a small brigantine, they carried on their depredations with such success, that they were soon possessed of 12 galleys besides smaller vessels. Of this fleet Aruch was admiral, and Hayradin the second in command. They called themselves the friends of the sea, and the enemies of all who sailed upon it, and their names became terrible from the straits of the Dardanelles to those of Gibraltar. With such a power they wanted an establishment; and the opportunity of settling themselves offered, in 1514, by the inconsiderate application of Cutemi, king of Algiers, to them for assistance against the Spaniards. The active Corsair gladly accepted the invitation, and leaving his brother Hayradin with the fleet, marched at the head of 5000 men to Algiers, where he was received as their deliverer. Such force gave him the command of the town; and observing that the Moors neither suspected him of any bad intention, nor were capable, with their light armed troops, of opposing his disciplined veterans, he secretly murdered the monarch he came to assist, and caused himself to be proclaimed king in his stead. The authority thus boldly usurped he endeavoured to establish by arts suited to the genius of the people he had to govern, by liberality without bounds to those who favoured his promotion; and by cruelty no less unbounded, towards all whom he had any reason to distrust. The Arabians alarmed at his success, implored the assistance of Hamadel Abdes, king of Tenez, to drive the Turks out of Algiers. That prince readily undertook to do what was in his power for this purpose, and, upon their agreeing to settle the kingdom on himself and his descendants, set out at the head of 10,000 Moors. Upon his entering the Algerine dominions, he was joined by all the Arabians in the country. Barbarossa engaged him, only with 1000 Turkish musqueteers, and 500 Granada Moors; totally defeated his numerous army; pursued him to the very gates of his capital, which he easily made himself master of; and, having given it up to be plundered by his Turks, obliged the inhabitants to acknowledge him sovereign. This victory, which was chiefly owing to his fire-arms, was followed by an embassy from the inhabitants of Tremecen; inviting him to come to their assistance against their prince, with whom they were dissatisfied on account of his having dethroned his nephew, and offering him even the sovereignty, in case he accepted of their proposal. The king of Tremecen, not suspecting the treachery of his subjects; met the tyrant with an army of 6000 horse, and 3000 foot; but Barbarossa's artillery gave him such an advantage, that the king was at length forced to retire into the capital; which he had no sooner entered, than his head was cut off and sent to Barbarossa, with a fresh invitation to take possession of the kingdom. On his approach, he was met by the inhabitants, whom he received with great complai

sance, and many fair promises; but beginning to tyrannize as usual, his new subjects soon convinced him, that they were not so passive as the inhabitants of Algiers. He therefore entered into an alliance with the king of Fez; after which, he secured the rest of the cities in his new kingdom, by garrisoning them with his own troops. Some of these, however, revolted soon after; upon which he sent one of his corsairs, named Escander, a man no less cruel than himself, to reduce them. The Tremecenians now began to repent of their having invited such a tyrant to their assistance; and consulted how to bring back their lawful prince Abuchen-Men; but their cabals being discovered, a great number of the conspirators were massacred in the most cruel manner. The prince escaped to Oran, and was taken under the protection of the marquis of Gomarez, who sent immediate advice of it to Charles V., then lately arrived in Spain, with a powerful fleet and army. That Monarch immediately ordered the young king a succour of 10,000 men, under the command of the governor of Oran; who, under the guidance of Abuchen-Men, began his march towards Tremecen; and in their way were joined by prince Selim, with a great number of Arabs and Moors. The first thing they resolved upon was, to attack the important fortress of Calau, situated between Tremecen and Algiers, and commanded by Escander at the head of about 300 Turks. They invested it closely, in hopes that Barbarossa would come out of Tremecen to its relief, which would give the Tremecenians an opportunity of keeping him out. That tyrant, however, kept close in his capital, being embarrassed by his fears of a revolt, and the delays of the king of Fez, who had not sent the auxiliaries he promised. The garrison of Calau, in the mean time, made a brave defence, and, in a sally, cut off near 300 Spaniards. This encouraged them to venture a second time; but they were now repulsed with a great loss; and Escander himself wounded; soon after which, they surrendered, but were all massacred by the Arabians, except 16, who clung close to the stirrups of the king, and of the Spanish general. Barbarossa being now informed that Abuchen-Men, with his Arabs, accompanied by the Spaniards, were in full march to lay siege to Tremecen, came out, at the head of 1500 Turks, and 5000 Moorish horse, in order to break his way through the enemy; but he had not proceeded far, before his council advised him to return and fortify himself. This advice was now too late; the inhabitants being resolved to keep him out, and open their gates to their own lawful prince as soon as he appeared. In this distress, Barbarossa saw no way left but to retire to the citadel, and there defend himself till he could find an opportunity of stealing out with his men and all his treasure; but, his provisions failing, he took advantage of

a subterraneous back way, and, taking his immense treasure with him, stole away as secretly as he could. His flight however was soon discovered; and he was so closely pursued, that to amuse, as he hoped, the enemy, he caused a great deal of his money, plate, jewels, &c. to be scattered all the way, thinking they would not fail to stop their pursuit to gather it up. This stratagem, however, failed through the vigilance of the Spanish commander, who being at the head of the pursuers, obliged them to march on, till he was come up close to him on the banks of the Huexda, about 8 leagues from Tremecen. Barbarossa had just crossed the river with his vanguard, when the Spaniards came up with his rear on the other side, and cut them all off; and then crossing the water, overtook him at a small distance from it. Here a bloody engagement ensued in which the Turks fought like lions; but, being at length overpowered by numbers, they were all cut to pieces, and Barbarossa among the rest, in the 44th year of his age, four years after he had raised himself to the royal title of Tigel of the adjacent country; and two years after he had acquired possession of Tremecen. His head was carried to Tremecen, on the point of a spear; and Abuchen-Men proclaimed king, to the joy of all the inhabitants. A few days after, the king of Fez appeared at the head of 20,000 horse, near the field of battle; but hearing of Barbarossa's defeat and death, marched off with all possible speed.

HAYRADIN BARBAROSSA, the younger brother of the preceding. On the death of his brother Aruch, he assumed the sceptre at Algiers with equal abilities, but with better fortune; for the Spaniards, sufficiently employed in Europe, giving him no disturbance, he regulated the interior police of his kingdom with great prudence, carried on his naval operations with vigour, and extended his conquests to the continent of Africa. But perceiving that the Moors and Arabs submitted to his government with the utmost impatience, and being afraid that his continual depredations would one day draw upon him the arms of the Christians, he put his dominions under the protection of the grand Signior, and received from him a body of Turkish soldiers, sufficient for his security against his domestic, as well as his foreign enemies. At last, the fame of his exploits daily increasing, Solyman, the Turkish emperor, offered him the command of his fleet, as the only person whose valour and skill entitled him to command against the famous Andrew Doria. Proud of this distinction, Barbarossa repaired to Constantinople; and with a wonderful versatility of mind, mingling the arts of a courtier with the boldness of a Corsair, gained the entire confidence both of the Sultan and his Vizir. To them he communicated a scheme he had formed of making himself

master of Tunis, the most flourishing kingdom of that time, on the coast of Africa; which being approved of, they gave him whatever he demanded for carrying it into execution. He obtained it in a manner similar to that by which his brother gained Algiers; but was driven from it by Charles V., in 1536. After this he ravaged several parts of Italy, and reduced Yemen in Arabia Felix, to the Turkish government. He died in 1547, aged 80. With the ferocity of a Turk and a corsair, Barbarossa possessed some generous sentiments, and obtained a character for honour and fidelity to his engagements.

GERMANY,

FREDERIC III., emperor of Germany, son of Ernest, duke of Austria, succeeded his cousin Albert II., in the year 1440. He was now in his twenty-fifth year, and one of his first acts was to convoke a diet, for the purpose of terminating the schism, then subsisting in the papal see, but as his propositions were totally disregarded, he left the matter to the contending popes to settle as they pleased. In 1451, Frederic visited Italy in order to receive the imperial crown from the pope. This ceremony was performed with due pomp, but did not enable him to recover any of the rights of the empire which had been torn from it by various usurpers, and his visit left a very unfavourable impression of his talents on the minds of the Italians. An attempt was made to rouse him to exertion when Constantinople was taken by the Turks, but he could not be prevailed on to make any efforts in the Christian cause. He was engaged some time in domestic wars for the possession of the duchy of Austria, which on the death of Albert he obtained. In 1468 he visited Rome, held several conferences with the pope concerning means for resisting the progress of the Turks; but nothing of importance followed. Frederic was, however, very intent upon the aggrandizement of his family, and the marriage of his son Maximilian to the heiress of the rich house of Burgundy, and thus had the good fortune to be the author of the greatest accession of dominion that his race ever acquired. From this period he reposed upon Maximilian the chief weight of the government, who was soon after elected king of the Romans. Upon the death of Matthias he obtained from his son Ladislaus the restitution of Austria, and afterwards regained Tyrol from the duke of Bavaria; at length he quitted the reins of empire, and retired to Lentz, where he occupied himself in scientific studies. He died at the age of seventy-nine years, in consequence of an amputation of his leg. He was a prince of an agreeable air and majestic countenance; he was plain in his apparel, moderate in his passions, and so remark

ably abstemious, that his life is said to have resembled a continual fast. From his natural aversion to war he was surnamed the "Pacific," yet the inconstancy of his temper often prompted him to embark in quarrels. He was endowed with a remarkably tenacious memory, but was destitute of courage, resolution, and generosity. He had a favourite maxim to which he had perpetual recourse, viz. "that the best remedy for irretrievable losses is oblivion."

MAXIMILIAN I., emperor of Germany, born in 1459, was son of the emperor Frederic III. His faculties opened so slowly, that at the age of ten, it was doubtful whether he was dumb or an idiot. From that time, however, he became remarkably addicted to letters, and arrived at the ready and eloquent use of the Latin, French, and Italian languages. In his twentieth year he was married to Mary, the heiress of the great house of Burgundy. Louis XI., of France, having seized part of her inheritance in the low countries, Maximilian made war against him, defeated his troops at the battle of Guinegaste, and recovered great part of the usurped territories. He also suppressed the revolts which broke out in various parts of the low countries. As he was proceeding in a career of success, he had the misfortune to lose his wife, in consequence of a fall from her horse, after she had borne him a son and a daughter. This circumstance gave a great shock to his authority in those parts, and the guardianship of the children was immediately contested with him by the States. He endeavoured to retain the government of the provinces, in which he was unpopular, through his preference to Germans in the bestowing of offices; and a civil war ensued, which was at length accommodated on the condition that he should continue tutor to his son Philip under certain restrictions. He had affianced his daughter Margaret to the Dauphin, and she was sent into France to be educated. In 1486, Maximilian was elected king of the Romans, and crowned at Aix-la-chapelle. The disorders committed by his German troops in Flanders, and suspicions of his arbitrary designs, occasioned a revolt in that country, always jealous of its rights and privileges; and upon his arrival at Bruges to meet the States-General in 1488, the inhabitants ran to arms and secured his person, at the same time imprisoning some of his counsellors and favourites, four of whom they put to death. The people of Ghent followed their example, and affairs were in great confusion, till Maximilian was liberated by a treaty. A marriage with another rich heiress, Anne of Brittany, was now the object of his ambition; and he prevailed so far with the States of that country, as to procure a solemnization of the nuptials by proxy; but having neither troops nor money to support his interest, Charles VIII., of France, robbed him of his spouse, and sent back his daughter Margaret, to whom he had