prelate, was the natural son of a gentleman of a good family, and born at Hatchford, in ancient Richmondshire, about the year 1474. Having studied both at Oxford and Cambridge, he travelled for further improvement, and graduated doctor of laws at Padua. Recommended by his learning and character to archbishop Warham, he became his vicar-general, and was collated by the king to the rectory of Harrow, in Middlesex. Besides other preferments, he was appointed, in 1516, to the office of master of the rolls, and in this year accompanied Sir Thomas More as ambassador to Charles V. at Brussels, where he formed an intimacy with Erasmus. After obtaining other preferments, and accomplishing another embassy to the emperor, he was promoted, in 1522, to the see of London, and in 1523, to the office of keeper of the privy seal. He was afterwards employed in several missions of importance on civil affairs; and whilst he was at Antwerp, he manifested his religious zeal by buying all the unsold copies of Tyndale's translation of the Bible, in order to burn them at St. Paul's cross. His zeal was similarly engaged in urging Erasmus to write against Luther, and in instituting prosecutions against heresy. In 1530, Tonstall was promoted, in recompense of his services, to the see of Durham. Fluctuating in his disposition and politics, he first favoured and afterwards disapproved the divorce of Catharine of Arragon. He also defended Henry's assumed title of supreme head of the church, after having at first protested against it; and though he was not inattentive to the usurpations of the papal see, he was firmly attached to the doctrines of the church of Rome. Repenting, as we hope, of having burnt the Bible, he joined with Heath, bishop of Rochester, in revising an English translation of it in 1541. Under Edward VI. he conformed to all the ordinances relating to religion, whilst in parliament he protested against every change. At length his rich bishopric presented a temptation, which those who sought preferment could not resist, and therefore Tonstall was charged with misprision of treason, and a bill of attainder was brought into the House of Lords, which, though opposed by Cranmer, passed the house, but was stopped in the Commons, the evidence being thought insufficient. His enemies, however, determined to displace him, and a commission was appointed to examine him with regard to all conspiracies. &c.; and having been found guilty, he was deprived, and committed to the Tower, where he remained a prisoner to the end of this reign. The see of Durham was converted into a county palatine, and granted to the duke of Northumberland. On the accession of Mary, he was restored to his see; and his temper being mild, he neither avenged himself of his enemies, nor were any persons brought to the stake in his diocese during the sanguinary reign. His whole conduct seemed indeed to indi

cate a favourable change in his temper, for he discouraged persecution, and afforded an asylum to his nephew, Bernard Gilpin. When Elizabeth succeeded to the crown, hopes were entertained that his moderate principles would have led him to acquiesce in the Reformation, but he preferred the surrender of his bishopric, to compliances against which his conscience revolted. Refusing to take the oath of supremacy, he was deprived, and being committed to the custody of Parker, archbishop of Canterbury, he was treated with kindness, and by the prelate's reasoning induced to abandon some of the grosser errors of Popery. He died in 1559, at the advanced age of 85, and was interred at the archbishop's expense, in the church of Lambeth. As to his general character, he was munificent and attentive to his Episcopal duties, and in his private life, exemplary and amiable. He was author of several works, among which was a treatise on arithmetic. Some of his letters are preserved in Erasmus's collection.

JAMES HOOGESTRATEN, a Dominican, known by the virulence with which he wrote against Luther, Erasmus, Reneten, and others. He died at Cologne, 1527.

JAMES LATOME, or LATOMUS, a learned scholastic divine, who was born at Gambron, in Hainault. He wrote against Luther, and was considered by his own party one of the most able writers in defence of his own communion. He' died in 1544. His works were collected and published in 1550, folio, by his nephew, James Latomus. Luther's confutation of Latomus's defence of the articles of Louvain, is accounted one of the best productions of that celebrated reformer.

JOHN DRIEDO, in Low Dutch DRIDOENS, was a native of Turnhout, in Brabant, and educated at Louvain, where he took the degree of D.D. in 1512. He became professor of divinity in the university of Louvain, and was also curate of St. James, and canon of St. Peter, in that city. He was an opponent of Luther, but his zeal was moderate. He died at Louvain, in 1535. His works are-1. De gratia et libero arbitrio. 2. De concordia liberi arbitrii et prædestinationis. 3. De captivitate et redemptione generis humani. 4. De libertate Christiana, &c.

FRANCIS ALVAREZ PAEZ, a Portuguese prelate of the order of the cordeliers. He died at Seville, 1532. He wrote a famous treatise De Planetu Ecclesiæ, in which he boldly supports the temporal powers of the see of Rome; a summary of theology, &c.

ROBERT BARNES, a martyr for the doctrines of Luther. He was brought up to the church, obtained the degree of D.D. and became chaplain to Henry VIII., by whom he was sent to Germany, to consult with the divines of that country respecting the lawfulness of his divorce. While in that country he

adopted the doctrines of Luther; and on his return to England propagated his new opinions with such zeal, that he was taken into custody, brought to the stake, and burnt at Smithfield in 1540. He was author of a treatise on Justification, and several other tracts.

PAUL CAPISUECHI, a canon of the Vatican, bishop of Neocastro, and vice-legate of Hungary. He was appointed by the pope to examine the circumstances of the divorce of Henry VIII. of England, from Catharine of Arragon, and his report was against that proceeding. He died at Rome in 1539, aged sixty.

JAMES SADOLET, a celebrated cardinal, born at Modena, in 1477, was the son of John Sadolet, an eminent lawyer. He studied at Ferrara, where he had for his tutor the learned Niccolo Leoniceno. He chiefly directed his attention to polite literature and philosophy; and his father, who had designed him for the law, suffered him to follow his inclinations. He went to Rome during the pontificate of Alexander VI., and found a munificent patron in cardinal Oliviero Caraffa, and an excellent preceptor in Scipione Carteromaco, under whom he made a great progress in elegant literature. He distinguished himself so much by his Latin style, that Leo X. upon his promotion to the papal chair, made him and Bembo his secretaries. The pope so much approved of his services in this capacity, that he made him bishop of Carpentras, in 1517; and is said to have been obliged to lay his commands upon him, in order to induce him to accept this promotion. The succeeding pontificate of Adrian was less favourable to Ciceronian scholars; and Sadolet had the additional mortification of being calumniated as having falsified a brief. He therefore retired in 1523, to his see, to the great regret of all lovers of polished writing and manners in the Roman court. Clement VII. recalled him to his former post, and manifested the greatest regard for him. That pope did not, however, pay the deference to his prudent counsels which might have averted the impending dangers, of which Sadolet was so well aware, that he obtained permission to retire to his bishopric only twenty days before the sack of Rome. In that terrible catastrophe he lost all the property which he had left in the capital, and his valuable library. At Carpentras he employed himself in pastoral cares, and obtained no less honour as an exemplary prelate, than he had done as one of the most elegant scholars of his age: He repressed the extortion of the Jewish usurers, relieved the necessities of the poor, provided for the liberal education of youth, and was very vigilant in preventing the spread of the new opinions in his diocese, though he always treated the persons of the reformers with lenity. Francis I. highly esteemed him, and made him great offers to draw him to his court; but he thought it

his duty to obey the call of Paul III., who, in 1536, made him a cardinal. He gave his advice freely to that pontiff, who had a great regard for him, and took him to Nice in 1538, when he had a conference with Charles V. and Francis I. It was still the cardinal's principal desire to reside at his see, and employ himself in pastoral duties and the cultivation of letters; and he was permitted to indulge this laudable inclination till 1542, when the pope summoned him to Rome, and appointed him his legate to the king of France, for the purpose of negociating a peace between that monarch and the emperor. He succeeded in disposing the mind of the French king to an accommodation, but insuperable obstacles were raised on the part of Charles. Sadolet returned to Rome, and assisted in the frequent congregations held previously to the convocation of the council of Trent, till his death in 1547. He was interred without pomp, according to his own direction, in the church of St. Peter ad Vincula, and his funeral eulogy was pronounced by cardinal Caraffa.

Few men of the age have left a more unblemished character than cardinal Sadolet. He showed his disinterestedness by refusing any other benefice than the humble bishopric of Carpentras, though pluralities were never more common among the dignitaries of the church. His temper was mild, with great sensibility, and elevation of soul; and he united solid piety and fervent zeal, with freedom from superstition and Christian charity. His address to the senate and people of Geneva, who had begun to throw off the papal yoke, is a model of Episcopal eloquence, and paternal mildness. It was answered by Calvin. When young, he obtained a high rank among those Italians who, at this period, cultivated polite literature, with a success that has rendered them a kind of second classics. An edition of his works was printed at Verona, in 1737, in 4 vols. 4to.

CONRAD PELLICAN, a learned German divine of the reformed religion, was the son of respectable but not opulent Catholic parents, and born at Ruffach in Alsace, in the year 1478. His family surname was originally Kensiner, which he changed into Pellican. After having been instructed in the rudiments of learning at his native town, he was sent by a maternal uncle to the university of Heidelberg, and supported by him there for about sixteen months, when the expense proving too heavy, our young student returned to his father's house. He now for some time gratuitously assisted his old schoolmaster, and was permitted to read the books belonging to a neighbouring convent of minorites. Observing his fondness for study, the monks endeavoured to engage him to enter into their degrees, and at last prevailed on him to take the habit, in 1493, when he was sixteen years old, without the approbation

or knowledge of his parents. In this convent he applied with unwearied diligence and distinguished success to the study of the Latin and Greek languages, polite literature, philosophy and divinity; and in the year 1496, he was sent for further improvement to the university of Tubingen. Here he attended the lectures of the different professors for above four years, and during this period he made himself a tolerable proficient in the Hebrew language. In 1500, John Capnio, who then came to Tubingen, assisted him greatly in improving his acquaintance with this tongue. In 1501, Pellican was ordained priest at Pfortzheim, and immediately returned to the convent of Ruffach. He had now acquired so high a reputation for learning and knowledge, that in 1502, he was appointed professor of divinity in the convent belonging to his order at Basil. This situation was peculiarly acceptable to him, as it proved the means of introducing him to the acquaintance of the eminent literary characters who frequented that city; and also of the learned printers for whom it was famous, who engaged his assistance in editing the complete works of St. Augustine, and of St. Chrysostom. He became intimate with the celebrated John Froben, who never suffered him to want useful books.

In 1504, cardinal Raymund, Alexander VI.'s legate, hearing of the great merits of Pellican, tried him by an examination which lasted some hours, created him licentiate in divinity, and with this extraordinary distinction, that, when arrived at the age of thirty, he should succeed to the title of doctor in that faculty, without going through any other forms. These titles, however, Pellican would not assume for more than forty years. The cardinal was so well pleased with our young professor, that he intended to take him on a visit to Rome, and Pellican actually set out on his journey; but being soon afterwards seized with a feverish disorder, he returned to Basil. In 1508, he was appointed to fill the divinity chair at Ruffach; and was afterwards elected successively guardian of the convent belonging to his order at Pfortzheim, and in that town. While he held these offices, he made himself master of the Chaldee dialect, and read with great attention the Targum of Onkelos, on the Pentateuch, and various Jewish commentators on the Old Testament writings. In 1516, he was sent to attend a general congregation of the Minorite order at Rouen, in Normandy; and he was afterwards their representative in a general congregation held at Rome. In 1519, he was appointed guardian of the convent at Basil, and renewed his learned connections and intimacies in that place. By reading the writings of Luther, which were about this time brought to Basil, the doubts which he formerly begun to entertain respecting some of the leading tenets of the papal church, were strengthened and con