the steepest is 1 in 273. The curves are favourable; the smallest radius of any one is half a mile.

MANCHESTER AND LEEDS.-Capital, 1,300,000l. Estimated cost, 1,300,000l. Length of line, 60 miles, 5 furlongs. Cost, per mile, 21,4437. Estimated revenue from passengers, 115,2567. Estimated revenue from goods, 113,7077. Annual expenses, 114,4817. Annual expenses, per mile, 1,8887. Profit per cent. on capital, 83.-There are three planes to be worked by assistant engines. The 1st is 4 miles long, with an inclination of 1 in 165; the 2d is 4 miles long, with the same inclination; and the 3d is 3 miles, 7 furlongs long, with an inclination of 1 in 130. The other gradients are not objectionable, the steepest is 1 in 277. In the first 41 miles, there are 33 curves.

MERTHYR TYDFIL AND CARDIFF. Capital, 300,000. Estimated cost, 286,000l. Length of line, Main line, 24 miles, 4 furlongs; branches, 12 miles, 4 furlongs. Cost, per mile, 7,7297. Estimated revenue from passengers, 4,076/ Estimated revenue from goods, 40,4537. Annual expenses, 8,000l. Annual expenses, per mile, 2167. Profit per cent. on capital, 12.-There are three inclined planes to be selfacting, one half a mile long, with an inclination of 1 in 20; one 20 chains long, with an inclination of 1 in 18; and the other 68 chains long, with an inclination of 1 in 25. The other gradients are favourable, the steepest is 1 in 73 and one-third. The curves are favourable; the smallest radius of one on the main line is 1,000 feet, and on the branches 800 feet. There are two tunnels, one of 264 yards, and one of 198 yards.

Estimated

MIDLAND COUNTIES.-Capital, 1,000,000. cost, 997,1807. Length of line: Main line, 56 miles, 154 yards; Branches, 18 miles, 7 furlongs, 11 yards. Cost per mile, 12,460. Estimated revenue from passengers, 129,9387. Estimated revenue from goods, 49,4827. Annual expenses, 75,000l. Annual expenses per mile, 1,0007. Profit per cent. on capital, 10.-There are no planes to be worked by assistant engines. The gradients are generally favourable. The steepest is 1 in 117. The curves are favourable. The smallest radius of any one on the general line is upwards of 1 mile.

NEWCASTLE AND NORTH SHIELDS.-Capital, 120,000. Estimated cost, 106,1527. Length of line: main line, 6 miles, 7 furlongs, 146 yards; Branch, 2 furlongs, 13 yards. Cost per mile, 14,7121. Estimated revenue from passengers, 16,790.

Estimated revenue from goods, 6,2337. Annual expenses, 8,1097. Annual expenses per mile, 1,1247. Profit per cent. on capital, 12. There is a plane to be worked by an assistant stationary engine, 400 yards in length, with an inclination of 1 in 153. The steepest gradient is 1 in 180. The smallest radius of a curve on the main line is 1 miles. PRESTON AND LONGRIDGE.-Capital, 30,000l. Estimated cost, 30,000l. Length of line: main line, 7 miles; Branches, 1 furlong, 80 yards. Cost per mile, 4,1517. Estimated revenue from goods, 6,6337. Annual expenses, 1,5007. Annual expenses per mile, 2097. Profit per cent. on capital, 177. There are no planes to be worked by assistant engines. The gradients are favourable. The steepest is 1 in 150. The curves are favourable. The smallest radius of any one is not less than a mile.

SHEFFIELD AND ROTHERHAM.-Capital, 100,000l. Estimated cost, 90,000l. Length of line: main line, 5 miles, 2 furlongs; Branches, 2 miles, 3 furlongs. Cost per mile, 11,8037. Estimated revenue from passengers, 14,5937. Estimated revenue from goods, 22,6597. Annual expenses, 18,6267. Annual expenses per mile, 2,4421. Profit per cent. on capital, 18.-There are no planes to be worked by assistant engines. The gradients are generally favourable. The steepest are 1 in 132 and 1 in 470. The curves are generally favourable. The smallest radius of any one is of a mile.

THAMES HAVEN RAILWAY AND DOCK.-Capital 450,000l. Estimated cost: Railway, 263,6947.; Dock, 186,3067. Length of line, 15 miles, 4 furlongs. Cost per mile, 17,0127. Estimated revenue from passengers, 43,6907. Estimated revenue from goods, 78,3491. Annual expenses, 40,6791. Annual expenses per mile, 2,6241. Profit per cent. on capital, 18.-There are no planes to be worked by assistant engines. The gradients are very favourable. The steepest is I in 500. The curves are very favourable. The smallest radius of any one is 5 miles.

TREMOUTHA HARBOUR AND RAILWAY.-Capital, 165,000l. Estimated cost: Harbour, &c., 91,6937.; Railway, 49,850. Length of line, 16 miles, 6 furlongs. Cost per mile, 2,9767. Estimated revenue from passengers, 4007. Estimated revenue from goods, 12,758. Annual expenses, 4,6007. Annual expenses per mile, 2741. Profit per cent. on capital, 5.-There is only one plane to be worked by an assistant stationary engine, the length of which is 4 furlongs, 131 yards, with an inclination of 1 in 9. The other gradients

are favourable. The steepest is 1 in 122. The curves are favourable. The smallest radius of any one is 330 yards. There is one tunnel of 190 yards.

ULSTER.-Capital, 600,000. Estimated cost, 539,4471. Length of line, 36 miles, 1 furlong, 71 yards. Cost per mile, 14,9167. Estimated revenue from passengers, 67,8131 Estimated revenue from goods, 25,2501. Annual expenses. 36,000l. Annual expenses per mile, 1,0007. Profit per cent. on capital, 9.-There are no planes to be worked by assistant engines. The gradients are favourable. The steepest is 1 in 200. The curves are generally favourable. The smallest radius of any one is mile. There are three tunnels; one of 320 yards, one of 570 yards, and one of 310 yards.

YORK AND NORTH MIDLAND.-Capital, 370,000l. Estimated cost, 370,0007. Length of line: main line, 24 miles, 4 furlongs; Branches, 7 miles, I furlong. Cost per mile, 11,7007. Estimated revenue from passengers, 44,2851. Estimated revenue from goods, 39,2537. Annual expenses, 33,4157. Annual expenses per mile, 1,056. Profit per cent. on capital, 13.-There are no planes to be worked by assistant engines. The gradients are very favourable. The steepest being 1 in 664. The curves are very favourable. The smallest radius of any one is 1 mile.

By the above statement it appears that 35 railway bills passed the Legislature during the last session, of which 5 are merely for the alteration of lines already authorized to be made, and 30 for new lines, the length of which is 994 miles, 1 furlong, 90 yards, and the estimated cost of formation 17,595,000l., or at the rate of 17,700l. per mile; and the annual expense of working and maintenance 1,5717. per mile. The most expensive lines are the London Grand Junction, the estimated cost of which is 228,5717. per mile, and the expense of working 15,2337. per mile; the London and Blackwall Commercial, the estimated cost of which is 183,5881. per mile, and the cost of working 8,5231. per mile; and the Deptford Pier Junction, the estimated cost of which is at the rate of 134,866 per mile, and the cost of working at the rate of 4,500l. per mile. Of the 30 railways above enumerated, 19 have no tunnels, and the remaining 11 have 27, the length of which is 11 miles, 7 furlongs, 35 yards, or, upon an average, 775 yards each. Of these tunnels 5 are upon the Leeds and Derby, of the length of 3,208 yards; upon the Northern and Eastern, of the length of 1,770

4

yards; 4 upon the South-Eastern, of the length of 5,874 yards; and 3 upon the Ulster line, of the length of 1,200 yards. The most objectionable curves are upon the Manchester and Leeds line, of which there are 33 in a distance of 41 miles, and most of them of small radius. The curves upon the other lines are generally favourable. Of these 30 railways, 17 have no inclined planes to be worked by assistant engines, either stationary or locomotive; the remaining thirteen have 24 planes to be so worked, of which 3 are upon the Manchester and Leeds line: the first is 4 miles long, and the second 4 miles, both of them with an inclination of 1 in 165; the third is 3 miles, 7 furlongs in length, with an inclination of 1 in 130. The steepest inclined plane is upon the Tremoutha Railway, the length of which is 4 furlongs 131 yards, with an inclination of 1 in 9. The Newcastle and North Shields Railway has a plane 400 yards long, with an inclination of 1 in 15. And the Merthyr Tydvil and Cardiff has 3 short self-acting planes, with inclinations of 1 in 18, 1 in 20, and 1 in 25 respectively. The Eastern Counties, the Dundee and Arbroath, and the Sheffield and Rotherham lines have established the best traffic cases; the former showing a clear profit of 23 per cent. upon the capital employed, the next 20 per cent., and the last 18 per cent. Of all the long lines yet projected, the Eastern Counties is the cheapest, and shows the greatest amount of traffic.

THE ORIGIN OF THE BRIGHTON RAILWAY AND WATERLOO BRIDGE.

BY THE PROJECTOR OF THE LIVERPOOL AND MANCHESTER RAILWAY.

SIR,

To the Editor of the Railway Magazine.

As through my petition to Parliament, inserted in your last number, you have called me before the public as the Projector of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, I hope I may not be charged with egotism or vanity in answering your call, particularly as, being the projector, amongst other important works, of the Brighton Railway and the Waterloo

Bridge-two measures which I have always considered naturally connected.

The Brighton Companies are now demonstrating their intentions of having another Parliamentary campaign, the necessity of the public receiving prior information on this almost absorbing subject is urgent, and, I trust, a sufficient apology for this address.

Having projected the measure, perfected the surveys, lodged the plans and sections, and completed the preliminary Parliamentary business of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, in 1822, I came to London in January, 1823, to demonstrate the importance of the engine railway system, and to acquire and employ amongst my friends in the high circle of life an interest to meet the avowed opposition of the Earl of Derby, the Bridgewater Trustees, and other powerful landed projectors; for private interest, as well as contempt of the measure and calumny as to my motives, hostilely met me in all shapes and directions; but those noble personages, the Earl of Whitworth, Lord Redesdale, and some other eminent persons, justly estimated my motives and intentions. The subject was, however, generally pronounced visionary.

With a view to extend the knowledge and influence of the improved system with the least possible expense and labour, (which was a vital consideration, as it was my misfortune to work gratuitously,) I surveyed and planned an engine railway line from London to Brighton and Shoreham, and from Portsmouth to Chatham and Rochester; and early in 1823 I prepared and published an Essay and Report upon the public benefits which would result from that measure, of which 150 copies were gratuitously printed and distributed amongst the members of Government, great land proprietors, principal miners, and commercial men. This pamphlet (of which I present you with a copy reserving the copyright, as a new edition with notes is in the press), with the plan described, the line intended for the improvement of agriculture, of the extensive wastes, and the iron trade and mining interests, and recommended railways on the most economical principles.

This was the first work written on the subject; and having discovered and settled as practicable an improved system of railway communication, I followed with a missionary's zeal (but not with a missionary's salary) the strong impulse my mind had received to serve mankind by its universal introduction; and though it may be my fate to linger a few years