to the dissolution of Mahometanism, 394-growing hatred between
the Turks and Arabs, 394-5-want of a class distinction among
the Turks, 395-good feeling of Mahometan Arabs towards Chris-
tian Arabs, 396-the Western nations looked up to by Oriental
Christians as their protectors, 396-7-the Greek Church in the
East, 397-countenance and protection afforded to it by the Czar,
ib.-freedom afforded to Europeans throughout Turkey, 398-the
Druses and Metualis, 398-9-favourable estimation in which the
Turks hold the English, 399-gradual dissolution of the Ottoman
Empire, 400-1-hatred and jealousy existing among its numerous
nationalities, 401-proposition for a federalism to unite them
under one head, 401-2, and note their determined resistance
against foreign encroachment, 403-gradual progress of the effect
of Western civilisation upon Oriental barbarism, 403-4-probable
effects of commerce and the railway, 404-5.
Military Bridges, review of Sir Howard Douglas' essay on the prin-
ciples and construction of, 448-military bridge-making amongst the
ancient Egyptians, Persians, Greeks, and Romans, 448-9-those of
Xerxes, Xenophon, and Alexander, 449-attention paid by the
Romans to this department of the art military, ib. rude contri-
vances adopted from the fall of the Roman Empire to the middle of
the 17th century, 449-50-adaptation by the Dutch of bateaux, or
small vessels, to the formation of military bridges, 450—the inven-
tion imitated by the French and other nations, 450-1-new kind of
pontoon brought forward by M. Gribeauval in 1787-8, 451-com-
ponent parts of a pontoon bridge, 451-2-mode of operation, 453—
pontoon bridge over the Virginia Water, 454-the pontoons in our
service forty or fifty years ago and those now in use, 455-6—the
'Bologna sausages' of Colonel Blanchard, 456-order of arrange-
ment of component parts in the pontoon waggon, 457-mode of
packing, unpacking, and laying, 457-8-probable weight a pontoon
bridge must support, 458, extract-shortcomings of Colonel Blan-
chard's pontoons, 459-60-plan of pontoon bridge adopted by the
French, 460-2-superior to that adopted in our service, 462-3—
observations of Marshal Vaillant and others in disparagement of
Colonel Blanchard's pontoon, 464-5, and extract-introduction into
the United States army of pontoons made with a preparation of
caoutchouc, 465-objections to which pontoons made of any
frayable substance lie open, 465-6-necessity of supplying our army
with an efficient bridge train, 466-8-expedients to which leaders
of armies are driven, 468-9-Moreau's bridge over the Rhine in
1800, 469-Wellington's over the Adour, 470-2, and extracts and
notes-flying bridges and rafts, 472-3-Sir H. Douglas's mode of
constructing a bridge of rafts, 474, extract—one constructed by the
Staff Corps under the Duke of Wellington in Spain, 475, extract—
fitness of casks and inflated skins, 475-7-bridges upon trestles,
477-that over the Guadiana in 1811, 477-8, and extract—and two
others over the Beresina in Napoleon's retreat from Moscow in
1812, 478-80, and extract-modes of repairing or connecting broken
arches, 481-8, and extracts and cuts.

N

National Defences, our, review of books and parliamentary papers
relating to, 405-unreasonableness of objections against preparing
against invasion, and of affecting mystery as to the quarter whence
it is most likely to come, 405-6-the Army estimates now and in
1835, 407-effective state of our army as to discipline and physical
strength, 407-the militia, yeomanry, and enrolled pensioners,
407-8-amount of force in Great Britain and Ireland, 408-increase
in the Ordnance estimates, ib.-further fortifications along the
coast, 408-9-Mr. Fergusson's new system of fortification, 409-
candid avowal of Lieut.-Colonel Adams as to the merits of, ib.-
principles of Mr. Fergusson's system, 409-10- its advantage as to
economy, 410-1-Colonel Jebb's 'Flying Shot at Fergusson,' 411-2,
and notes-Mr. Fergusson's proposed mode of defending Ports-
mouth, 412-15, and extract-the Navy estimates for the present
year and for 1835-6, 416-vast increase in the number, strength,
and efficiency of our ships, especially those propelled by steam,
416-7-improvements in our dockyards during the last five years,
417-8-report of the Committee of Naval Officers as to the manning
the navy, 418-9-present high rates of seamen's wages, 419-the
punishment of flogging, and results from its abolition in the Ameri-
can navy, 420-1, and extract-real cause of the shortness of hands,
421, and extract-necessity of giving the navy a permanent con-
stitution, 421-new regulations as to pay and rating, 422-3-com-
pulsory plan of registration and service adopted in the French navy,
423-the Naval Coast Volunteers, 424-expediency of building
merchant steam ships with a view to future naval war, ib.
Newspaper Stamp, the, review of Parliamentary reports and speeches
in relation to, 488-paucity of real grounds of complaint as to
political grievances, 489-folly of agitating for repeal of taxes on
Knowledge,' ib.-the cry seldom taken up by newspaper pro-
prietors themselves, 490-proceedings of the Committee of the
House on the subject, 490-1-strange one-sidedness of the inquiry,
491-decision of the Committee contrary to evidence of witnesses
examined, 492-3-what the so-called 'taxes on Knowledge' lately
were, and what they now are, 493-4-the newspaper penny stamp
rather a boon than a tax, 494-6-unsound reasoning of the Times'
newspaper, 497-loss to the revenue on account of sending news-
papers through the Post Office at an uniform rate of a penny,
498-501 general use made by newspaper proprietors and agents
of the facilities afforded by the Post, 501-3-reduction in
cost of newspapers by means of retransmission, 504-substitute for
present system proposed by the Committee, 504-8-inquiry into
the supposed cheapness of American newspapers, 508-12, and
extracts obstacles to establishing penny newspapers in this
country, 512-3-probable motives of the Committee in desiring a
change in the present system, 513-8.

Note to No. 199., 624.

P

Parliamentary Purification, review of works and Parliamentary
Reports relating to, 566-introductory remarks, 566-70-hope-
lessness of extinguishing bribery by direct penal enactments, 570-
87-various suggestions examined, 587-90-plan proposed by Mr.
Pickering, 590-5, and extract-necessity for purifying the Borough
Constituencies, 595-6-and for giving the franchise to the élite
of the working classes, 596-9, and notes-prevalence of bribery in
small constituencies, 599-600, and notes-inadmissibility and
injustice of the suggestion to disfranchise the small constituencies,
and transfer their members to the most populous towns now un-
represented, 601-2-proposed plan for collecting suffrages at
Parliamentary Elections, 603-5-objections to the Ballot, 605-17,
and extracts and notes-expediency of constructing electoral bodies
of a higher grade, 617-9-proposition for extending the franchise
to all members of the learned professions, 619-20-suggestion for
the making provision for an adequate expression of the voice of
minorities, 620-3-concluding remarks, 623-4.

Q

Quarantine, small pox, and yellow fever, review of works relating
to, 191-diversity of opinion regarding the Quarantine Laws,
191-2-extract from the Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Jour-
'nal' on the subject, 192, note - cases of small pox in the 'Are-
'thusa,' ib.-general narrowness of the sphere of even the most
virulent contagion, 193, and extract-property possessed by air to
neutralise and destroy noxious exhalations, 194-cases of yellow
fever on board the mail steamer 'La Plata,' 194-6-cases on board
the Medway,' 'Orinoco,' and 'Magdelena,' 196-7 - remarks by
Mr. Bacon Phillips on coaling at St. Thomas's, 197, note-yellow
fever in H. M. ships Dauntless,' and 'Highflier,' 197-8 general
practice in the W. I. hospitals of not isolating fever patients in
fever wards, 199—not attended with bad results, ib.—credulity of
the medical profession on the origin and spread of epidemics, 200
-Humboldt on the prevalent ideas respecting contagion, 201,
extract-impossibility of proving the yellow fever to be contagious,
201-2-report of the Central Board of Health of Jamaica respect-
ing yellow fever, 203-6, and extracts. Dr. Blair on the Yellow
Fever Epidemic of British Guiana, 206-7-case of H. M. ship
'Eclair,' 207-14-concluding remarks, 214-5.

S

-

Spain, Larpent's Journal in, review of, 215-effect of the death of
the Duke of Wellington on literature, ib.—Mr. Larpent's qualifi-
cations for his task, 216-liveliness and fidelity of his book, 217-
the Wellington Despatches, 217-8-state of Europe in 1807-9,
218-9-Wellington at that time ill-appreciated both by France
and England, 219-20 — his exertions in the Peninsula in 1810-11
crippled by Ministers at home, 220-1-his excellence in all the
branches of the art military, 221-desponding spirit of General

Moore, 222-moral revolution in the army effected by Wellington,
223-brief sketch of the position of affairs in Spain when Mr.
Larpent joined the army, 223-4-onerous labours of the Duke,
224-5-his difficulties in maintaining good discipline, 226-Wel-
lington's commissariat in Spain, 227-8-his 'good table,' 'hounds,'
and stud,' 228-30-his hair-breadth escapes, 230-1-his uncer-
tainty as to localities, 231-2-his simplicity of toilet, 232-3-his
proper appreciation of medals and other decorations of honour,
234- his love of praise and unmoved acceptance of compliment,
ib. - numerous misprints, mistakes, and misspellings in Mr. Lar-
pent's volumes, 234-5-his experience of the verb rough it,' 235
-the Duke's ready resources in cases of emergency, 235-6-his
partiality for Colonel Dickson, of the Artillery, 236-glorious
campaign of 1813, ib.-battle of Victoria, 237-some of the miseries
and hardships of war, 238-Spanish pigs and Spanish signoras,
238-9-paucity of the clerical staff of the Peninsular army, 239-
after being captured, and imprisoned in France, the author returns
home to enjoy the blessings of peace, commissionerships, and a
pension, 240.

U

United States, popular education in the, review of reports and works
relating to, 169-70-condition of the United States when humble
dependencies of Great Britain, 170-1-astonishing advance made
during the ensuing sixty years, 171-3-by what appliances has this
nation, in a little more than half a century been able to do so
much? 173-4—a brief view of education in the United States, 174
-colleges at Massachusetts, Connecticut, and New Jersey, ib.-
constitution and laws in furtherance of education, 175-6-vast ex-
ertions made by the city of Boston to insure the advancement of
letters, 176-7-returns from the State of Massachusetts, 171-8-
report of a school committee in Winchendown, in Worcester county,
178, extract-report of the town of Cambridge in Massachusetts,
179, extract-effects of schools on the population of a city, 179—
progress of education in the State of New York, 179-81-report of
the superintendent of common schools to the legislature for 1850,
181-2, extract-report of the Board of Education of the city of
New York in 1851, 182-3, and extract-splendid library bequeathed
by Mr. Astor in furtherance of education in New York, 183-
clause respecting education incorporated by William Penn on the
first constitution of his colony in 1682, ib.-popular system of
education established in Pennsylvania in 1831, ib.-early difficul-
ties increased by pecuniary embarrassments, 183-4-table of popu-
lation, schools, and school expenses of the State, 184-plan for an
agricultural college, ib.-state of education in Philadelphia, 184-5
-measures taken in Richmond, New Orleans, in Missouri, and
other western and south-western states, 185-6-summary condensed
from Mitchell, 187-progress of education in Upper and Lower
Canada and Nova Scotia, ib.-the aspect as regards education in
the Transatlantic States generally favourable, 187-8-its effects,
188-90.

ف لا

V

Vehse's (Dr. E.) History of the Austrian Court, Nobility, and
Diplomacy, review of, 1-instability of the Austrian Empire, 2-
its alternations of advance and decline, 3-heartiness with which
the Austrian nobility and townsfolk embraced the Reformation, ib.
-few Catholics in Austria Proper at the end of 16th century,
4-rigorous measures taken by Ferdinand II. to root out Protest-
antism, 4-5-misery attending the Thirty Years' War, 5-state of
Austria after the peace of Westphalia, 5-6-change in the pro-
prietary body of the German-Austrian provinces in 17th cen-
tury, 6-7-progressive decline under Leopold I., Joseph I., and
Charles VI., 7-Duc de Richelieu's remarks on the Austrian court
in 1726, ib.—general degeneracy, both of army and civil govern-
ment, under the later princes of the House of Hapsburg, 8-Maria
Theresa's severe measures on first coming to the throne, 8-9-her
appearance and character, 9, extract-her unwillingness to par-
ticipate in the division of Poland, 10, and extract-her domestic
and conjugal virtues, ib.-Francis of Lorraine, 10-11-her good in-
fluence over the morals and manners of her court, 11-2—her con-
stitutional magnanimity and constant attachment, 12-her maternal
virtues, 12-3-her ill-appreciation of the noble character of her son
Joseph, 13, and note-her fatal love of power as evinced by forcing
her daughters into unhappy alliances, 13-4-her firmness in essen-
tials united with a yielding disposition in trifles, 14-these qualities
very suitable to her subjects, 15-her pride and her devotion ever
subordinate to her interests, 15-6-her participation in the over-
throw of the Jesuits, 16-her death, ib., and note-her minister
Von Kaunitz, ib.—his origin, character, appearance, and death,
17-9, and extract-Count Haugwitz, 19-vast reforms in the
internal administration of her states carried out by Maria Theresa
under his advice, 19-20-her dealings with Hungary, 20-1-her
affection for the Magyars, 21-2-little change effected in the social
condition of the people, 22-Joseph II., and his reforms, 22-4-his
conscientiousness and love of justice, 24-his sweeping changes in
old institutions and usages, 24-5-his innovating decrees, 25-6-
his habitual roughness towards men and softness towards women,
26-7-his ecclesiastical reforms, 27-visit of Pius VI. to the
Austrian court, 27-9-fatal reaction against the Emperor's plans
caused thereby, 29-establishes agens provocateurs, ib.-cruelty
exercised towards Horya and his accomplices, 29-30-Joseph II.'s
illness, death, and epitaph, 30-good effects of his reforms on the
Austrian people, 31-3.

END OF VOL. XCVIII.

LONDON:

SPOTTISWOODES and SHAW,
New-street-Square.