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weather, their tangled webs may be seen descending from the air in quick succession, like small flakes of cotton.Howard's Climate of London, vol. ii. p. 309.

COELUM.-We have referred in the foregoing account of Autumn to the Stratus or Fallcloud, with which some readers may be unacquainted. This term is one of a set of names invented by meteorologists of late, to express with more precision the characters and peculiarities of different clouds. They constitute a nomenclature the knowledge of which now becomes necessary in order to understand almost any journals of the weather. It is fully described in Researches about "Atmospheric Phenomena," 8vo. Harding and Co. London, 1823.

We may observe here in general that clouds are distinguished by seven modifications, the peculiarities of which seem to be caused by the agency of electricity: for example, three primary modifications, the Cirrus or Curlcloud, the Cumulus or Stackencloud, and the Stratus or Fallcloud; two, which may be considered as intermediate in their nature, the Cirrocumulus or Sondercloud, and Cirrostratus or Wanecloud; one, which appears to be a compound, the Cumulostratus or Twaincloud; and, lastly, the Cumulocirrostratus, or Nimbus, a state which immediately precedes and attends the resolution of clouds into water, and is therefore called the Raincloud.

But for more particulars we must refer to the above work, where will be found also a classification of Coronae and Halones, i. e. of Burrs and Rings round the Moon, and other phenomena produced on the clouds.

September 11. SS. Protus and Hyacinthus Martyrs. St. Paphnutius Bishop and Confessor. St. Patiens Bishop and Confessor.

CHRONOLOGY.-It is recorded that at the battle of the River Forth in Scotland, fought this day in 1297, the body of Cressingham was, after his destruction, flayed by the soldiers of Wallace, being regarded as the execrable tool of Edward I. The memorable song is well known-Scots wha hae wi Wallace bled.

About this time in 1815, Dr. Spurzheim of Vienna wrote, and soon after published in London, his book called the Physiognomical System, being a development of the peculiar doctrine of Dr. Gall and himself respecting the organs of the brain. He divided the brain into 34 organs, each of which is, according to the said doctrine, the instrument of a separate faculty of the mind, the faculty being stronger or weaker according to the size, activity, and exercise of its respective organ. The organs are as

follows. We quote them from a short account of this System published in a small work entitled Phrenology :

Organs of the Propensities.

Organ of Amativeness, or physical love.

Organ of Philoprogenitiveness, or the love of offspring.

Organ of Inhabitiveness.

Organ of Adhesiveness or friendship and attachment.
Organ of Combativeness, causing a pugnacious disposition.
Organ of Destructiveness.

Organ of Constructiveness.

Organ of Covetiveness.

Organ of Secretiveness or Slyness.

Organs of the Sentiments.

Organ of Haughtiness.

Organ of Philapprobativeness, causing ambition and vanity.
Organ of Cautiousness, Fear, and Dread.

Organ of Benevolence.

Organ of Veneration.

Organ of Believingness, or more properly Hope.

Organ of Ideality, that is poetic wildness.

Organ of Mysterizingness, or a superstitious disposition.

Organ of Righteousness.

Organ of Determinativeness or Obstinacy.

Organ of Individuality.

Knowing Faculties.

Organ of Phenomenality and Memory of Facts.

Organ of Form, or perception and figure.

Organ of Size, or perception of the bigness of things.

Organ of Weight.

Organ of Colour, or judgment of colours.

Organ of Space, or localities.

Organ of Order.

Organ of the consciousuess of Time.

Organ of Numbers or Calculation.

Organ of Tune, or the Musical Organ.

Organ of Language.

The Reflecting Faculties.

Organ of Comparison.

Organ of Causality, or the perception of cause and effect.
Organ of Wit.

Organ of Imitativeness or Mimicry.

The first principle of this doctrine is, that all the faculties of the mind are innate, or in other words, that there are material conditions of all the different manifestations of the mind.

The organs are active during the manifestation of the faculties; but they must have a moving principle, which,

we think, we may rationally call the mind. We regard the mind as always acting by means of organs. It is therefore conscious by material conditions, but this is not making the mind material. Nature has adapted organs fitted for the performance of all the functions of the mind, and these organs vary in every animal, according to its particular nature; and in every individual, according to its peculiarities of character.

The second principle of the system is, that the organs exist independently of each other, and that there is no proportion between them. It is not necessary, therefore, because a person has the organ of one faculty very strong, that he shall therefore have any other well proportioned. This accounts for the great disproportion found to exist between the different faculties in the same person, and confutes the vulgar prejudice, that a man must be naturally just, because he is benevolent; or that because a man is a mathematician, he therefore could have been a poet, or a linguist, if he had given attention to composition or to philology; an error, alas! too common, as it seems to have caused many academies of instruction to erect one particular science as a standard and test of excellence of intellect in general. This consideration of the plurality and the frequent disproportion of the organs explains particular genius; and shows that a head most perfect, is one which contains the greatest number of organs in the greatest perfection. It must be remembered, that every individual of the same species, except idiots, are possessed of all the organs, and the difference between persons consists in the different degree and proportion of the development of these, and in the degree of their activity.

Lastly, we must consider the mutual influence of the organs on each other,

Education consists in exercising the faculties. Phrenology, by pointing out the strongest faculties of individuals, will assist us in choosing professions for youth agreeable to their particular genius; and teach us to cultivate those faculties, in the exercise whereof they are likely to become eminent or to give additional excitement to those which, though naturally weak, may be strengthened by timely

exercise.

Gall and Spurzheim consider, from their long experience, that the external indications of character, deducible from the relative size of the different parts of the brain with which the skull corresponds, are established beyond all doubt. As in animals we consider their actions to arise from their

particular instincts, so now we regard those of men as arising out of more complicated instincts, influenced by sentiments and intellect of a higher order.

How much genius lies buried in obscurity, performing the meanest of employments, for want of being brought forth, and receiving opportunities of qualifying itself for higher functions in society! What benefit would result to society, should we be enabled to make a just election of objects in youth, to be placed in situations capable of ripening their naturally energetic faculties!

This doctrine has been considered by some as tending to materialism and immorality, but the following observations, extracted from the phrenological writers, show, we think, sufficiently the futility of this objection:

"Man appears composed of three principles, Body, Life, and Mind. The organic fabric seems composed, like the rest of the universe, of common inert matter which the ancients called Ewua or Body. But in this assemblage of organs, while alive, is manifested a peculiar moving principle, performing in them all the functions of nourishment, secretion, growth, and motion; functions necessarily connected with those of the lungs or of respiration. This principle they denominated Yuxn or Life. As, however, the vital actions of the animal system were insufficient to account for the operations of thought, and as they often went forward without the concurrence of the will, or of the rational faculty; it seemed reasonable in the ancients to ascribe consciousness to a third principle which they called Nous.

"But the question is: does not Mind, like Life, manifest itself by material conditions; and are not the organs of the mind, like those of the life, liable to variation in different individuals? It really appears that the Mind, however independent it may be in its own nature, only acts, at present, by means of organs; it is rational therefore to ascribe its varieties to those of the organization.

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Organology, by pointing out to us, before they are matured and developed, the various propensities of infants, will enable us to commence early their education, with more certainty and effect. For these innate propensities are only strong dispositions or faculties, capable in all but madmen of being controlled by the reason, of being subjugated and directed, to use the words of Dr. Gall, par la liberté morale, par la moralité, par la religion."

Short extracts are all we have room for here, but the reader may consult the Physiognomical System of Dr. Spurzheim, 8vo. London, 1815-Phrenologie, 8vo. Paris

Gall's Fonctions du Cerveau, 1823-and the many works in French, by Gall and Spurzheim, published at Paris, to be met with at every bookseller's of any note in Europe. There is now a Phrenological Society formed in Edinburgh.

On Craniology.

In days of yore,
Laid wit and lore,

And wisdome in the wig;
But now the skull
Contains them all,

The peruke is too big.

See some verses we have recorded at page 39.

September 12. St. Eanswide Virgin and Abbess. St. Guy Confessor. St. Albeus Bishop and Confessor in Ireland.

CHRONOLOGY.-The memorable siege of Vienna is recorded to have been raised this day by John Sobieski. The Turks lost nearly 70,000

men.

COELUM.-The weather at this period is usually fine and often brilliant, particularly when clear northern and easterly breezes prevail in the day, with calm and starlight nights. Under such circumstances the most beautiful and diversified specimens of the modifications of the clouds appear, as was the case in 1810. But the most wholesome weather is not characterized by any great beauty or changes in the clouds. The Autumn of 1811 was one of remarkable wholesomeness and of fine weather; and at this time in that year it afforded an excellent opportunity of viewing the Comet, of that Autumn. The following observations on that Comet recorded in the Philosophical Magazine for October 1811, p. 308, will serve to remind the reader of its place in the heavens:

1811, Sept. 12.-10 6'. its R. A. was 162° 32′ 37′′.

Dec. 1.-N. 41° 12′ 35′′, long. 4° 26° 48′ 52′′, lat. N. 30o 37′ 41′′. The Comet was very large and had a long divided tail. It is particularly described in the Philosophical Magazine. It made its nearest approach to the earth about the 17th of October.

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URANIA. The following letters, containing some popular remarks on the above Comet, appeared in the public journals about the time we allude to :

THE COMET.

For the Morning Herald.

MR. EDITOR,- By inserting the following particulars

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