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ANTHONY D'ARENA, a lawyer and poet, was born at Solliers, in the diocese of Toulon, of an eminent family, of the name of La Sable. He died in 1444, being judge at St. Remi near Arles. His poem on the war of Provence, carried on by Charles V., was reprinted in 1547; his other pieces were printed in 1670, in 12mo.

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PETER ÆGIDIUS, a lawyer, was born at Antwerp in 1486. He was educated under Erasmus, at whose recommen❤ dation he obtained the friendship of Sir Thomas More, who speaks of him in the prologue to the Utopia, as a man there in his country of honest reputation, and also preferred to high promotions, worthy truly of the highest. For it is hard to say whether the young man be in learning or in honesty more excellent. For he is both of wonderful virtuous conditions, and also singularly well learned, and towards all sorts of people exceeding gentle." Sir Thomas adds, that "the charms of his conversation abated the frequent desire he had to see his native country," from which Sir Thomas had been absent more than four months. In 1510 he was appointed first notary of Antwerp, where he died in 1533. His works are-1. Threnodia in Funus Maximiliani Cæsaris, 1519, 4to. 2. Hypotheses, sive Specula Carolo V., 4to. 3. Enchiridion Principis ac Magistratus Christiani, 1541.

SYLVESTER ALDOBRANDINI, professor of law at Pisa, was born at Florence, and was banished from that city for his opposition to the house of Medici. He was appointed advocate of the treasury and apostolic chamber by pope Paul III. He died in 1558, leaving several works on jurisprudence. His son Hyppolitus Aldobrandi, obtained the popedom by the name of Clement VIII.; and another son, Thomas, became secretary of the briefs, but died in the prime of life. He translated Diogenes Laertius, and wrote a commentary on Aristotle's Treatise on Hearing.

LELIO TORELLI, a learned jurist, was born at Fano, in 1489. Having studied Greek and Latin at Ferrara, he graduated at Perugia, where he studied law. The last respectable office of magistracy which he occupied, was that of grand chancellor and first secretary to the dukes of Tuscany, Cosmo, and his son Francesco. He was also advanced to the rank of Florentine nobility, and the title of senator, and was consul to the academy of Florence, where he died in 1576, universally esteemed for his mental and moral qualities. He amused himself with polite literature, in which he was a proficient, and with writing Latin and Italian poetry; but the subject of his serious study was jurisprudence. He was the author of several works on the law; but he was principally engaged in preparing a new and correct edition of Pandects, availing himself of the Pisan, or Florentine MS. This magnificent edition appeared

from the Torrentian press in 1559, in three large volumes folio. His son Francesco, was his associate in the labour of this work; but the son died before the father.

EMILIUS FERRETA, in Latin Ferretus, a learned civilian, was born at Castello Franco, in Tuscany, Nov. 14, 1489. He studied at Pisa and Siena, and afterwards went to Rome, where he became secretary to cardinal Salviati. He was admitted an advocate at the age of nineteen, on which occasion he changed his baptismal name of Dominico, for that of Emilio, or Æmilius. A professorship of law was then conferred upon him at Rome, and the applause he obtained in his office, caused Leo X. to appoint him his secretary. He exercised this function for some years, and then retired to his own country. After attaching himself to the marquis of Montferrat, who commanded part of the French army, he accompanied him to Rome and Naples. On his return he was made prisoner by the Spaniards, and obliged to pay a ransom. He then went to France, and taught at Valence with great reputation. Francis I., made him a counsellor of the parliament of Paris, and employed him in embassies to the Venetians and Florentines. He was engaged in various negociations, and finally became professor of law at Avignon. His yearly stipend was at first 550, crowns, then 800, and then 1000; a greater sum than had ever been given to any professor in that university. He gained the esteem both of the inhabitants and of the students, who showed it in a very remarkable manner after his death; for when his successor, Craveta, began his lectures by strictures upon Ferreti, the scholars hissed and drove him from the place. Ferreti died at Avignon, on July 14, 1552. He was a man of general learning, and well versed in classical literature. An epitaph written for him by Antonius Goveanus, speaks of him in very high terms of encomium. He published an edition of Cicero's Orations; and his Opera Juridica, were printed in 1554, 4to.

ANDREW TIRAQUEAU, or TIRAQUELIUS, a learned French lawyer, a native of Poitou, who became a counsellor in the parliament of Bourdeaux, and afterwards in that of Paris. He laboured diligently to purify the bar, and being employed by Francis I. and Henry II., in many important affairs, proved himself to be a man of strict and singular integrity. His works amount to seven volumes, in folio. Frankfort, 1597. Tiraqueau died at an advanced age, in 1574. He married a wife, and produced a book and a child every year, till they amounted to twenty of each. This, with the circumstance of his being a water-drinker, occasioned the following merry epitaph:

Here lies a man, who drinking only water,

Wrote twenty books, with each had son or daughter;
Had he but used the juice of generous vats,

The world would scarce have held his books and brats.

BERNARD ARLUNO, a noble Milanese, who followed the profession of the law at Pavia and Padua. He wrote a "History of the Wars of Venice," printed by Burmann, and other works which he left in manuscript. The works of his brother Peter, a learned physician, were published in folio, at Milan, in 1539.

MARCUS MANTUA BERIAVIDIUS BENAVIDIO, a celebrated civilian, was born at Padua, in 1490, and taught the civil and canon law in his native city for 60 years, with high reputation. He there received the honour of knighthood from the emperors Charles V., and Ferdinand I., and from pope Pius IV. He died in 1582, and was the author of several works on his own profession. His works are-1. Dialogus de Concilio, 4to. 2. Epitome illustrium jurisconsultorum, 8vo. 3. Illustrium jurisconsultorum imagines, folio. 4. Observationes legales, 8vo. 5. Polymathiæ Lib. duodecim. 6. Collectanea super jus Cæsareum, folio. All these are very scarce.

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MARTIN DE ASPICUETA, commonly called Doctor Navarrus, was descended of a noble family, and born in 1491, at Varasayn, in Navarre. He entered very young into the monastery of regular canons at Roncevaux, where he took the habit, which he continued to wear after he left the convent. He studied classical learning, natural and moral philosophy, and divinity, at Alcala, in New Castile, adopting chiefly the system of Petrus Lombardus. He studied the law at Ferrara, and taught it with applause at Toulouse and Cahors. After being first professor of canon law at Salamanca for 14 years, he quitted that place to be professor of law at Coimbra, with a larger salary. The duties of this office he discharged for the space of twenty years, and then resigned it, to retire into his own country, where he took care of the daughters of his deceased brother. Having made a journey to Rome, to plead the cause of Bartholomeo de Caranza, archbishop of Toledo, who had been accused of heresy before the tribunal of the inquisition in Spain, and whose cause was, by the pope's order, to be tried in that city, Aspicueta's writings, which were well known, procured him a most honourable reception. Pope Pius V. made him assistant to cardinal Francis Aciat, his vice-penitentiary; and Gregory XIII. never passed by his door without calling for him, and stopped sometimes a whole hour to talk with him in the street. His name became so famous, that even in his life-time the highest encomium on a learned man was to call him a Navarrus. He was consulted as an oracle. By temperance he prolonged his life to a great length. His economy enabled him to give substantial proof of his charity. Being very old, he used to ride through all the city, and relieve all the poor he met; to which his mule was so well accustomed, that it stopped of his own accord at the sight of every poor man till VOL. IV.

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its master hád relieved him. He refused several honourable posts in church and state, that he might have leisure to correct and improve the works he had written, and compose others. He died in 1586, aged 94. He wrote many treatises on morality and canon law.

FRANCIS SA DE MIRANDA, of Coimbra, was professor of jurisprudence there. He quitted the profession, and prefered a life of ease and retirement, to the intrigues of the court. He died, 1558, aged 65. His works are, satires, comedies, and pastorals.

BENEDICT ACCOLTI, was nephew, or, as some say, grandson to Peter Accolti, and was born at Florence, in 1497. He made great progress in the study of the law, and became so much a master of the Latin tongue, that he was called the Cicero of the age. He was also distinguished by a very retentive memory. The ecclesiastical honours which he enjoyed were very considerable. Leo X. gave him the bishopric of Cadiz; Adrian VI. that of Cremona, and the archbishopric of Ravenna; and Clement VII. created him a cardinal. At the request of this pontiff, he wrote a treatise in vindication of the right of the Pope to the kingdom of Naples. He left several other works, and particularly several pieces of poetry. He died at Florence, in 1549.

MARK ANTHONY BIANCHI, an eminent Italian lawyer, was born at Padua in 1498. He was distinguished for his learning and integrity. In 1525, he was appointed, for the third time, professor of imperial law in the university of Padua; in 1532, a second time professor of the decretals; and lastly, in 1544, chief professor of criminal law; in which situation he continued till his death,' October 8, 1548. He wrote, 1. Tractatus de indiciis homicidii ex proposito commissi, fol. 2. Practica criminalis aurea, 8vo. 3. Tractatus de compromissis faciendis inter conjunctos, et de exceptionibus impedientibus litis ingressum, 8vo.

EDWARD HALL, or HALLE, an English lawyer and historian, was born in London, probably in 1499. He was educated at Eton, whence he was sent to king's college, Cambridge. He afterwards studied at Gray's Inn, and was made a judge in the sheriff's court. He was also a member of the house of commons, and a zealous Romanist. He died in 1547. His chronicle, entitled "The Union of the Houses of York and Lancaster," was printed at London, in 1548, folio. It was continued by Grafton, in 1550, and re-printed at London, in 1809, 4to. Hall has been accused of being no favourer of the clergy, and some instances of misrepresentation in that respect have been pointed out by Fiddes, in his life of cardinal Wolsey.

PHILOSOPHY.

JOHN ARGYROPYLUS, a native of Constantinople, a peripatetic philosopher; was one of the first Greeks who fled from that city, and sought an asylum in Italy. In the year 1456, Cosmo de Medici invited him to Florence, to instruct his son Peter and his nephew Lorenzo, in the Greek language and philosophy. Argyropylus accepted the charge; and Philelphus wrote, at that time, a letter to the Florentines, congratulating them on the acquisition of so great a man. The same year Argyropylus took a journey into France, to solicit succour for some of his relations, who had been made slaves by the Turks. On his return he went again to Florence, where he taught for five years. Through the influence of the Medicean family, he was appointed professor of Greek at Florence. At the request of his patron, he undertook to translate into Latin the physics and ethics of Aristotle; and he executed the task with verbal fidelity. Theodore Gaza had finished a similar translation, but had the generosity to make a sacrifice of his own interest and reputation, by throwing it into the fire. The plague obliging Argyropylus to leave Florence, he went to Rome, where cardinal Bessarion bestowed upon him the professorship of the Greek language. He read lectures upon Aristotle, and had the honour of being the first modern Greek, who taught philosophy in that city. A handsome salary was appointed him by the pope; but he was so fond of good living, that it was scarcely sufficient to defray the expenses of his table. The unrestrained indulgence of his appetite proved fatal to him; at the age of 70, he died of a fever, caused by eating melons to excess. Argyropylus appears to have been a man rather respectable for his learning, than amiable in his manners. In conversation he disputed with keenness, and often disgusted his friends by ill-humour, arising from literary jealousy. He nevertheless possessed great strength of mind; of which he gave a striking proof, in the calm fortitude with which he bore the loss of a son, who was assassinated at Rome. His translations are valuable; they are found in the more ancient Latin editions of Aristotle; and in the Greek and Latin editions printed at Basle. He also wrote a "Commentary on Aristotle's Ethics," printed in folio at Florence and Paris in 1541; and several epistles and other smaller pieces, which remain in manuscript. AMYRUTZES, a peripatetic philosopher, was born at Trebizond, and was at first in great esteem at the court of the emperor David, his sovereign, on account of his writing in favour of the Greeks, against the decisions of the council of Florence; but at last he forfeited, by his apostacy, all the reputation he had gained. He accompanied the emperor David to

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