trial he was acquitted. His accusers alleged, that the royal influence saved him on this occasion; but Berquin, ascribing his acquittal to the justness of his cause, spoke and wrote with more boldness than ever. Whereupon he was again apprehended, and a fresh process commenced against him, upon a new accusation of pernicious errors. The decision was, that the books should be burnt, and himself along with them, unless he should retract his errors, and make a proper submission. Being a man of an undaunted and heroic spirit, he refused to make any recantation, and in all probability would have suffered at this time, had not some of the judges procured that decision to be re-examined, and the cause heard afresh. Some say that this was owing to the interference of the queen, then regent. Be that as it may, Francis I., returning from Spain, wrote to the parliament to be cautious how they proceeded in the affair against his counsellor. Accordingly, Berquin was soon after liberated; which him such courage, that he commenced a prosecution for irreligion against his accusers. Erasmus advised him against this measure, and the event proved his advice salutary; for the issue of this third trial was, that he was sentenced to make a public recantation; which he, with the heroism of a primitive martyr, refusing, he was condemned as an obstinate heretic, to be strangled on the Greve, and afterwards burnt. This he suffered, with undaunted resolution, at Paris, A. D. 1529; being then about forty years of age.

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JAMES STURMIUS, a learned German, born at Strasburg in 1489. He rendered the most important services to his country, by contributing greatly to the reformation of religion at Strasburg; to the erection of a college there, and to his friend Sleidan's History of the Reformation in Germany. He also served his country essentially as an ambassador to different foreign courts, and as a deputy to the diets of the empire. This learned reformer died at Strasburg, October 30th, 1553.

JOHN VALDES, a Spanish reformer and a lawyer, was knighted by Charles V. During a tour in Germany he imbibed the principles of Luther; and afterwards settled in Italy, and chiefly at Naples, where he became secretary to the king. During his abode in this city, he communicated his sentiments to several persons, and particularly to Peter Martyr and Ochinus. But though in his religious sentiments he concurred with the reformers, and in his notions with respect to the Trinity with those that were denominated Unitarians, he does not appear to have formed any separation from the church of Rome. His disciples, however, were numerous, and attracted the notice of the Inquisition; the dread of which induced several of them to quit the country, and others to retract their opinions. Valdes

died at Naples about the year 1540, with an established character for piety and virtue, and leaving several works, particularly" Commentaries on various parts of the New Testament, &c." some of which have been inserted in the Index of the Inquisition, and others censured by the reformers.

ANDREW BODENSTEIN CAROLOSTADT, CARLOSTADT, an early Lutheran divine, was a native of Carlostadt in Franconia, whence he derived his usual name. He studied in Germany, and Italy, and became canon, archdeacon, and theological professor, at Wittemberg. He was dean of that university in 1512, when Luther received the degree of doctor; and when that reformer began to preach against popery, Carolostadt joined him and became his colleague. As he was of a warm impatient temper, inclined to enthusiasm, and disposed to carry reformation to its full length, he took the opportunity of Luther's absence in 1552, and excited great tumults at Wittemberg, by suppressing private masses, removing the images from the churches, and abolishing the law of clerical celibacy. These steps, however, he did not take merely on his own authority, but with the concurrence of Melancthon, Amsdorff, and other divines, and under the sanction of the elector of Saxony. Luther, however, either disapproving such violent changes, or displeased that they were made without his authority, broke with Carolostadt on his return. The latter returned to Orlamund, and widened the breach by attacking the opinions of Luther, he taught that the sacramental rite was only a commemoration of Christ's death; and he explained away the force of "This is my body," by saying that Christ then pointed to his own body, not to the bread. Carolostadt was the first of the Protestant divines who took a wife; for which action at least, Luther did not disapprove of him, since he soon followed his example. He was more unfortunate that he caught a portion of the fanaticism of the Anabaptists and other pretenders to immediate inspiration, which induced him to propose abolishing the civil law, and the constitutions of the German empire, and to substitute the laws of Moses in their place. He also declaimed against the universities, assumed the occupation and habit of a labourer, and displayed such marks of a perverted understanding, as caused his banishment from the electorate of Saxony. He repaired to Switzerland, and taught his doctrines at Zurich and other places; but he seems to have recovered in some degree from his fanaticism, since he wrote a work expressly against enthusiasm, and the tenets and proceedings of the Anabaptists, which he addressed to Luther, and which occasioned a reconciliation between them, with permission for him to return into Saxony. The conformity of Zuingle's doctrine on the eucharist, with his own, induced him however, to return to Switzerland, and he became

pastor and professor of divinity at Basil, where he died in 1541. His memory has been treated with peculiar severity by the Roman catholics, who have retailed some absurd stories concerning him and his dispute with Luther.

HENRY EPPENDORF, a nobleman of Germany, who acquired celebrity by disputing with Erasmus. He was born near Friburg, and was the son of a plebeian. He reflected on the illegitimate birth of Erasmus, who in return retorted against his adversary. The interference of friends produced a reconciliation, but it was momentary, and a war of letters arose more fierce and inveterate.

THOMAS MUNCER, a furious German anabaptist, who headed 40,000 men, and committed dreadful ravages; but was at length defeated by the prince of Hesse, taken prisoner and beheaded at Mulhausen, in 1525.

FRANCIS BERNIA, or BERNI, a Florentine ecclesiastic, who died in 1543. He obtained the patronage of Clement XII., and distinguished himself so much as a satirical poet, that a species of burlesque was called, among the Italians, Berniasque. His Orlando Inamorato Risatto is much esteemed.

HERMAN DE WIDA, joined Luther, Melancthon, and Bucer in effecting the reformation, and was raised to the archbishopric of Cologne in 1515, but resigned in 1547, and died in 1552. His opinions of church government approached the nearest of all the German reformers, to the doctrines of the church of England.

JAMES LOPEZ STUNICA, a Spanish priest of the university of Alcala, who wrote against Erasmus and against the notes of James le Fevre, on St. Paul's Epistles. He published also an account of a journey from Alcala to Rome, entitled, "Itinerarium, dum Completo Romain profisciceretur." He died at Naples in 1530.

GREGORY CORTEZ, or CORTEZIO, a learned cardinal, was born at Modena. He became auditor of the causes under Leo X., and afterwards entered into the Benedictine order. Paul III. created him a cardinal in 1542. He died at Rome in 1548, leaving "Epistolarum Familiarum," and other works.

PAUL BUSH, the first bishop of Bristol, became a student at Oxford, about 1513, and in 1518 took the degree of B.A. He afterwards became a brother of the order of "Bonshommes;" of which, after studying some time among the friars of St. Augustin, now Wadham college, he was elected provincial. In that station he lived many years, till Henry VIII. being informed of his great knowledge in divinity and physic, made him his chaplain, and in 1542 appointed him to the new episcopal see of Bristol; but having in the reign of Edward

VI. taken a wife, he was on the accession of Mary, deprived of his dignity, and spent the remainder of his life at Bristol, where he died in 1558, aged 68. Wood says, that while he was a student at Oxford, he was numbered among the celebrated poets of that university; and Pits gives him the character of a faithful catholic. He wrote an exhortation to Margaret Burgess, wife to John Burgess, clothier of Kingswood, in the county of Wilts, 8vo. Notes on the Psalms. Treatise in praise of the cross. Answer to certain queries, concerning the abuses of the mass. Dialogues between Christ and the Virgin Mary. Treatise on Slaves and curing remedies. The extirpation of ignorance, &c. in verse, Lond. by Pinson, 4to. Carmina Diversa.

JOHN BAPTIST FOLENGIS, was a native of Mantua, and born in 1490. He entered among the Benedictines, in which he rose to the highest offices, and the pope appointed him visitor of the monasteries. He endeavoured, though in vain, to effect an union between the catholics and protestants, and died at his native place in 1550. His Commentaries, particularly on the Psalms, are commended by Dupin and Thuanus.

GASPAR DE SCHWENCKFELDT, a religious enthusiast, of a noble family of Silesia, was born at the castle of Ossig, in the duchy of Lignitz, in 1490. After passing some years with the duke, to whom he was counsellor, he began to learn the Greek language, and to study the Scriptures and fathers of the church. He joined the Protestant party; but upon examining the doctrines and rites established by Luther, he found many things which appeared to him to be erroneous. He accordingly formed opinions for himself, and began to propagate them in Silesia, after which he went to Strasburg, Augsburg, and other imperial cities, every where inculcating his peculiar tenets, and every where encountering the enmity of the zealots of other sects. His morals were pure, his piety fervent, and his sincerity unquestionable; but he had a great propensity to fanaticism, which induced him to believe that he received the doctrines which he taught, from immediate divine inspiration. He differed from Luther in three principal points-With regard to the Eucharist, he inverted the words this is my body," and would have them understood thus, my body is this, that is, such as this bread which is broken and consumed; a true and real food, which nourishes and satisfies the soul. My blood is this, that is, such in its effects as the wine, which strengthens and refreshes the heart." With respect to the efficacy of the divine word, he denied that the external word which is committed to writing in the Scriptures, possesses the power of healing, illuminating, and renewing the mind; and he ascribed this power to the internal word, which,

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according to his notion, was Christ himself. He would not allow Christ's human nature, in its exalted state, to be called a creature, or a created substance, which denomination appeared to him infinitely beneath its dignity. To these and other mystical notions he was so much devoted, that he passed a life of wandering and contention in propagating them, and, by means of his eloquence and zeal, he obtained a great number of followers. He died at Ulm, in the year 1561. He had founded a church in Silesia. His works have been frequently reprinted. FR. ANDRES DE OLMOS, was born near Ôria, in the district of Burgos, and was brought up in the house of a married sister at Olmos, near Valadolid from which place he took his name. At the age of twenty he took the Franciscan habit in the convent of Valladolid. He distinguished himself by his application to theological studies, and was sent by Charles V., as one of the inquisitorial commissioners against the witches of Biscay. He acquitted himself so much to the satisfaction of his companion Zuinarraga, that when the latter was appointed bishop of Mexico, in 1528, he took Olmos with him to the new world. Here his zeal was wisely directed, and he began a series of labours which entitle him to the respect of posterity. He found it necessary to learn four languages, viz. the Mexican, the Totonica, the Tepheua, and the Guaxteca. Of the two first he wrote grammars, and vocabularies, which have been of essential service to other missionaries. He was author of many religious tracts, in the different languages of the tribes, among whom he passed the greater part of his life, enduring with patience and fortitude every kind of privation and difficulty. He lived however, to a great age, and died in October, 1471. He is ranked among the poets of Spain, having translated into Castilian verse a Latin work upon heresy, by Alonzo de Castro.

ROBERT REID, a learned Scottish prelate, was born in the reign of James IV. He received his education at the university of Aberdeen, where, after he had finished the course of his studies in the belles-lettres and philosophy, he went over to the university of Paris, where he studied theology and law. He returned to Scotland in the year 1540, and was made bishop of Orkney. He had likewise bestowed upon him several dignities both in church and state; being made by king James V., one of the lords of the privy council, one of the senators of the college of justice, and president to the session. In 1558, on the marriage of the young queen with the dauphin of France, the parliament made choice of our prelate to negociate that important affair. After the solemnities of the marriage were over, our prelate, returning to Scotland, died suddenly at Dieppe, on the 14th of September, 1558. He is the author of a geographical description of the islands