354 THE PRINCE OF ORANGE INVADES ENGLAND.—1688.

The punishment of the rebels was very severe; and the cruelties perpetrated by Judge Jeffries and Colonel Kirk, have left indelible stains on their memories, and on the memory of James II. Having by this means, as he supposed, suppressed the discontents of his subjects, the king thought the way clear for the restoration of popery. 3. Being led on by the rash counsels of his coufessor, and the vehemence of the queen, he removed many Protestants from their offices, both in church and state, and filled their places with Catholics. In one instance he sent six bishops to the Tower, for a mild remonstrance against his measures. So severe was he, that his friends, the Catholics, thought his conduct dangerous and ill judged. At last the pope sent a nuncio, as his ambassador is called, to England, warning the king of the imprudence of his conduct.

4. There was one great drawback on the king's zeal for the restoration of popery. He had no son, and the Princess of Orange, who would succeed him, was a Protestant; indeed, her husband was looked up to as the great support of the reformed religion in Europe. All that James might do would, therefore, be undone immediately after his death. His hopes, therefore, rested upon having a son; and when, on the 10th of June, 1688, the desired event happened, he thought that everything would result according to his wishes.

5. This very event, however, hastened his own expulsion from the throne; for the people, who had been cheered by the hope of a Protestant sovereign after James' death, now seeing themselves cut off from any further indulgence of this expectation, became anxious for the king's dethronement; and many persons of rank entered into secret negotiations with the Prince of Orange. Meanwhile, James' conduct seemed nothing but a course of blind infatuation.

6. At last, his ambassador in Holland sent to warn him that he might expect an invasion from that country. The letter fell from his hand, and it was some time before he recovered the power of thinking and acting. When at last he roused himself from this state of consternation, the only means that occurred to him of averting the impending storm was to retract some of his late obnoxious measures. But these concessions gained him no credit, and were attributed only to fear.

7. At this juncture a declaration from the Prince of Orange, that he was coming to England to redress their grievances, was received with joy by the people throughout the kingdom. William landed at Torbay, November 5th, 1688. The whole country was soon in commotion. The people combined almost universally against their misjudging and ill-advised king. The nobility, one after another, joined the invader. Even those upon whom James thought he could most surely rely deserted him; Prince George, of Denmark, who had married his daughter Anne, among the rest.

8. This princess herself left London. When the news of her departure was brought to the poor monarch, he burst into tears.

"God

form to it? 2. What of Monmouth's rebellion? What of Jeffries and Kirk? 3. Who were James' advisers? 4. What drawback to James' zeal? Was this removed? 5. What were the consequences? 6. What priest warned James of his danger? How did he seeb

JAMES ESCAPES TO FRANCE.-1688.

355

help me," he exclaimed, "my own children have forsaken me." In the extremity of perplexity and dismay, he assembled the few noblemen who had not yet deserted him. Addressing the Earl of Bedford, father of Lord William Russell, who, it will be recollected, was executed by James' intrigues in the preceding reign, "My lord,' said he, "you are an honest man, have great credit, and can do me signal service."

9. "Ah, sir," replied the earl, "I am old and feeble; I can do but little service; but I once had a son that could have assisted you, but he is no more." The king was now left to the influence of the priests and the queen, who were continually urging him to flight, holding up the fate of Charles I. as a warning. Yielding to their fears and clamors, he forbore to make one effort to preserve his throne. Sending his wife and infant son secretly away, he himself left London on the 12th of December, attended only by Sir Edward Hales.

10. His intention was to get on board a ship at Sheerness, and to escape into France. But he was stopped at Feversham, and led back to London, much to the dissatisfaction of the Prince of Orange, who had promised his wife that her father should receive no personal injury. William therefore secretly assisted James in a second attempt to escape. On the 25th of December he landed in France, and proceeded to St. Germain, near Paris, where he was received by Louis XIV. with great generosity and commiseration. He had reigned three years.

to avert it? With what effect? 7. When did William land in England? How was he received? 9. Relate the remainder of James' story.

356

REVOLUTION OF 1695.

FAMILY OF JAMES II.

WIVES.

1. Anne Hyde, daughter of the Earl of Clarendon. 2. Maria D'Este, daughter of the Duke of Modena.

The Revolution of 1688.- William and Mary called to the Throne.William makes himself very disagreeable to the People.

1. THE country was now virtually without any government. Parliament was assembled as speedily as possible. After a long contest between the whigs and tories, it was finally decreed that the throne was vacant by the abdication of James II. They proceeded to fill it, by making the Prince and Princess of Orange joint sovereigns, and they took the title of William and Mary. They received the crown upon certain terms set forth in what is called the "Bill of Rights."

2. By this "Bill," the powers of the sovereign and the rights of the people were defined; thus settling the questions which had so long vexed the nation. In case these sovereigns died without leaving children, the Princess Anne was to succeed; and in 1701, when it had become probable that this princess would die, leaving no family, a further law was passed, settling the crown on Sophia, wife of the Elector of Hanover, and her descendants, being Protestants.

3. Sophia was the grand-daughter of James I., being the daughter of the Queen of Bohemia, as she was called, from an imaginary dignity assumed by her husband. Thus resolute were the parliament in excluding the Prince of Wales; whom many, without any reason, declared not to be the son of James and Maria D'Este, but an infant acknowledged by them for the purpose of depriving Mary of her right to the succession.

4. The abdication of James II. and the election of William and Mary, are called The Revolution of 1688. William III. was in his thirty-ninth year when called to the throne. He was of middle height, and very thin. It is said that he was so feeble, that he was commonly

CLXXXVII.-1. What did parliament do after James II. left England? 2. What is the Bill of Rights? Upon whom was the crown settled if William and Mary left no children? 4. What was the change in sovereigns called? What of William III.? 6. What of Mary?

WILLIAM AND MARY CALLED TO THE THRONE.-1688. 357

obliged to be lifted on horseback; but that, when once mounted, he managed his horse with admirable skill, and seemed as if he imbibed the strength and spirit of the animal he rode. He had an aquiline nose, a high forehead, fine eyes, and a very grave aspect.

5. His countenance was an index to his mind; for he was gravity itself; cold and inflexible; reserved, but not artful. Nothing enlivened him but the animation of a battle. He then seemed to put on a different nature, and was full of spirit and alacrity. His chief favorites were two Dutchmen, Bentinck, whom he created Duke of Portland, and De Ginkel, whom he made Earl of Athlone. They were able men, and much respected, and faithful servants to the king, who was as grave and reserved with them as with everybody else.

6. Mary had a fine person, with an engaging countenance, accompanied by an air of great dignity. She had a good understanding, which she had cultivated by reading. She took great delight in the conversation of learned and pious men, especially of John Tillotson, Archbishop of Canterbury, a truly good man, who died in 1694. Mary was also fond of needle-work, and introduced the fashion, which was so prevalent a hundred years ago, of working tent-stitch, and cross-stitch for carpets and chair-cushions.

7. The example of the queen would seem to have had great influence over female manners; for, before her time, the ladies of England were remarkable for being never employed. William had not been long King of England before he and his new subjects became mutually discontented with each other. He had been bred in camps, and was accustomed to the implicit obedience which is always paid to a general. He found the management of a free people so troublesome, that at one time he was very near resigning the crown in disgust.

8. The English, on their side, were out of humor with a monarch who, instead of living among them in a social way, as former sovereigns were wont to do, spent most of his time either alone in his closet, or at a camp he had formed near Hounslow; and when he did show himself in his court, appeared sullen and out of humor. Another ground of complaint, was his partiality for his native country, to avenge whose quarrels he was willing to involve England in a war with France.

What fashion did she introduce? 7. What of the feeling of William towards the people! What was the feeling of the people?

358

THE MASSACRE OF GLENCOE.-1690.

CHAPTER CLXXXVIII.

The Highlanders refuse to acknowledge William and Mary.—The Massacre of Glencoe.-French Troops invade Ireland.-Battle of the Boyne.-Death of James II.

1. The neighboring countries of Scotland and Ireland did not submit so quietly as England to the rule of the new sovereigns. The parliament of Scotland had, indeed, declared their throne to be vacant, and offered it to William and Mary. But a considerable portion of those Scots who inhabit the mountainous parts of Scotland, and are hence called Highlanders, refused to abandon their old sovereign. These people were at that time not much more civilized than our Indians.

2. Their chief delight was in war and in hunting. They were very strict in keeping up relationships; and all persons who were descended on the father's side from the same ancestors were considered as belonging to one family or clan. The head of the family was the chief of the clan. The attachment which the rest bore to the chief was of the most ardent kind, and they were always ready to follow wherever he chose to lead them.

3. Lord Dundee and other chiefs, taking the part of James, summoned their clansmen to follow them. They met and defeated a large body of William's troops at Killicrankie. Dundee himself was, however, killed, and his death so broke the spirit of the Highlanders, that the different clans in a short time submitted to the authority of William. A general pardon was offered to all who should take the oath of allegiance—that is, should swear to obey William-on or before a particular day.

4. Macdonald, of Glencoe, a Highland chief, had put off taking the oath till the last day, and then, unfortunately mistaking the place where it was to be received, went to Fort William instead of Inverary. When he found his error he set off in all haste for Inverary; but the roads being bad and the snow deep on the ground, he did not arrive there till after the stated day. In consideration, however, of the circumstances, he and his clan were allowed to take the oath, and returned home feeling secure of pardon and protection.

5. The Earl of Breadalbane, chief of one branch of the Campbells, had a private pique against Macdonald, and had savagely sworn to effect his destruction. Under color of his having refused to take at the proper time the required oath, he represented him to the king as an obstinate rebel. The Earl of Stair, the secretary of state for Scotland, seems to have joined also in the horrible plot. In consequence of their representations, William granted a warrant for the destruction, not only of Macdonald, but of his whole clan.

6. A party of the Campbells were sent to Glencoe. They were

CLXXXVIII.-1. Did Scotland and Ireland submit to the new sovereigns? What of the Highlanders? 3. What of their success in James' cause? 4, 5, 6. Relate the par