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manner also," Brandubha king of the Lagenians, with the consent as well of the laity as of the clergy, did appoint that in the city of Ferns (which was the see of Moedog, otherwise called Edanus) should be the archbishoprick of all the province of Leinster." But Bernard's testimony, we have no reason not to believe, relating what was known to be done in his own very time; that Celsus' the archbishop of Armagh, "had of the new constituted another metropolitical see, but subject to the first see, and to the archbishop thereof." By which we may see that in the erection of new archbishopricks and bishopricks, all things were here done at home, without consulting with the see of Rome for the matter.

As for the nomination and confirmation of the archbishops and bishops themselves, we find the manner of advancing St. Livinus to his archbishoprick thus laid down by Boniface in the description of his life. When "Menalchus the archbishop was dead, Calomagnus the king of Scots, and the troop of his officers with the under courtiers, and the concourse of all that country, with the same affection of heart cried out, that the holy priest Livinus was most worthily to be advanced unto the honour of this order. The king, more devout than all of them, consenting thereunto, three or four times placed the blessed man in the chair of the

Facta synodo magna in terra Laginensium, decrevit rex Brandubh, et tam laici quam clerici, ut archiepiscopatus omnium Laginensium semper esset in sede et cathedra sancti Moedog. Et tunc sanctus Moedog a multis catholicis consecratus est archiepiscopus. Ex vit. S. Edani. A rege jam Laginensium Brandubh filio Eathach constitutum est, ut archiepiscopatus Laginensium in civitate sancti Moedog esset. Ipsa civitas vocatur Ferna, quæ est in terra gentis Kenselach. Ex vit. S. Molyng.

r Erat et altera metropolitica sedes, quem de novo constituerat Celsus, prima tamen sedi et illius archiepiscopo subdita tanquam primati. Bernard. in vita Malachiæ.

Illo defuncto, rex Calomagnus, et ejus Palatinorum chorus cum suis subaulicis, totiusque regionis illius confluentia, pari cordis affectu conclamaverunt, sanctum sacerdotem Livinum in honorem hujus ordinis dignissime sublimandum fore. His rex omnibus devotior consentiens, ter quaterque beatum virum in cathedra archiepiscopatus debito honore, Domino jubente, collocavit. Bonifac. vil. Livin.

archbishoprick with due honour, according to the will of the Lord." In like manner also did kingt Ecgfrid cause our Cuthbert to be ordained bishop of the church of Landisfarne; and king Pipin granted" the bishoprick of Salzburgh to our Virgilius: and Duke Gunzo would have conferred the bishoprick of Constance upon our Gallus, but that he refused it, and caused another upon his recommendation to be preferred thereunto.

In the book of Landaff, which is called Tilo (either from Teliau the second bishop of that place, whose life is largely there described, or rather from the place itself, which of old was called Teilo') we read that Germanus and Lupus did consecrate chief doctor over all the Britons inhabiting the right side of Britain, St. Dubricius, being chosen archbishop by the king and all the diocese; and that by the grant of Mouric the king, the nobility, clergy, and the people, they appointed his episcopal see to be at Landaff; that Oudoceus", the third bishop after

t Rex Ecgfridus episcopum fecit ordinari Lindisfarnensium ecclesiæ virum sanctum et venerabilem Cuthbertum. Bed. lib. 4. hist. cap. 27. et vit. Cuthbert. cap. 24.

" Episcopatum Salzburgensem, pro debito regiæ magnificentiæ, sancto concessit Virgilio. Vit. episc. Salisburgens. tom. 2. Antiqu. lect. Henr. Canis. pag. 259. et tom. 6. pag. 1174.

w Walafrid. Strab. vit. Gall. lib. 1. cap. 16, 17, 19, 20.

Theodor. Campidonens. vel quicunque author fuit vitæ Magni. lib. 1. cap. 8. edit. Goldasti. 10. Canisii.

y In the laws of Howel Dha it is named Ecclesia Teilau: and so in Caradoc of Lhancarvans chronicle of Wales, pag. 94. Joseph is called Bishop of Teilo, or Landaff.

z Super omnes Britannos dextralis partis Britanniæ B. Dubricium summum doctorem, a rege et ab omni parochia electum archiepiscopum, consecraverunt. Hac dignitate ei a Germano et Lupo data; constituerunt ei episcopalem sedem concessu Mourici regis, principum, cleri et populi, apud Podium Lantavi. Lib. Ecclesiæ Landavensis, MS.

a Electione cleri et populi succedit in episcopatu Landavensis Ecclesiæ, electione cleri Mercguini et Elgoreti et Gunnuini magistri ; et trium abbatum, Cargen abbatis Ilduti, Concenn abbatis Catmaili, Cetnig abbatis Docguinni; laicorum, regis Mourici, et filiorum Athruis et Idnerth, Guidgen et Cetiau, Brogmail, Gendoc, Louhonerd, Catgualatyr, et omnium principum totius parochiæ. Missus est S. Oudoceus cum clericis suis prædictis (Merchui et Elguoret et Gunubui) cum legatis trium abbatum et regis et principum, ad Dorobornensem civitatem ad beatum archiepiscopum; ubi sacratus est Ecclesia Landaviæ in honore S. Petri fundatæ. Ibid.

him, being elected by king Mouric, and the chief of the clergy and laity of the whole diocese, was by them sent to the archbishop of Canterbury for his consecration; that Gucaunus, the twenty-sixth bishop of that church, was consecrated by Dunstan archbishop of Canterbury, the pastoral staff being given him in the court by Edgar chief king of the English; that next after him, in the year DCCCCLXXXIII. election being made by the kings and the whole clergy and people of Glamorgan, and the pastoral staff given in the court by Ethelred chief king of the English; Bledri was consecrated by the archbishop of Canterbury, who is there named Albricus, though, in truth, at the year here assigned, Dunstan did still hold the place; and that after his decease in the year MXXII. by the election of the people and clergy of Landaff and the kings of the Britons (namely king Riderch that reigned at that time through all Wales, and Hivel the substitute of the king of Glamorgan) Joseph was consecrated bishop by Elnod archbishop of Canterbury, at the word of Cnut king of England, in whose court the pastoral staff was given unto him.

Here in Ireland much after the same manner, Mr. Campion himself setteth down, that "to the monarch

b DCCCCLXXXII. (vel DCCCLXXII. potius) incarnationis Domini anno, Gucaunus episcopus Landaviæ consecratus a metropolitano Dunstano Dorobornensis Ecclesiæ archiepiscopo, data sibi virga pastorali in regali curia a summo rege Anglorum Ætgaro. Lib. Eccles. Landav.

C DCCCCLXXXIII. anno, electione facta regum Morcannue, Ouein videlicet et Idguallaun, Catell et Cinuin filiorum Morcanthen, Rotri et Grifud filiorum Elired, et totius cleri et populi Morcannuc infra hortum Taratir in Gui et hortum Tivi positi: et dato sibi baculo in regali curia a summo rege Anglorum Adelredo, et a metropolitano Dorobornensis Ecclesiæ Albrico archiepiscopo, Bledri episcopus Landaviæ consecratus est; et MXXII. anno incarnationis Domini, ordinationis suæ autem 39o anno, migravit ad Dominum. Ibid.

d MXXII. anno incarnationis Domini, consecratus est Joseph episcopus Landaviæ, Cantuariæ a metropolitano Dorobornensis Ecclesiæ Ælnod archiepiscopo, in kalendis Octobris, et in primo (vel xvI. potius) anno Cycli decennovennalis, verbo regis Anglorum Cnut, et dato sibi baculo in curia illius: electione populi et cleri Landaviæ, et regum Britanniæ, regis videlicet Riderch regnantis per totam Gualiam tunc tempore, et Hivel subreguli regis Morcannuc infra hortum Taratir in Gui et hortum Tivi regnantis. Ibid.

e Edm. Campion. Histor. Hibern. lib. 1. cap. ult. ad annum 948.

was granted a negative in the nomination of bishops at every vacation: the clergy and laity of the diocese recommending him to their king, the king to the monarch, the monarch to the archbishop of Canterbury." Although this last clause be wrongly extended by him to the bishops of the whole land, which properly belonged to the Ostmann strangers, that possessed the three cities of Dublin, Waterford, and Limerick. For these being a colony of the Norwegians and Livonians, and so countrymen to the Normans, when they had seen England subdued by the Conqueror, and Normans advanced to the chief archbishoprick there, would needs now assume to themselves the name of Normans also, and cause their bishops to receive their consecration from no other metropolitan but the archbishop of Canterbury. And forasmuch as they were confined within the walls of their own cities, the bishops which they made had no other diocese to exercise their jurisdiction in, but only the bare circuit of those cities. Whereupon we find a certificate made unto pope Innocent the third in the year MCCXVI. by the archbishop of Tuam and his suffragans; that "John1 Papiron, the legate of the Church of Rome, coming into Ireland, found that Dublin indeed had a bishop, but such a one as did exercise his episcopal office within the walls only."

The first bishop which they had in Dublin, as it appeareth by the records of that church, was one Donatus, or Dunanus, as others call him: upon whose death, in the year MLXXIV. Gothric their king, with the consent of the clergy and people of Dublin, chose one Patrick for

'Girald. Cambrens. Topograph. Hibern. distinct. 3. cap. 43.

Eodem tempore Norwagenses sive Ostmanni, qui civitates Hiberniæ et maritima occupaverunt, Normanni vocati sunt. Annal. Dublin. ad ann. 1095. b Dominus Johannes Papiron legatus Romanæ Ecclesiæ veniens in Hiberniam, invenit Dublin episcopum habentem, qui tantum intra muros episcopale officium exercebat. Testimon. Tuamens. archiepisc. in registro Dublin. archiepisc. et nigro libro Ecclesiæ S. Trinitatis.

i Ad regimen Dublinensis Ecclesiæ Lanfrancus archiepiscopus Cantuariæ, petente Goderico rege, Dubliniensis Ecclesiæ populo et clero consentientibus et eligentibus, in ecclesia sancti Pauli Londin. Patricium sacravit Antistitem. Annal. Dublin. ad annum 1074.

their bishop, and directed him into England to be consecrated by Lanfranc archbishop of Canterbury: who sent him back with commendatory lettersk as well to the said Gothric king of the Ostmans, as to Terdeluacus the chief king or monarch of the Irish. Hereupon, after the decease of this Patrick, in' the year MLXXXV. the same Terdeluacus and the bishops of Ireland joined with the clergy and people of Dublin in the election of Donatus, one of Lanfranc's own monks in Canterbury, who was by him there also consecrated. Then when he died, in the year MLXXXXV. his nephew Samuel, a monk of St. Alban's but born in Ireland, was chosenm bishop in his place by Murierdach king of Ireland, and the clergy and people of the city: by whose common decree he was also sent unto Anselm archbishop of Canterbury for his consecration. Not long after, the Waterfordians, following the example of the Dublinians, erected a bishoprick among themselves, and" sent their new bishop to Canterbury for his consecration; the manner of whose election the clergy and people of Waterford, in the letters which they wrote at that time unto Anselm, do thus intimate: "We and our king Murchertach, and Dofnald the bishop, and Dermeth our captain, the king's brother, have made choice of this priest Malchus, a monk of Walkeline bishop of Winchester;" the same man, without doubt, who was afterward promoted to the bishoprick of Lismore, so much commended by Bernard in the life of Malachias.

* Habentur apud Baron. ann. 1089. num. 12. et 15.

1 Anno Dom. 1085. Lanfrancus archiepiscopus Cantuar. ad regimen Dublinensis Ecclesiæ sacravit Donatum monasterii sui monachum in sede metropoli Cantuar. petentibus atque eligentibus cum Terdeluaco Hiberniæ rege, et episcopis Hiberniæ regionis, atque clero et populo præfatæ civitatis. Annal. Dublin.

m A rege Hiberniæ, Murierdach nomine, necnon a clero et populo in episcopatum ipsius civitatis electus est; atque ad Anselmum, juxta morem antiquum, sacrandus cum communi decreto directus. Eadmer. histor. Navor. lib. 2. pag. 34.

n Ibid. pag. 36.

• Nos et rex noster Murchertachus, et episcopus Dofnaldus, et Dermeth dux noster frater regis, elegimus hunc presbyterum Malchum Walkelini Wintoniensis episcopi monachum, nobis sufficientissime cognitum, &c.

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