ed by the unhappy death of the prince in consequence of a fall from his horse at a race. The king was extremely affected by this loss, and received consolation only from the caresses of his natural son George. Thenceforth it became his great object to introduce this son to the succession; but he met with so much opposition in the project, that he was obliged to lay it aside. His health soon after began to decline, yet his attention to public affairs underwent no relaxation. He resisted the efforts of king Ferdinand to engage him in the league formed with the pope and Italian princes, against the French king Charles VIII.; not conceiving it of any advantage to his own nation. As his end approached, he still entertained hopes of being able to leave the crown to his natural son, and had once directed his secretary to fill up the blank in his testament with George's name; but the arguments of that minister induced him to suffer the duke of Beja, the legal heir, to receive the succession without interruption. He died in October 1495, in the fortieth year of age, and fourteenth of his reign. The chief object of his reign seems to have been to depress the nobility, to raise the inferior orders, and to promote the commercial prosperity of his kingdom. The title of the Severe seems to have been more applicable to him, than either of the Great or the Perfect, which historians have also annexed to his name.

EMANUEL, king of Portugal, surnamed the Fortunate, grandson of king Edward, and son of the infant don Ferdinand duke of Visco, succeeded his cousin, John II., in 1495. He was then in the twenty-sixth year of his age, and highly beloved for his generosity and affability. He began his reign with restoring to the nobility that consequence in the state, of which it had been the policy of his predecessor to deprive them. He showed a disposition to act justly towards the Jews, who were numerous in the kingdom, and who, by the contrivance of John, had all been reduced to a state of slavery. He restored them to their liberty, and fixed a new term for their leaving the country, as they in the last reign had been ordered to do. When that period arrived, however, Emanuel, who had been stigmatized by bigots as the protector of the Jews, took measures to prevent them from embarking, and thus obliged them again to incur the penalty of loss of liberty. This was commuted for the obligation of turning Christians, which they were required to do in name immediately, though a period of twenty years was allowed for their entire conversion. Most of these unhappy people complied with the condition, but many put an end to their own lives, after having murdered their children, who were demanded from them. Emanuel, however, when religion was not in question, was capable of liberal and generous conduct. He treated with great favour Don George, natural son of the late king, for whom his father had endeavoured to procure the

succession to the crown; and he restored to their titles and estates the Braganza family, who had suffered attainder and confiscation in the late reign. In 1496, he espoused Donna Isabella, daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain, and then princess dowager of Portugal, being widow of the late king's son. She died the following year, after having borne him a son. In 1499, he espoused for his second wife Donna Maria, youngest sister of his former consort, a species of alliance of which there are few modern examples. The discovery of Brazil in 1501, by Cabral, augmented the felicity of this reign, and has, in the event, proved a more lasting benefit to Portugal, than her Indian possessions. In gratitude for these instances of good fortune, Emanuel founded the famous monastery of Bethlehem, usually called Bellem, near Lisbon. Conformably to a grand plan of policy laid down by king John, he adopted the design of making conquests and settlements in Barbary, which might in time produce an extensive commerce and communication with the interior parts of Africa. He sent out an expedition for this purpose in 1502, which returned unsuccessful; but he renewed the attempt, and a war was carried on in Barbary with various success, during the greatest part of his reign. He also sent a mission to Congo, which effected an useful alliance with the king of that country; and under his auspices, settlements were made on the eastern side of Africa, which formed valuable branches of the great Indian system of commerce and conquest; which he lived to see firmly established. For these successes he was indebted to several men of great talents, particularly to the celebrated Albuquerque. Notwithstanding the prosperity of this monarch, he met with causes of chagrin, which made him at one time entertain thoughts of resigning to his son; but the alacrity with which the nobility began to worship the rising sun, and the premature fondness for power shown by the young prince himself, caused him to drop his purpose. When the Castilians rebelled against their young king, Charles, afterwards the emperor Charles V., Emanuel displayed his good faith in refusing the offers of the malcontents, to deliver up several strong places and districts to him, though at the same time he offered them an asylum in Portugal. He afterwards sent some forces to the assistance of Charles, yet performed his promise of affording shelter to the rebels when obliged to leave their country. An epidemic disease ended his life in 1521, in the fifty-third year of his age, and twenty-seventh of his reign, at a time when he was one of the most splendid and powerful princes of his time. His character stands high in the history of his country, for piety, humanity, munificence, talents for government, love for letters, and the qualities that most decorate a crown.

ANACOANA, queen of Maguana, and wife of Carnabo, the

most powerful king in the island of St. Domingo. She was a princess of great understanding, and highly favourable to the Spaniards, whose superior intelligence and knowledge she unfortunately too highly appreciated. On the death of her husband, she retired into the dominions of her brother, the king of KiragBartholomew Columbus, brother of the celebrated Christopher, profited by the partiality of this princess, to conciliate her brother, hitherto unfavourable, till he consented to receive them as friends, and pay a tribute of cotton and provisions, the produce of the country.

On the death of her brother, in 1503, without children, Anacoana was called to the throne. Her opinion of the Spaniards was entirely changed. She had seen their ingratitude and selfishness; and, becoming mistrustful of her, they resolved, by any means, to get her into their power. For this purpose, they accused her to Ovando, the governor-general, as meditating treason, and not to lose any time, he went directly from the town of St. Domingo, to Kiragna, with a formidable suite. Anacoana suspected no evil; and in order to do him more honour, assembled her vassals, and marched at their head, to meet him. These poor people danced, in the fashion of their country, and shouted for joy at the arrival of the Spanish general. He was conducted to the palace, in the midst of acclamations, and feasted there many days.

During this time, an act of the most atrocious perfidy was meditated. Ovando invited the queen to a feast after the European manner; and, accompanied by all her nobility, she came to it on the following Sunday. They were introduced into a hall, where it was to be celebrated, and waited there some time before the Spaniards arrived, who at length made their appearance in battle array. The infantry invested all the avenues of the place; Ovando, at the head of his cavalry, surrounded the house in which the queen was; and a multitude of Indians, whom curiosity had induced to follow the queen, were slain by the foot soldiers. After this massacre, the cavaliers dismounted, and entered the hall with drawn swords. The caciques and principal men were tied to posts, the house set fire to, and all consumed in the flames. Anacoana was loaded with chains, and carried to St. Domingo; her process was soon made out, and she was hanged publicly as a rebel.

ANTONY GALVANO, governor of the Moluccas, was vigorous in his administration, and cleared the sea of pirates. He reduced himself so much by his liberality, that he returned poor to Europe; and not meeting with honourable treatment from John III., king of Portugal, he died in an hospital at Lisbon, 1557.

FRANCIS ALMEIDA, a Portuguese gentleman, was appointed, in 1505, the first viceroy of India. He took the city

of Quiloa, and made many other conquests. Being informed that a rich Arabian fleet lay in the harbour of Panama, he proceeded thither with his squadron, and found the ships protected by a rampart and a strong garrison. Almeida, however, ventured to land, and after an obstinate conflict, defeated the enemy, and set the city and ships on fire. On the death of his son, who was killed in a severe engagement, Almeida only said, "He thanked God for having honoured him with so glorious a death." While he was thus engaged, Albuquerque received orders from Portugal to supersede him; but Almeida being about to proceed to Dabul with a fleet, refused to deliver up his government. In this expedition he sullied his reputation, by putting all the inhabitants of the city to the sword, and not sparing even the infants. He afterwards fell in with the fleet of the enemy, and defeated it, making a slaughter of 4000 men. This victory gave a great blow to the Mahometan power in the Indies, and facilitated the enterprises of Albuquerque. On being superseded, he embarked for Europe with the great riches he had acquired, but which he did not live to enjoy; for, having touched at Saldanha point, on the coast of Africa, to water, some of the sailors on shore quarrelled with the natives, who drove them to their ship. Some fiery young officers, burning to revenge this affront, as they thought it, persuaded Almeida himself to go ashore, with a body of one hundred and fifty men, armed only with swords and lances. "Whither do you carry my sixty years?" said Almeida, on stepping into his boat. The Portuguese pushed on to attack the natives, now augmented to a great number; and Almeida, with fifty-seven of his men, fell victims to this rash and unjust attempt.

ALPHONSO DE ALBUQUERQUE, a Portuguese governor of the Indies, contributed more than any other to extend the territories, and to establish the power of the court of Portugal in that country. The first exploit which he performed, after being appointed governor, was the reduction of Calicut, which he attacked at once by land and sea, with such fury, that he soon became master of the town, which he burnt; and of the fortress, which he demolished. As soon as he recovered from an accidental injury which he received on this occasion, he proceeded against Goa, and took it. This city, in 1559, became the residence of the governor, the see of an archbishop, and primate of the Indies. His next object was Abalacea, which he attacked by sea and land, took by storm, and delivered to the pillage of the Portuguese soldiers. The clear fifth reserved for the king, amounted in value to 200,000 pieces of gold. The last enterprise of any moment in which he was engaged, was the siege and capture of Ormuz. He had formed other great projects, which, however, he did not live to execute. One of these regarded the revival of the Indian trade by

way of Alexandria, in which he knew the Venetians would have assisted the Turks, or any other person, for their own emolument. He proposed, therefore, to the emperor of Ethiopia, that for his own security, he should divert the channel of the Nile, by cutting a passage for it in the Arabian sea, before it reached Egypt; and by so doing, he would have rendered the greatest part of Egypt uninhabitable; and at the same time, made it impracticable to renew the old mode of transporting East India commodities from the Red Sea to Alexandria, which was the object he had principally in view. Another project to transport 300 horse from the island of Ormuz, to the opposite coast of Arabia, and thus to plunder the tomb of Mahomet at Mecca, which he conceived would be beneficial in a variety of respects and chiefly in rescuing the trade of the east out of the hands of the Turks, and other Mahometan nations. But death prevented the accomplishment of his various purposes; for after his return to Goa, he was seized with a distemper, which in a few days proved fatal, so that he died, December 16, 1515, at the age of 63. He was called by the Mahometans Albuquerque Abulandy, because he was born at Melinda in Africa; but by the Portuguese, he was justly denominated Albuquerque the Great. He was the ablest statesman, and the most consummate general they ever had in India, and left their affairs in the best situation; and yet he performed his numerous exploits with a very inconsiderable force. With 30 ships he took Calicut; with 21 he became master of Goa; with 23 he surprised Molucca, and he had no more than 22 in his expedition against Ormuz. His funeral was performed with great solemnity, and his body interred in a chapel built by him at Goa. Many years after his death, the poor Indians testified his merits towards them, by going to his tomb to demand justice against their oppressors. With his countrymen he lived in a plain and familiar manner, adhering, in his private mode of living, to the ancient frugality of his country, treating all his officers as his children, with whom he had every thing in common, discouraging all flattery, and so careless of his own fortune, as to die poor amidst all his opportunities for accumulation. On public occasions, he affected all the magnificence of the representative of a great king; and, in levying the dues of the crown, he was rigid and exact. He maintained strict discipline, both civil and military, and punished wilful offences with severity; so that it is not to be wondered at, that persons were found who misrepresented his conduct in such a manner to his sovereign, that he was in disgrace at home, while so famous and successful abroad. The news of the appointment of a successor reached him when on his death-bed, which drew from him a pathetic complaint, ending with, "To the grave, unhappy old man! it is time thou wert there-to the grave!" He wrote a short let