reserve force, commanded by General Sass, which, at the commencement of the Russian campaign, was stationed in Galicia, and another considerable body of troops in Bukovina.

Previously to the advance of the great Russian army into the north of Hungary, the districts of Oldenburg and Altenburg to the south, and the line of the Waag to the north of the Danube, were the chief seats of the war; and throughout the latter end of May and the whole of June repeated and sanguinary engagements took place in those parts; these battles, how ever, led to no decisive results on either side.

To the south of the Danube, the Hungarians had captured Altenburg and Oldenburg, and at one time threatened to march upon Vienna, but they subsequently retreated back upon Raab, and the Austrians were able to occupy their former positions; nor was it easy to say, in the many subsequent struggles that took place before the Russians actually arrived, on which side the fortune of war in this part of the campaign inclined.

On the north of the Danube, the most desperate engagement that was fought was that of Pered, on the banks of the Waag, upon the 20th of June, between Georgey, the Hungarian leader, with 30,000 troops and 80 pieces of cannon, and the Austrian General, Wohlgemuth. Georgey at first succeeded in crossing the river, and compelling his opponent to retreat, but a Russian reinforcement of 10,000 men.coming to the assistance of the Austrians, they, in their turn, forced back the Magyars, whom they pursued nearly to Komorn. This battle, or rather series of battles,

lasted through three days, and was attended with considerable loss to both sides.

The events just related took place before the two great Russian armies commanded by Prince Paskiewitch and General Lüders had penetrated into the north of Hungary and into Transylvania. The advance of these forces, however, produced an immediate change in the movements of the war.

Dembinski was obliged to withdraw his army from the position he had previously occupied, in order to oppose Prince Paskiewitch, and Georgey could no longer attack, but was in danger of being isolated and cut off.

Another event also, of no small advantage to the Austrians, was that Field-Marshal Welden, broken down by anxiety and fatigue, had resigned the chief command in the field, and was succeeded by FieldMarshal Haynau, whose vigour and great ability had been fully proved in the recent Italian campaigns.

This general, relieved by the approach of his principal allies from part of the forces previously opposed to the main body of the Austrians, at once advanced and resumed the attack, and prosecuted an uninterrupted course of victory and success till the close of the war. But, before following his line of march, we will briefly notice the campaign carried on by the gallant Ban of Croatia, and the events which took place in Transylvania.

On the retreat of the Austrians from Pesth under Welden, Jellachich marched with his division of the Imperial army towards the south. His head-quarters were ge nerally at Esseg, his wings stretching, the one towards the strong

fortress of Peterwardein (which was still in the hands of the Magyars), and the other in communication with Count Nugent.

Throughout the whole of May and June his troops were repeatedly engaged with those of the Magyars, and, if we may believe the Austrian accounts, the advantage was generally on his side.

On the 15th of June he took Neusatz by storm, and three days afterwards Funfkirchen was occupied by General Nugent. Neusatz, however, was subsequently abandoned, as it was too much exposed to the guns of Peterwardein.

To mention the various battles in which he and the various corps, both Austrians and Russians, were engaged, would occupy too much of our space, and we must content ourselves with saying, in reference to this quarter of the war, that the Ban maintained his positions with success throughout the whole of June, but that when Dembinski subsequently retreated to the south, intending to join Bem and Perezel, the Ban's position became one of extreme danger, and he was, probably, only saved from serious disaster by the rapid advance of FieldMarshal Haynau, of which we shall presently give an account.

Let us now turn to Transylvania. The advance of Russians here, as elsewhere, produced an immediate change in the contest. Towards the end of May, or the early part of June, not less than 60,000 Russian troops were employed in Transylvania, the Banat, and Sclavonia, and the greater portion of them in the first of these provinces.

On the 12th of July, a junction was effected between the Russians and the Austrian army under Pückner. On the 14th, the united armies re

took Cronstadt; and on the 16th, General Lüders marched to the attack of Hermanstadt, which, after a severe battle on his way thither, was taken on the 21st. Bem was beaten by the Russian General, Clamgallas, at St. György; and at this time the Magyar army was in a state of great disorganization, as is evident from the following extract of a proclamation issued by Bem at Schassburg on the 25th, to which place he had retreated after his last defeat. He said, "At the battle of St. György the behaviour of the troops did not equal my expectations. I am extremely dissatisfied with the infantry. During the battle the masses got into such disorder that they fired upon each other. The confused shouting drowned the voices of the officers. If the latter had accustomed their men to observe silence, this never could have occurred. I therefore prohibit screaming and shouting in the ranks, under pain of death. Every detachment which quits the field of battle without orders shall be decimated. Major Markowsky continually cried Forwards!' when there was no enemy, and his battalion, by its disorderly movements, created the greatest confusion. If such things should happen again, I will make an example. The roads are covered with stragglers, but I will in future bring every man who unnecessarily quits his troop to a drum-head court-martial."

On the 31st, General Lüders, with the combined armies, attacked Bem at Schassburg, and completely defeated him, with great loss; Bem himself narrowly escaped being taken prisoner, and was wounded with a lance by one of the Cossacks in pursuit.

In this battle Bem's travelling carriage fell into the hands of the Russians, and in it were found several letters from Kossuth, the publication of which gave a severe blow to the Hungarian cause, and perhaps contributed, by exasperating General Georgey, to hasten the termination of the war. These letters disclosed the state of utter bankruptcy in which the finances of the insurgents were plunged. Kossuth writes, "I can give you my life, but no money." He also complained of the ambition and disobedience of Georgey, and offered Bem the supreme command of all the Magyar armies.

After his defeat at Schassburg Bem retreated towards Mediasch, which he reached on the 3rd of August, with not above 9000 or 10,000 men; he was there joined by about 5000 more, and marched upon Hermanstadt, which had been left in charge of General Hassford. The General, not thinking it possible that Bem would return to Hermanstadt, and hearing that a large body of Hungarians were at Reissmarkt, under General Stein, had marched on them and gained a complete victory; he had just returned to Hermanstadt, when Bem surprised and attacked him, and after a murderous battle in the streets of the city, Hassford was compelled to retreat to Talmars, on the borders of Wallachia. Meanwhile General Lüders had ascertained that Bem had directed his march to Hermanstadt, and immediately pursued him, to save Hassford if possible from being attacked. In this he did not succeed, not being able to reach Hermanstadt till the morning of the 6th, a day after Bem had driven out the Imperial forces. The Russian General immediately attacked the Hungarians VOL. XCI.

and completely routed them.. The two battles of Schassburg and Hermanstadt nearly annihilated Bem's army: many of his men threw away their arms and sought refuge in the woods, and many now joined the side of the victors. Bem, with a few troops, escaped into the Banat, intending to join Dembinski, who was before Temesvar with a large army. He came up with the Hungarians on the 9th, whilst they were engaged in battle, and assumed the chief command; but he did so only to share the final overthrow which the Magyars sustained from Field-Marshal Haynau.

We now return to the history of the chief operations of the main Austrian army under Field-Marshal Haynau, from the time when he commenced his advance to the victory of Temesvar.

On the 27th of June, the Imperial army, 80,000 strong, commanded by Haynau and Schlock, and accompanied by the Emperor of Austria in person, marched forward against Georgey, who had returned to Raab. As they advanced, a heavy cannonade was opened by the Magyars, and it was expected that a general engagement would ensue; it was, however, only intended to cover Georgey's retreat, who abandoned the city during the night with all his forces, and on the morning of the 28th, after a mere show of resistance, the Emperor was allowed to take undisputed possession of the town.

From Raab, Haynau and Schlock, with a large body of Russian infantry, advanced towards Komorn, and on the 2nd of July they were encountered by Georgey and General Klapka with an army not much inferior to their own. A general engagement followed at a place called Aes, which was obstinately

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contested without any marked advantage on either side.

Georgey now, to avoid being isolated, determined to cross the Danube, with the intention of uniting his army with that of Dembinski, who at an earlier period had gone to the north-east to arrest the invasion of the Russians. The latter, however, had already begun his retreat southwards, and Georgey was not able to effect a junction with him. As soon as Haynau was aware of Georgey's retreat across the river, he marched against Buda and Pesth, and reoccupied the city without opposition on the 10th of July. He made, however, but a very short stay in the Hungarian capital, and determined to march to the assistance of the Ban with all possible expedition, by which course also he hoped (as was eventually the case) that he should intercept Georgey, if that General contrived to elude the Russians and to retreat south, in order to join the other Magyar armies under Dembinski and Bem.

On the 2nd of August, the Imperial Commander-in-chief came before Szegedin, which was defended by an Hungarian army 30,000 strong, besides the Landsturm, commanded by Dembinski and others, and, after severe fighting, the Austrians on the 4th succeeded in occupying the town and in crossing the Theiss.

On the 5th the Imperialists again attacked the Hungarian positions, and, after a long and sanguinary battle, completely defeated them with great loss. The beaten army of the Magyars retreated upon Temesvar, the capital of the Banat. The fortress of the city was of great strength, and had remained in the hands of the Austrians, but had long been besieged, and was

now reduced to the last extremity. Upon the 8th of August, after several skirmishes with the enemy on his march, in which they invariably retreated, General Haynau came up with the whole Hungarian army guarding the approaches to Temesvar, and next day a decisive battle was fought, and the Magyars were utterly routed. This was an irreparable blow, and Bem and Dembinski retreated with the remains of their shattered army to Lugos.

On the 15th of June, the Emperor of Russia arrived at Dakla and inspected the army, and immediately afterwards Paskiewitch, with his army in four divisions, marched by the Dakla Pass of the Carpathians into Hungary. They met (contrary to all expectation) with but little resistance from the 20,000 Magyars placed by Dembinski to defend the passes. These troops constantly retreated, and the Russians rapidly advanced to Miskdez without one serious engagement. On the 14th of July, Prince Paskiewitch had pushed his head-quarters as far as Gyongyos.

Meanwhile Georgey, having in vain attempted to break through Haynau's army on the right side of the Danube, and so reunite himself to Dembinski, determined to march on the left bank, by Waitzen, hoping to be able to reach that place and effect a junction with Dembinski before the Russians had advanced so far south. On the 8th of July, therefore, in the night-time, leaving General Klapka with 20,000 men at Komorn, he took the road to Waitzen with an army about 45,000 strong. He occupied the place, and endeavoured to debouch on the 15th, whilst Dembinski simultaneously advanced to facilitate his attempt. They were, how

ever, unable to effect this most important object, for the Russian field - marshal ordered General Rüdiger to attack him, and after a desperate contest, which lasted during two days, Georgey was defeated. Nor was Dembinski more successful, for a part of his force was routed with loss by the Austrians, and he retreated precipitately to Szegedin. Georgey was now entire ly isolated, and retreated towards Losonez, closely followed by Generals Grabbe and Tsheoloeff. On the 26th he marched to Tokay, followed by Grabbe. Meanwhile Prince Paskiewitch was at Ugvaros, and his second and third divisions at Debrecin, ready to intercept Georgey should he march southwards from Tokay, in order to effect a junction with Dembinski. The Magyar chief succeeded, however, in eludi: g their vigilance, and, after various engagements with General Grabbe at Tokay, in which neither side was victorious, he commenced his march south on the 31st of July, and, on the 2nd of August, he directed a division of his army to march on Debrecin, when the Russians, thinking this was the whole of the retreating army, attacked it with the weight of their forces, and allowed Georgey meanwhile, with the greater part of his troops, to reach Grosswardein. Here he expected to find provisions, of which he was in the greatest need; but all the supplies had been removed to Arad, by Kossuth's order; he therefore hurried on thither, and, as he left that place on the 10th, his van was met and repulsed by Schlock, whom General Haynau had ordered to march to Arad immediately after the battle of Temesvar. He next attempted to cross the Maros and

reach Lugos, but found himself again intercepted, and, at the same time, he heard of the total overthrow and dispersion of Dembinski's army on the previous day. He thus found himself hemmed in on every side-the Austrians in front, the Russians, under General Rüdiger, close behind him, and, on his right, Paskiewitch, with the combined imperial armies of Lüders and Püchner. He therefore returned to Arad, where Kossuth's government was assembled, and called a council of military chiefs. Here, having pointed out that their situation was desperate, and escape impossible, he advised surrender to the Russians as the best measure for the country and army in their present position. Almost all the officers present agreed that the struggle was now hopeless, and that it was necessary to obtain the best terms possible. Kossuth vehemently resisted this proposal, but in the result was compelled to resign his dictatorship to Georgey, and he then immediately made the best of his way to Orsova, and afterwards into Turkey, where he was followed by Bem, Dembinski, and other Polish chiefs implicated in the rebellion*. Georgey then

The following letter from Kossuth to Count Bathyani, written at this juncture, will be found interesting :

"Dear Count-You will receive this

letter from Colonel von Kalmany, who is charged to communicate my wishes to you verbally. The apprehensions I stated to you at Szegedin on the 23rd of June have been realized. Georgey's conquest of Ofen was the last gleam of the setting sun of the Republic, for immediately afterwards Dembinski was defeated in the north, and Perezel in the south; then Georgey fell into his fatal position at Komorn; and, finally, Bem was comslender hopes of being able, by resorting pelled to retreat before Lüders. My to extraordinary measures, to give our