that in which he lived; and his contemporaries, whom he far surpassed, did not perceive the whole elevation of his character, or the influence which he had on the revolutions experienced by Sweden. His translation of the New Testament was printed at Stockholm, in folio, in 1526. This translation is preferred in many respects to that edition of the Swedish Bible which was published at Stockholm in 1541.

ANDREW ÔSIANDER, a Lutheran divine, born at Bavaria, in 1498. He studied at Wittemberg, and became professor of theology at Koningsberg. He denied the doctrine of imputed righteousness, which gave rise to a controversy between him and other Lutheran divines. He died in 1522.

RICHARD COX, a learned prelate and principal pillar of the Reformation, born at Whaddon, in Buckinghamshire, in 1499. He was educated at Eton and King's college Cambridge. He was invited by Wolsey to be on his new foundation at Oxford; but his open avowal of Luther's principles was censured by the university, and he was stripped of his offices and imprisoned. Afterwards he was made master of Eton school, and by the favour of Cranmer, he was made dean of Christ Church. As tutor to Edward VI. he became a favourite at court, was made privy counsellor, chancellor of Oxford, and dean of Westminster. On the accession of queen Mary he was stripped of his preferments and committed to the Marshalsea. Being released, he immediately left the kingdom. Having resided some time at Strasburg with his intimate friend Peter Martyr. On the death of queen Mary he returned to England, and, with other divines, was appointed to revise the liturgy. He often preached before queen Elizabeth; and in 1559 was preferred to the see of Ely, which he enjoyed upwards of twenty-one years. He was, however, no favourite with the queen, on account of his zealous opposition to her retaining the crucifix and wax candles on the altar of the royal chapel, and his strenuous defence of the marriage of the clergy, which she always disapproved. He died July 22d, 1581. He was a great advocate for the marriage of the clergy, and he was the first who brought a wife to live in the college. Bishop Cox was undoubtedly a learned man, and, in many points, a respectable character; but that he was bigoted and intolerant cannot be denied by those who impartially weigh his history. He wrote several theological tracts, but he is chiefly known for the active part he took in the compilation of the liturgy. The four gospels-the acts of the apostles-and the epistle to the Romans, were also translated by him, in the Bishop's Bible.

JOHN ÆPINUS, an eminent reformer, was born in the marche of Brandenburg, in 1499. From being a Franciscan

friar, he became a zealous follower of Luther, whose doctrines he propagated with ardour at Stratsund and Hamburgh, at the latter of which places he was ecclesiastical inspector, and pastor of the church of St. Peter. He died in 1553.

JOHN HENTENIUS, a Dominican, was born in France, in 1499. He was educated in Portugal, and became a Dominican at Louvain, where he died in 1566.

MARTIN BORRHAUS, a learned professor of divinity at Basil, was first named Cellarius. He was born at Stutgard in 1499, and acquired the friendship of Melancthon, at Wittemberg, where he had many scholars. But afterwards falling in with Stubner, the anabaptist, he adopted his fanaticism, and in a conference with Luther, in 1522, showed an extravagant de. gree of zeal. In 1525, being in Prussia, he was imprisoned on account of his principles, which, however, he still defended, and wrote several books to support them. Opinions, true or false are not to be altered by compulsion. Reason alone can convince. The failure of the prophecies of his brother fanatics respecting the immediate renovation of all things, at last converted him, and made him not only change his profession, but even his name. He returned to Basil in 1536, turned glazier for a livelihood, married, and at last was admitted professor of rhetoric and divinity in that university. He wrote Notes on Aristotle's politics, in 1545; A Commentary on Aristotle's rhetoric, in 1551; another on the Pentateuch, in 1557; one on Isaiah and the Revelations, in 1561; and one on Job and Ecclesiastes, in 1564. He died at Basil, in 1564, of the plague.

JOHN BRENTIUS, or BRENTZEN, one of the earliest Lutheran divines, was born at Wil, in Suabia, in 1499. He retained a great part of the popish doctrine of the real presence, and attempted to explain and defend it by the notion of the ubiquity of Christ since his ascension, whence the appellation of " Ubiquitarians," has been applied to a class of Lutherans. On the subject of baptism he had also peculiar notions, and he maintained, in the extreme, Luther's opinion concerning justification. In the assemblies at Worms and Ratisbon, he distinguished himself as an ardent disputant, and he was charged with promoting the religious war of 1546, which rendered him particularly objectionable to Charles V. After the death of Luther he assumed a considerable lead in his party. He was twice married; and in 1570 died at Tubingen, where he was theological professor, leaving behind him a numerous progeny. His works have been published in 8 vols. folio.

JOHN TAUSEN, called the "Dan Luther," because he was one of the first promoters of the Reformation in Denmark, was born of parents who were peasants in the isle of Fyen, in

the year 1499. Having finished his course of education, he became a monk in the convent of the order of St. John of Jerusalem, at Antoonkow, and here he ingratiated himself so much with the prior, that he obtained a pension for travelling into foreign countries, on condition that he should avoid Wittemberg, which was at that time the focus of heresy. In his progress he visited Louvain and Cologne, where he had an opportunity of perusing some of the works of Luther; with which he was so captivated that he could not resist the inclination of proceeding to Wittemberg, notwithstanding the prior's interdict. In this place he pursued his studies under the instruction of Melancthon with such success that he was appointed to give public lectures on theology in the university of Copenhagen. În his convent, to which he was soon recalled, he frequently preached; and at length, viz. in 1524, publicly avowed himself a disciple of Luther. The consequence was his expulsion from the convent of Antoonkow, and his retirement to another at Wiborg. As he here propagated his doctrine, he was imprisoned by the prior; but by this act of severity he was emboldened to proceed, and preached to the populace from a window. Being liberated in 1526, he was in the same year appointed chaplain to the king, and permitted to preach openly at Wiborg. He soon acquired a number of followers, who went to church armed, in order to protect him from the violence of the papists. In 1529 he was invited to officiate in the church of St. Nicholas, at Copenhagen; and in the following year he attended as director at a conference which took place in that city between the Lutherans and the Roman Catholics. On the death of Frederic I., he was banished from Zealand, but being after a few days invited to return, he was appointed clergyman and lecturer in theology at Roschkild. In 1542 he was advanced to the episcopal chair of Ribe, and died in the year 1561. Tausen, besides an improved Danish translation of the Psalms, printed in 1544, and at Copenhagen in 1557, was the author of several works, consisting of Danish hymns, and treatises on the doctrine of Luther. A full account of his meritorious services may be found in professor Munter's History of the Reformation in Denmark, &c.

JOHN REDMAN, or REDMAYNE, a learned divine, descended of a Yorkshire family, and born in 1499. He studied first at Oxford, then at Paris, and lastly at St. John's college, Cambridge, where he became D.D. in 1534. He was also appointed public orator of that university, and master of King's hall, which office he resigned on being preferred to the headship of Trinity college. He was besides archdeacon of Taunton, and prebendary of Wells and Westminster. He died in 1551. Dr. Redmayne was one of the compilers of the English liturgy; and the author of " Opus de justificatione,"

"Hymnus in quo precator justificationem quærens rude imagine des cribitur," "The Complaint of Grace," "Resolutions concerning the sacrament," &c.

THOMAS GOODRICH, an English bishop, was a native of Lincolnshire, and educated at Benet college, Cambridge, where he took his master's degree in 1514. He was raised to the bishopric of Ely, in 1534, and proved a zealous promoter of the Reformation. He was made lord chancellor in 1551; and, though the seals were taken from him by Mary, he was suffered to retain his bishopric. He died in 1554.

MATTHEW BANDELLO, bishop of Agen, was born at Castlemovo, in the Milanese. He was first a Dominican monk, and distinguished himself by writing novels in the manner of Boccace. When his country was invaded by the Spaniards, he went to France, and there, in 1550, obtained the bishopric of Agen, but resigned it in 1555. He died in 1561. The best edition of his novels, is that printed at London in four vols. 4to. 1740.

ALBERT PIGHIUS, a Romish divine, was born at Campen, in Holland, and received his education at Louvain, where he wrote with great bitterness against the reformers. He died at Utrecht in 1542,

HISTORY, BIOGRAPHY, AND ANTIQUITIES.

GEORGE PHRANZA, or PHRANZES, a modern Greek historian, was employed from his youth in the service of the Byzantine court, and was chamberlain to the emperor Manuel Palæologus, who died in 1425, when Phranza was twenty-four years of age. John, the successor of Manuel, made Phranza master of his wardrobe. Constantine, the last emperor of the East, sent him ambassador to the courts of Georgia and Trebizond, to negociate for his marriage. When the Turks under Mahomet II., in 1453, took Constantinople, Phranza with his family underwent the common lot of captivity, and remained four months in slavery. Being then set at liberty, he ransomed his wife, but his two children, a son and a daughter, in the flower of youth, were seized for the seraglio and lost to their unhappy parents. Phranza afterwards became domestic of prince Thomas, brother of the deceased Constantine, who employed him in various embassies. He assumed the monastic habit before his death, which took place at a very advanced age. At the request of some noble Corcyreans he drew up a chronicle of the affairs of Constantinople and the Morea, to most of which he had been a witness. This work he brought down to the year 1461. Though

many MSS. of the Greek originals are extant in libraries, it has been published only in the Latin version, or abstract of James Pontanus.

JOHN HARDING, author of an English Chronicle. He died in 1461.

ARABSCHAH, a Mahometan writer, was born at Damascus, where he died in the year 1460. He wrote a history of Tamerlane, entitled, "The wonderful effects of the Divine decrees in the affairs of Tamerlane ;" and a theological treatise "Of the unity of God."

JAMES BRACELLI, an Italian historian and antiquary, was born at Sarzano, in Tuscany. He became secretary to the republic of Genoa, but refused the honour of that appointment when offered by pope Nicholas V., who was his countryman. He died in 1460.

PIETRO PORCELLIO, an historian and poet, was born at Naples, of the family of Pandoni. In the latter part of his life, he resided chiefly at Rome, where he taught Latin. In 1434 he was imprisoned by order of pope Eugenius IV., for taking a part in the tumults which drove that pontiff from Rome. When he was released, he passed some time in exile. He then became secretary to Alphonso, king of Naples, by whose order he joined the Venetian army engaged against Francesco Sforza, for the avowed purpose of becoming the historiographer of that war. He was, after this, employed in other official situations, but was never able to rise to any degree of affluence. The time of his death is not known, but it is supposed to have taken place during the pontificate of Paul II. He was regarded as one of the most eminent Latin poets of his time. His style in prose is better than in verse. Some of his Latin poems have been printed in collections, and his History of the War, of which he was a witness, was published by Muratori.

JOHN LONGINUS DLUGOSS, a Polish historian, was born in 1415, at Bizeznich, a town in Poland, of which his father was governor. When John was in his sixth year, his father received an appointment to be governor of Rorczyn. At this place our historian began his education, which was carried on in various towns of which his father successively became governor, until he was at last sent to Cracow. Here he found a friend in Zbigneus, bishop of the place, who was a patron of learned men. This prelate was so pleased with his conduct as to appoint him one of his executors, and give him some considerable preferments. In 1450 Dlugoss went to Palestine, and on his return became tutor to the sons of Casimir IV., but lost the king's favour for some time, and was banished for espousing the cause of an ecclesiastic, to