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at once opened negotiations with the Russian Commander-in-chief, offering the surrender of his whole army, and only stipulating that the Russians should intercede with the Emperor of Austria on behalf of his country, his army, and himself. This request was readily granted, and, on the 13th of August, Georgey, with 30,000 troops, and 138 pieces of artillery, surrendered at Vilagosh to the Russian General Rüdiger, which vir tually put an end to the civil war.

Upon the Danube the Hungarians abandoned Raab, which they had continued to occupy ever since the successful sally of Klapka, and retreated to the almost impregnable fortress of Komorn. The Austrians re-entered Raab on the 15th; and the only places of importance which now held out were Komorn and Peterwardein.

To General Klapka, the Governor of Komorn, Georgey wrote in the following terms:

cause a more favourable turn, have been wholly destroyed by the shameful ingratitude of Georgey; for the sudden revelation and execution of his plans, which I had long perceived and feared, was a treason to the cause of the nation, and inflicted on me, and through me on the Republic, a deathblow. Our misfortune has cost us 200,000 cannon-balls; and a flight, already become dangerous, is the grave of so many glorious victories.

"Our cause is now utterly lost. The immense fatigues I have lately undergone have wearied my spirits and shat tered my bodily strength: I sigh for repose. My greatest consolation, in my present critical position, is the knowledge that those most dear to me after my native land-my family-are in safety.

"I go to-night with Csanyi and Horvath to Lugos, where I shall expect your verbal answer through Colonel von Kalmany.

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"General,-the die is cast; our hopes are crushed! Our power has been broken by the house of Hapsburg-Lorraine, aided by the armies of Russia. The struggles and the sacrifices of our great nation were fruitless, and it were madness to persevere. General, you will think my actions at Vilagosh mysterious and even incredible. I will explain my motives to you and to the world. I am a Hungarian. I love my country above all things, and I followed the dictates of my heart, which urged me to restore peace to my poor and ruined country, and thus to save it from perdition.

"General,--this is my motive for what I did at Vilagosh. Posterity will judge me.

"General,-by virtue of the dignity of Dictator, which the nation conferred on me by the (dissolved) Parliament, I summon you to fol. low my example, and by an immediate surrender of the fortress of Komorn to end a war of which the protraction would for ever crush the greatness and the glory of the Hungarian nation.

"General,-I am aware of your sentiments. I know your patriotism, and I am sure you will obey my order, for I know you understand my motives.

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May God be with you, and may He guide your steps.

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ARTHUR GEORGEY." Klapka, however, at first refused to yield the fortress, unless the following conditions were granted.

1. A complete amnesty to all Hungarians. 2. The garrison to retain arms, and retire to some neighbouring country. 3. An independent ministry to be granted to Hungary.

Field Marshal Haynau, however,

insisted upon an unconditional surrender, and made his preparations for reducing the fortress by a regular siege; but, at a later period, the Austrian general, in order to avoid further bloodshed, and put a final close to the war, offered honourable terms of capitulation to the garrison, which General Klapka accepted, and delivered up the fortress on the 1st of October. Peterwardein had previously surrendered.

This was the last act of the eventful drama of the war, and the whole country was now reduced to submission and allegi

ance.

The Russian Field Marshal had delivered all his prisoners, with the exception of Georgey, whom he retained by agreement, into the hands of the Austrian Commanderin-chief. Their fate was determined by the instructions sent from the Austrian Government. To Georgey the Emperor granted a complete pardon, and the same act of gracious clemency was extended to all the private soldiers and non-commissioned officers, and to all officers who had not previously served in the Imperial army. These last were to be hereafter tried and punished; and several of them were subsequently executed.

Amongst these instances of perhaps necessary severity, the case which excited the greatest sensation was that of Count Louis Bathyany, the former Prime Minister of Hungary, who had surrendered to Windischgrätz, on his entry into Pesth. Since that time he had been kept a prisoner, but during the continuance of the war his name had been almost forgotten by the public. He was now suddenly ordered to be

tried by a court-martial, and was condemned to be hanged by the following sentence :

-

"Louis Count Bathyany, native of Presburg, aged forty years, a Catholic, married avowing in part, and legally convicted of having, in his quality of Prime Minister of Hungary, taken, executed, or caused to be executed, measures greatly outstripping the administrative limits of Hungary, as guaranteed by the laws of March -of having weakened the legal bonds between Hungary and the hereditary States of the Empire established by the Pragmatic Sanction of the Empire of having created dangers threatening violently to overthrow the constitution of the State-also of having, after having resigned, on the 3rd of October of last year, the post of Prime Minister, by joining the ranks of the insurgents, by making a public appeal to armed resistances, by reassembling the Diet dissolved by His Majesty, fortified and maintained the cause of the revolution-has been for the crime of high treason sentenced to the confiscation of all his property, and to death by strangulation; and, after confirmation and publication, that sentence was carried out to-day.

"THE IMPERIAL AND ROYAL COUNCIL OF War.

"Pesth, Oct. 6, 1849." This sentence was, however, changed to one of a more military and honourable kind, and he was shot on the following day.

A joint demand was now made by Russia and Austria upon the Porte, to deliver up the fugitives who had sought safety and protection at Widdin, within the Turkish frontier. And, in order to enforce this surrender, Prince Radzivil

and Baron de Titoff were commissioned by the former Power, and Count Sturmer by the latter, to proceed to Constantinople, and make known the wishes of the two Emperors. The Sultan and his Ministers, however, firmly resisted this attempt to induce them to violate the laws of humanity, by giving up to the vengeance of the conquerors those who had fled within their territory for refuge. Of course, the real party with whom they had to deal was the Russian Emperor, as Austria at this juncture was a cypher in his hands. As no threats could shake the resolution of the Ottoman Government, Baron de Titoff and Count Sturmer, on the 17th of September, officially notified to the Porte the suspension of all diplomatic intercourse between their own courts and that of the Sultan. To this, the Turkish Seraskier, Ali Pacha, employed to conduct the negotiation, replied, that he hoped that the interruption of friendly intercourse would be of very short duration, and that the Emperor of Russia would not impute to Turkey as a crime an op

position to his demand which was dictated by humanity, by a regard to national dignity, by the honour of the Sultan, and by the most sacred duties of hospitality. In the mean time an envoy was despatched from the Sultan to St. Petersburg, to offer amicable explanations on the subject of the difference between the two Governments.

At the same time, however, a communication was made to the Hungarian and Polish refugees, that in order to enable Turkey to afford them the protection which they claimed, it would be necessary for them to abjure the Christian faith, and become Mussulmans ! To this extraordinary demand Kossuth returned an evasive answer; but Bem, Dembinski, and many of the rest, made no scruples, the former saying that it was his vocation to fight against Russia, and not dispute about religion.

Ultimately, the two Emperors receded from their most improper and unjust demand; the refugees were not disturbed, and the danger of a rupture between Turkey and Russia passed away.

PRUSSIA.

CHAPTER XIII.

Address of the King to his Army-Election to the New Chambers-Opening of the Chambers, and Royal Speech-Answer of the King to the Frankfort Deputation offering him the Crown of Germany-" Motion of urgency" voted by the Chamber-The King refuses the Imperial Crown-Announcement by Count Brandenburg of the views of Government on the German Question, and the Federal Constitution-Defeat of Ministers-The continuance of the State of Siege at Berlin declared illegal by the Second Chamber-Its dissolution by the King-Excitement at Berlin-Notes addressed by the Prussian Cabinet to the German Governments, and by the King to his Plenipotentiary at Frankfort-Promulgation of the new Electoral LawQuestion of Vote by Ballot-Opening of the new Prussian Parliament -Extracts from the Royal Speech.

CENTRAL GERMANY.-Debates in the Frankfort Parliament upon the Austrian Question-Speeches of M. Venedey, Von Gagern, and others -Proposition of the Committee negatived-Views of Von Gagern and his party-Proceedings with respect to the choice of a German Emperor-Resolutions moved by M. Welcker-Speeches of M. Welcker and Von Gagern-Proposition made by Austria-The choice of the Assembly falls on the King of Prussia-Deputation proceeds to BerlinRefusal of the Imperial Crown by the Prussian Monarch-Protest of the Frankfort Parliament-Collective Note of the Plenipotentiaries of German States-Angry Resolutions voted by the Parliament-Remonstrance by Prussia, and recall of her Deputies-Secession of part of the Frankfort Parliament to Stuttgardt-Draught of an Imperial Federal Constitution promulgated by Prussia, Hanover, and Saxony -Refusal of Austria aud Bavaria to join-Violent proceedings and votes of the Stuttgardt Parliament-The rest of the Members of the Frankfort Parliament withdraw to Gotha. BADISH INSURRECTION.-Popular disaffection in the Grand Duchy of Baden-Formation of Provisional National Committees there, and also in the Palatinate-The Bavarian Government declare the Palatinate to be in a state of insurrection-Prussia assists the Confederated German States in putting down the Rebellion-Operations of the Confederated Troops under General Peucker-The Prince of Prussia assumes the chief command-Defeat of the Insurgent Leader, Mieroslawski-Suppression of the Insurrection.

SAXONY.-Dissolution of the Chambers-Outbreak of Rebellion at Dresden-Formation of a Provisional Government-Contest in the Streets -The Revolt finally crushed.

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PRUS new year, Berlin

RUSSIA.-At the opening of the new year, Berlin was still in a state of siege; but, under the iron rule of General Von Wrangel, no attempt was made at disturb

ance.

On the 1st of January, the King, in the following order of the day, took the opportunity of thanking the army, to whose steady and unflinching loyalty he owed the preservation of his crown during the revolutionary storm of the preceding year. He said :—

"I congratulate my brave army, the line and Landwehr, on the opening of the new year. At the close of that fateful year, 1848, it is a heartfelt pleasure for me to express my acknowledgments to it for its unequalled conduct. When, without God's assistance, Prussia would have sunk under treason and deception, my army has preserved its old renown, and acquired fresh glory. Both King and people regard with pride the sons of our fatherland. They remained faithful, when revolt prevented the peaceful development of those free institutions which I had introduced to my people. When Germany required its arms in Schleswig, it covered our banners with new laurels. When the insurrection in Posen was to be suppressed, it underwent victoriously both toils and dangers; its co-operation in the task of preserving order in South Germany acquired anew a tribute of acknowledgment of the Prussian name. Finally, when in Prussia itself the violation of the laws made necessary the interposition of the armed power and the calling out the Landwehr, the men of that force cheerfully abandoned house and hearth, wife and children, to discharge their duty; and both Landwehr and the troops of

the line justified the confidence I have always reposed in them, and proved how admirable is that organization of the whole army which was established by the late King, my father. Everywhere the troops have done their duty. But higher still than their achievements in the field do I value that conduct they have observed for months together under the most detestable attacks

under insults, slanders, and attempts to seduce them from their allegiance, against which they have opposed, unshaken, their spirit of loyalty and a noble self-command. I knew my army-where I called them, there they stood prepared, in unbroken fidelity and perfect discipline. In Prussia's most glorious epochs the troops could have done no more. To the generals, officers, and soldiers of the standing army and the Landwehr I return thanks, both in my own name and in that of our common country.

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FREDERICK WILLIAM." Notwithstanding the state of siege, the business of the election of members to sit in the new Chambers chiefly occupied the attention of the Berliners, and the inhabitants of Prussia generally, at the beginning of the year, and the ministerial and opposition parties exerted themselves to the utmost to secure a victory in the future Assembly. With the exception of Count Reichenbach and M. Jung, all the leaders of the extreme Left were re-elected, and the most distinguished members of the ministerial party in the late Chambers also obtained seats.

The new Chambers were opened at Berlin on the 26th of February, by the King in person, in the Weisser-Saal of the palace, where the former Diet, and also the Na

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