edition. On account of this he incurred the pope's displeasure, and involved himself in troubles from which he was scarcely able to extricate himself.

JOSSE BADIUS, or in Latin, JODOCUS BADIUS ASCENSIUS, a French printer of eminence, a native of Assche, in the territory of Brussels, where he was born in 1462. He studied at Ghent, Brussels, and Ferrara. His high fame in the study of languages, induced Freschel, the celebrated printer, to engage him to correct his press. He soon took him as a partner in the business, and gave him his daughter Thalia in marriage, who was a literary lady. After the death of his father-in-law, in 1500, he removed with his family to Paris, and there established an excellent printing-office, by the name of Prælum Ascensianum. Erasmus says, that if Badius had not been obliged to labour for his bread, he was so learned, that he would have done much more. He also compares Badius with Budæus, and in such a manner as to leave it doubtful whether he did not esteem the former more than the latter. Badius, though he married late in life, was soon burdened with a multitude of children. It was, therefore, said that had he married as early as he began to write, he would, according to every appearance, have sent into the world as many children as books, and this gave occasion to Henry Stephens, his grandson, to compose for him the following epitaph.

He died in 1535. His son Conrad Badius, settled at Geneva, having embraced Calvinism, and was both a printer and an author. Two of his daughters were married to eminent writers, one to Michael Vascosan, and the other to Robert Stephens.

PHILIP and BERNARD JUNTA, two eminent Italian printers. They printed at Lyons the Letters of Leo X., by Bembo, and the works of Sancti Pagninus. They had also printing offices at Genoa, Venice, and Florence. Philip began to print at Genoa in 1497, and died about 1519. Bernard was nearly related to him. Philip printed some excellent editions of Greek authors, as Plutarch, Xenophon, Aristophanes, Sophocles, and Homer.

HENRY THIERRY, a printer at Paris, whose family became celebrated in France for several generations as printers. One of them was bookseller to Boileau, and was immortalized by the poet, in his epistle to his verses.

CLAUDE GARAMOND, a very ingenious letter-founder, born at Paris; where he began in the year 1510, to found his printing types, free from all the remains of the Gothic, or as it is generally called, the " black letter," and brought them to such perfection, that he had the glory of surpassing all who went before him, and of being scarcely ever excelled by his successors in that useful art. His types were prodigiously multiplied, both by the great number of matrices he struck, and the types founded in resemblance of his in all parts of Europe. Thus, in Italy, Germany, England, and Holland, the booksellers by way of recommending their books, distinguished the types by his name, and in particular, the small Roman was by way of excellence known among the printers of those nations, by the name of "Garamond's small Roman." By the special command of king Francis I. he founded three sizes of Greek types for the use of Robert Stephens, who with them printed all his beautiful editions of the New Testament, and several Greek authors. He died at Paris in 1561.

GEOFFRY TORY, a native of Bourges, who professed philosophy at Paris, but afterwards became a printer and greatly improved the art. He wrote a book on the proportion and distance of letters, which has proved very useful. He also published a translation of Horus Apollo's Hieroglyphics. He died in 1550.

He

DANIEL BOMBERG, an eminent printer, born at AntHe was the first who printed Hebrew books at Venice. He began with an edition of the Bible in 4to. in 1511, and afterwards printed many others in folio, 4to. and 8vo. He printed a folio edition in 1517, with the commentaries of the rabbies, dedicated to pope Leo X., and another under the inspection of Rabbi Jacob Haum, in 4 vols. fol. in 1525. also printed three editions of the Talmud, each of which cost him 100,000 crowns. One of these editions was begun in 1520, and consisted of 11 vols. folio. He brought the art of printing Hebrew books to such perfection, says Mr. Bayle, that the Jews alledge, that since his death the Hebrew printing has continually grown worse.

SEBASTIAN GRYPHIUS, a celebrated printer of Lyons, in France, was born at Swabia near Augsburg, in 1494. He restored the art of printing at Lyons, which was before exceedingly corrupted; and the books printed by him are still valued by connoisseurs. He printed many books in Hebrew, Greek, and Latin, with new and very beautiful types, and his editions are no less accurate than elegant. The reason is, that he was a very learned man, and perfectly versed in the languages of such books as he undertook to print. Thus a certain epigrammist has observed, that Robert Stephens was a very good corrector, Colines a very good printer, but that Gryphius was

both an able printer and corrector. He died in 1556, in his 63rd year; and his business was carried on with reputation by his son Anthony Gryphius. One of the most beautiful books of Sebastian Gryphius is a Latin Bible; it was printed in 1550, with the largest types that had then been seen, in 2 vols. folio.

Pits

JOHN RASTALL, a printer and miscellaneous writer, born in London, and educated at Oxford. He married the sister of Sir Thomas More, with whom he was very intimate, and whose writings he strenuously defended. He died in 1536. Rastall was a zealous Papist, but Bayle says, he changed his religion before his death. He wrote 1. Natura naturata. calls it an ingenious comedy, describing Europe, Asia, and Africa, with cuts. 2. The pastyme of the people; the chronycles of diverse realmys, and most especially of the realm of England, fol. 3. Ecclesia Johannis Rastall, 1542; one of the prohibited books in the reign of Henry VIII. 4. Legum Anglicanum, French and Latin. London 1567, 8vo; and some other works.

WILLIAM RASTALL, son of John, was bred to the law, and became a justice of the king's bench. He published an abridgment of the statutes of England.

RICHARD PYNSON, printer, was a native of Normandy, but was naturalized in England, by letters patent. He was also appointed king's printer, and was the first that introduced the Roman letter into this country. He chiefly printed law books, which were at that time in Norman French. He died about 1529.

RELIGION.

PIUS II., pope, Æneas-Sylvius Piccolomini, was born on the 18th October 1405, at Corsigni, in the Siennese, the name of which he afterwards changed into that of Pienza. Æneas was carefully educated, and having finished his studies at Sienna, he went in 1431, to the council of Basle with Cardinal Capranica, as his secretary. He afterwards acted in the same capacity to Cardinal Albergati, and to Frederic III., who decreed to him the poetical crown, and sent him ambassador to Rome, Milan, Naples, Bohemia, and other places. Nicholas V. advanced him to the bishopric of Trieste, and afterwards to that of Sienna. In 1456, after having distinguished himself in various nunciatures, he was made cardinal by Callixtus III., whom he succeeded as pope on the 27th August 1458. On the exaltation of Pius to the pontifical throne, very high expectations were entertained of the benefits which would result to the church, founded on his learning, and on the writings which he published at the time of the council of Basle, displaying the enormous corruptions which had been introduced into

in

it, and urging the necessity of reformation in its head and members; but they were disappointed in the sequel. One of the first measures of his government was an attempt to unite the Christian princes against the Turks. With this design he appointed a council to meet at Mantua, in 1459, at which he invited all those princes to attend, either in person or by their ambassadors, for the purpose of deliberating on the most effectual means of delivering Christendom from the bondage with which they were threatened by those formidable enemies. At this council Pius himself presided, and the attendance of princes or their representatives was very numerous; but their jarring interests rendered all the endeavours of the pope to unite them quite ineffectual, and the council broke up without concurring any resolution to oppose the progress of the common foe. Another step which Pius took soon after his elevation to the dignity of sovereign pontiff, was to revoke the bull of his predecessor Callixtus, declaring the kingdom of Naples devolved as a fief of the church to the apostolic see, and to confirm the bull of king Ferdinand's legitimation, upon his restoring to the patrimony of St. Peter some places which his father had conquered. At the same time he granted Ferdinand the investiture, and sent a cardinal to perform the ceremony of his coronation. On his side, Ferdinand engaged to assist the pope against his enemies with the whole strength of his kingdom, and gave a natural daughter in marriage to Anthony Piccolomini, his holiness's nephew, with the duchy of Amalfi and the county of Celano for her portion. To secure the throne of Naples to Ferdinand, Pius ordered all the clergy and barons, on pain of excommunication, to acknowledge him, and no other, for their lawful sovereign, and sent a body of troops to his assistance, when John of Anjou invaded the kingdom. This partiality of the pope for that prince, and his concurring with him to drive the French quite out of Italy, so highly provoked king Charles VII. of France, and all his subjects, that they never could be prevailed upon to contribute towards carrying on the war against the Turks, which they knew to be a favourite object with his holiness. Pius II. from the commencement of his pontificate, appeared jealous of the prerogatives. In 1460, he issued a bull, "declaring appeals from the pope to a council, to be null, erroneous, detestable, and contrary to the sacred canons." That bull, however, did not prevent the procurator-general of the parliament of Paris from appealing to a council in defence of the Pragmatic sanction, which the pope had strenuously opposed. Pius was then at Mantua, whither he had gone to engage the catholic princes to unite in a war against the Turks. The greater part of them agreed to furnish either troops or money; others refused both, particularly the French, who from that moment incurred his holiness's aver

sion. That aversion abated under Lewis XI., whom he per'suaded, in 1461, to abolish the Pragmatic sanction, which the parliament of Paris had supported with so much vigour. The year 1462, was rendered famous by a controversy which took place between the Cordeliers and Dominicans, about two very absurd questions. The dispute became so violent, that they called each other heretics; which obliged the pope to issue a bull, forbidding such odious epithets. He next published another bull, dated 26th April, retracting what he had written to the council of Basle when he was its secretary; wherein he had written some sentiments that "tended to hurt the authority of the apostolic see." In this bull he gave a short account of his life and actions, with the history of the council of Basle, to which he went with Cardinal Capranica, in 1431. In the mean time, the Turks were threatening Christendom. Pius, ever zealous against the infidels, resolved to fit out a fleet, and pass over into Asia himself. He went to Ancona, but fell sick with the fatigue of the journey, and died on the 16th August, 1464, aged 59. Platina has honoured his memory with a long panegyric, in which he represents him as endowed, to the highest degree, with every virtue becoming a great prince and a great pope. He certainly was distinguished by many virtues, but his shameless conduct in renouncing the generous principles which he had avowed before his advancement to the pontificate, and his acting in direct opposition to them during the whole course of his administration, tarnished the lustre of his good qualities, and impressed an indelible stain upon his character. No man ever laboured more than Æneas Sylvius to restrain the power of the pope within the boundary of the canons, and no pope ever strove more than pope Pius II., to extend that power beyond all bounds, in opposition to the canons as well as to reason. The majesty of his see he zealously studied to enhance, and spared neither kings, dukes, nor people, when they invaded the rights of the church or clergy, but prosecuted them with war, censures, interdicts, and anathemas, till they gave the satisfaction which he required. At the same time, he was a generous encourager of learning and learned men, and a warm friend to the poor. When young, he seems to have indulged his passion for women without restraint; and from the account which he has given in one of his letters to a natural son of his, and of his amours, he appears to have considered transgressions against chastity to be only venial sins, if any sins at all. His chief works are-Memoirs of the council of Basle: the History of the Bohemians, from their origin to 1458; two Books on Cosmography; the History of Frederic III., published in 1785, folio, and esteemed pretty accurate; a Treatise on the Education of Children; a Poem upon the Passion of Jesus Christa Collection of 432 Letters, printed at Milan, 1473, in