened to the uncle of Gustavus, the prudent and skilful Regent who had governed Sweden during the late minority. He was made protector, and finally elected by the Diet King Charles XIII. Stedingk was loyal as a Dalecarlian. Ho had heard early rumors of the revolt, and hastened to put Gustavus on his guard."Traitor," cried the unhappy king, drawing his sword upon his faithful white-haired old servant, and threatening to plunge it in his breast."Traitor!"

Stedingk often related to his family circle the effect of this ungrateful word. "Should I," said he, "like the Sture of old, pierced by the sword of Eric,-should I have drawn it from my breast,