Method of making Hay from the Leaves of Carrots, and improving the Size of the Roots. By the fame, from the fame.

find advantage in giving them a watering before they are hoed.

Their receiving a check, from the leaves being cut off, will foon caufe them to put forth fresh ones.

upon carrots, improves, and foon gets fat; alfo geefe, ducks, fowls, and turkeys, which I have proved from my own experience. The leave are known to partake of the fame nutritious quality as the root; but the value of them is loft, by our not knowing a ufe to which they may be applied with great advantage, that is, making them into hay.

About the end of July, or the beginning of Auguft, when the leaves appear to be fully grown, and the lower ones begin to wither, mow them; but do not let the fcythe cut the crowns of the roots from which the leaves are produced; as this would prevent them fhooting out again.

As foon as the leaves are mown, they must be carried off the ground, fpread about thinly after they are thrown from the cart, and made into hay, in the ufual manner. But, at firft, they must be frequently turned, to prevent them from moulding.

The ground now being cleared, you have an opportunity of feeing where the carrots grow too thick. Thin them to a proper diftance of eight or ten inches afunder, as you would with them to be either small or very large, or according to the crop; and let the land be well hoed; and, if the weather be wet, carry away the weeds.

If the feafon be very dry, and you have the opportunity of water, or the draining of a dung-hill, you will

1

their roots will increase in fize.— But, to prove the utility of hoeing, leave a part not hoed, and a small part not mown, to convince you of the propriety of the method, and the advantage refulting from it.

This method I have feen practifed by Mr. Junius Baker, of Birftalhoufe, near Leicester, (a gentleman well known for breeding horfes) and attended with great advantages. He informed me, that he forgot to make a calculation of how many tons an acre it produced. but it was a very good crop in proportion to his crops of grafs-hay.The field of carrots was between three and four acres.

after it became cold, fo often as ten or twelve times daily; always ftirring up the falt depofited at the bottom of the bafon, and incorporating it again with the water, before I applied it. On the 11th day from the first application, while fhaving, I obferved a fmall difcharge; which affifting by a gentle preffure, the whole contents were foon emptied, without the Imallest pain, and without blood.

Being informed of fome others who had been benefited in like manner from the fame application, and knowing myself of fome late in ftances under my own immediate direction, I feel it a duty thus to make it public; being convinced it can produce no bad effect, and every perfon having it in their power to make the trial. At the fame time, I beg leave to caution that no one should be disheartened from the length of time it may be neceffary to continue the application; as, in fome cafes, it has required three or four months, though in the last only thirty days; but in all, without pain or inconvenience of any kind, or any previous notice of the difcharge, till it actually took place.

William Chisholme.

Propofals for a new and less expenfive Mode of employing and reforming Convicts; jubmitted to the Lords of the Treasury, by Jeremy Bentham, Efq.

thoughts to the penitentiary fyftem, from its first origin, and having lately contrived a building, in which any number of perfons may be kept within the reach of

being infpected during every m ment of their lives; and having made out,. as he flatters himself, to demonftration, that the only eligible. mode of managing an establishment of fuch a nature, in a building of fuch a conftruction, would be by contract, has been induced to make public the following propofals for maintaining and employing convicts in general, or fuch of them as would otherwife be confined on board the hulks, for 25 per cent. lets than it cofts government to maintain them at prefent, deducting also the average value of the work at prefent performed by them for the public, upon the terms of his receiving the produce of their labour, taking on himself the whole expenfe of the building, fitting up, and stocking, without any advance to be made by government for that purpofe, requiring only that the abatement and deduction abovementioned fhall be fufpended for the first year. Upon the abovementioned terms he would engage as follows:

Ift. To furnish the prisoners with a conftant fupply of wholefome food, not limited in quantity, but adequate to each man's defire.

2d. To keep them clad in a ftate of tightnefs and neatnefs, fuperior to what is ufual even in the moft improved prifons.

3d. To keep them fupplied with feparate beds and bedding compe tent to their fituations, and in a ftate of cleanlinefs fcarcely any where conjoined with liberty.

4th. To infire them a fuificient fupply of artificial warmth and light whenever the feafon renders it neceflary, and thereby fave the neceflity of taking them prematurely from their work at fuch fealons (as

in other places), as well as preferving them from fuffering by the inclemency of the weather.

5th. To keep conftantly from them, in conformity to the practice fo happily received, every kind of ftrong and fpirituous liquors, unless when ordered in the way of medicine.

6th. To maintain them in a state of inviolable, though mitigated feclufion, in afforted companies, without any of thofe opportunities of promifcuous affociation, which in other places difturb, if not deftrey, whatever good effect can have been expected from occafional folitude. 7th. To give them intereft in their work, by allowing them a fhare in the produce.

8th. To convert the prifon into a fchool, and, by, extended application of the principle of the Sunday fchools, to return its inhabitants into the world inftructed, at least as well as in ordinary fchools, in the most useful branches of vulgar learn-` ing, as well as in fome trade or occupation, whereby they may after wards earn their livelihood.

9th. To pay a penal fum for every efcape, with or without any default of his, irrefiftible violence from without excepted, and this without employing irons on any occafion, or in any shape.

10th. To provide them with fpiritual and medical afliftants, conftantly living in the midst of them, and inceffantly keeping them in view, 11th. To pay a fum of money for every one who dies under his care, taking thereby upon himfelf the infurance of their lives for an ordinary premium; and that at a rate, grounded on the average of the number of deaths, not among imprifoned felons, but among perfons

of the fame ages in a fiate of liberty within the bills of mortality.

12th. To lay for them the foun-. dation-stone of a provifion for old age, upon the plan of the annuity focieties.

13th. To infure them a livelihood at the expiration of their term, by fetting up a fubfidiary eftablishment, into which all fuch as thought proper fhould be admitted, and in which they would be continued in the exercife of the trade in which they were employed during their confinement, without any farther expenfe to government.

14th. To make himfelf perfonally refponfible for the reformatory efficacy of his management, and even 'make amends, in most inftances, for any accident of its failure, by paying a fum of money for every prifoner convicted of a felony after his difcharge, at a rate increafing according to the number of years he . had been under the propofer's care. 15th. To prefent to the court of king's bench, on a certain day of every term, and afterwards print and publish, at his own expenfe, a report, exhibiting in detail the ftate, not only moral and medical, but economical, of the eftablishment, fhewing the whole profits, if any, and in what manner they arife, and then and there, as well as on any other day, upon fummons from the court, to make answer to all fuch queftions as fhall be put to him in relation thereto, not only on the part of the court, or officer of the crown, but, by leave of the court, on the part of any perfon whatfoever.~~. Queftions, the anfwer to which might tend to fubject him to conviction, though it were for a capital crime, not excepted, treading under foot a maxim, invented by the

guilty,

guilty, for the benefit of the guilty, and from which none but the guilty ever derived any advantage.

16th. By neatnefs and cleanliness, by diverfity of employment, by variety of contrivance, and, above all, by be that peculiarity of conftruction, which, without any unpieafant or hazardous vicinity, enables the whole establishment to be inspected at a view from a commodious and infulated room in the centre, the prifoners remaining unconscious of their being thus obferved, it thould be his ftudy to render it a spectacle fuch as perfons of all clafles would, in the way of amufement, be curious to partake of, and that not only on Sundays, at the time of divine fervice, but on the ordinary days, at meal times, or times of work; providing thereby a fyftem of fuperintendence, univerfally unchargeable, and uninterrupted, the most effectual and indestructible of all fecuri ties against abuse.

The station of gaoler is not, in common account, a very elevated one; the addition of contractor has not much tendency to raise it. The propofer little dreamt, when he first launched into the fubject, that he was to become a fuitor, and perhaps in vain, for fuch an office: but inventions unpractifed might be in want of the inventor; and a fituation thus clipped of emoluments, while it was loaded with obligations, might be in want of candidates. Penetrated, therefore, with the importance of the end, he would not fuffer himself to fee any thing unpleasant or difcreditable in the

means.

Account of the Improvements on His Majefty's Farm, in the Great Park,

at Windfor, by Nathaniel Ken!, in a Letter to the Secretary of the Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures, and Commerce.

Sir.

one mence, that there had PON mentioning to you, fome time

been fome practices in husbandry, on his majefty's farms, under my feperintendance, in Windfor Great Park, which I conceived were not generally known; and upon your giving me reason to think the fociety for the Encouragement of Arts, &c. from its laudable defire to communicate to the public every thing that promifes advantage to it, would not be unwilling to allow me a few pages in its next publication; and being indulged with his majefty's gracious permiffion to ftate any matter that I may difcretionally judge proper to communicate; I am induced to lay before you a few particulars, which fome gentlemen and farmers, under fimilar circumftances, may perhaps think deferving notice.

But before I enter upon any particular defcription of what I have to offer, it will not, perhaps, be uninterefting to the fociety to know the grounds upon which his majefty's large fyftem of agriculture has been founded.

It

In the year 1791 the Great Park, at Windfor, about 4000 acres, feil into his majesty's poffeflion. might truly be called a rough jewel. The whole, as a natural objec, was grand and beautiful, of a foret? appearance; but the parts were crowded and indistinct. The foil was various, fome parts clay and loam, and fome fharp gravel or poor fand; a great part of the former was covered with rushes and

mole