art under the best masters. He afterwards visited Rome, and other towns in Italy, and carefully examined the architectural remains of antiquity. At Naples he was employed by cardinal Caraffa in rebuilding the convent Dell a Pace; and the reputation he acquired by this work gained him the protection of pope Alexander VI., for whom he executed several considerable designs. Julius II. made him superintendant of his buildings. It was under this pontiff that Bramante conceived the noble project of connecting the Belvidere palace with the Vatican by means of two grand galleries carried across a valley. Bramante accompanied pope Julius to Bologna in 1504, where he was employed to fortify the town; and during the war of Mirandola, he gave several proofs of his knowledge in the military art. Returning to Rome, he embellished the city with a variety of fine buildings, which led the way to the mighty work which has principally immortalized his name. This was the cathedral of St. Peter's, which, at his persuasion, pope Julius substituted for the ancient church of that name, with the express intention of making an edifice worthy of the capital of Christendom. Before the death of the pope, in 1513, the building was advanced to the entablature, and the four great arches for the support of the dome were erected at the time of the death of Bramante, in 1514. Bramante was much honoured during life, and lamented at his death. His character was gentle and obliging. He was fond of encouraging young artists; and he invited to Rome the great Raphael, who was his cousin, and whom he instructed in architecture, and caused to be employed in the Vatican. He cultivated poetry with success, and sometimes composed extemporaneously to his harp. He was the inventor of a manner of constructing arches, by casting in wooden moulds a mixture of lime, marble-dust, and water, supposed to be a renovation of the stucco of the ancients. His poetical works were printed at Milan in 1756.

SIMONE CRONACA, a Florentine architect, born in the year 1454. He travelled to Rome and other cities of Italy to study and take exact measurement of the antique edifices. Returning to Florence, he acquired considerable reputation, and was employed to finish the Palazzo Strozzi, begun by Benedetto da Maiano. Amongst his other works at Florence, are the "Sagresty of the church of Santa Spirito, and the church of S. Francesco del Osservanza," at S. Miniato, in the suburbs of that city. He died in 1509, and was buried in the church of St. Ambrogio.

JOHN JOCONDUS, or JOCUNDUS, an architect, was born at Verona. He was a Dominican, and practised as an architect at Rome and at Paris, in which last city he built two bridges over the Seine. While resident there he recovered VOL. IV.

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some of the epistles of Pliny the younger, and the work of Julius Obsequens on Prodigies, which he adapted for publication, and sent to Aldus, by whom they were printed in 1508. He illustrated Cæsar's Commentaries with notes and figures. On his return to Italy, he published an edition of Vitruvius. His last work was a bridge over the Adige at Verona. He died about 1530.

ALBERTI ARISTOTILE, a learned mechanic of Bologna. In 1455 he transported the tower of St. Mary del Tempis thirty-five paces; and at Cento he set upright another which was five feet out of its perpendicular. He was employed in Bohemia and Russia upon several public works, for which, in the former country, he obtained the title of chevalier, with the privilege of coining money.

ANTONIO DE SAN-GALLO, a celebrated architect, was born in the duchy of Florence. His father, Antonio Picconi, followed the trade of a cooper, and Antonio was brought up to the business of a joiner. He had two uncles, Giuliano and Antonio San-Galla, architects of considerable reputation at home, under whose tuition he placed himself, and assumed their name. He soon exhibited considerable talents, and his progress in the art made him known to Bramante, who, in 1512, entrusted him with the execution of several works. He was soon employed by several cardinals; and in the pontificate of Leo X., when his uncle Giuliano quitted Rome, he was appointed to succeed him as architect of St. Peter's, in conjunction with Raphael. He was also very skilful as an engineer, and Leo adopted a plan which he gave for the fortification of Civita Vecchia. Clement VII. employed him in enlarging and embellishing the Vatican palace, and in repairing the fortifications of Parma and Placentia. He is also celebrated for having constructed a remarkable well at Orvietto, which had two staircases for the descent and ascent of beasts of burden. He was in high favour with Paul III., by whom he was employed in many important works as architect and engineer; and when Charles V. visited Rome, after his Tunisian expedition, San Gallo planned the triumphal decorations with which he was received. The Pauline chapel, and the magnificent staircases by which the chapels of the Vatican communicate with St. Peter's were of his construction. The grandest effort of his genius was a wooden model of St .Peter's, which, however, was not closely followed. As he was noted for the solidity of his building, he was employed to strengthen the foundation of the Vatican, and the great columns which support the cupola of St. Peter's. The pope having engaged him to survey the inundations of the lake of Marmora, the heat and exhalations from the foul water caused a disease, of which he died in the year 1546.

. SIR RICHARD LEE, an English architect, who flourished in the reign of Henry VIII. He was master-mason, and master of the pioneers in Scotland. Henry gave him the manor of Sopewell, in Hertfordshire, and he himself bestowed a brazen font on the church of Verulam, or St. Alban's; within a mile of which place, out of the ruins of the abbey he built a seat, called Lee's place. The font was taken in the Scottish wars, and had served for the baptizing of the royal children of that kingdom.

JOHN OF PADUA, an Italian architect, who came into England during the reign of Henry VIII. He was termed "Devisor of his Majesty's buildings;" and in one of the office books, mention is made of a payment to him of 131. 10s. John de Padua is mentioned again in Rymer's Foedera, on the grant of 2s. per diem. It appears that John of Padua was not only an architect, but a musician, a profession remarkably acceptable to Henry.

ROBERT COCHRAN, a Scotch architect, whom James III. employed in building several structures. That monarch raised him to the dignity of earl of Mar, and distinguished him by so many marks of his favour, that the other nobles rose, seized the favourite in the royal presence, and hanged him on the bridge of Lauder in 1484.

SCULPTURE.

MATTEO CIVITALI, an eminent sculptor and architect, was born at Lucca, where, amongst many other works, he constructed in 1444, the little temple, which contains the miraculous crucifix, in the church of St. Martino, a statue of St. Sebastian, and another of the Madonna, which was placed at an angle of the church, on the outside; which works Vasari considers as no wise inferior to those of his master, Giacomo della Quercia. But the greatest work of Civitali in sculpture, is in the chapel of St. John the Baptist at Geneva, where he left six admirable and highly finished statues of white marble, representing Adam, Eve, Abraham, Abias, Zacharias, and Elizabeth.

LEWIS ANICHINI, a gem sculptor and medallist. His most celebrated work is a medal which he designed for pope Paul III. on which was represented the interview between Alexander the Great and the High Priest, at Jerusalem, so exquisitely finished, that Michael Angelo viewing it, exclaimed, Anichini had carried the art to the height of perfection.

BACCIO D'AGNOLO, a Florentine sculptor and architect, was born in 1460. He first acquired notice by his inlaid work, applied to ornamental purposes, both in churches and

houses. He next distinguished himself by carving in wood, and last obtained a great reputation in architecture, of which many public edifices yet remain in Florence. His principal work is the Bartolini palace, with the garden belonging thereto. He died in 1543.

JAMES SANSOVINO, called FALTI, a sculptor and architect, was born at Florence in 1479. The mint, and the library of St. Marco at Venice, are magnificent specimens of his skill. When a tax was laid upon the inhabitants of Venice, Titian and himself were exempted. He died in 1570. His son, Francis Sansovino, took his degrees in law at Padua, but afterwards set up a printing-office at Venice, where he died in 1586. He published a translation of Plutarch's Chronology of the World; Annals of the Ottoman Empire; and a collection of novels.

NICHOLAS BACHELIER, an eminent French sculptor and architect. He studied under Michael Angelo, and he ornamented the churches of Thoulouse, his native city, by the productions of his pencil. He died about 1554.

BACIO BANDINELLI, a celebrated sculptor and painter of Florence, born in 1487. Though he distinguished himself by his skill in both lines, he chiefly excelled in sculpture; and his group of the Laocoon is much admired. He died in 1559.

BENEDETTO DA ROVEZZANO, a celebrated Italian sculptor, who came into England during the reign of Henry VIII. Cardinal Wolsey, in 1524, says lord Hubert, began a monument for himself in Westminster, erecting a small chapel adjoining to St. George's church, which was to contain his tomb; the design was so glorious that it far exceeded that of Henry VII. One Benedetto, a statuary of Florence took it in hand, and continued it till 1529, receiving for so much as was already done 4250 ducats. The cardinal, adds the historian, when this was finished, did purpose to make a tomb for Henry, but on his fall, the king made use of so much as he found fit, and called it his. After the death of Wolsey, Henry took Benedetto into his own service, and employed him on the same tomb which his majesty had now adopted for himself. He likewise executed several works of marble and bronze for Henry, and got an ample fortune, with which he returned to his native country; but his eyes having suffered by working in the foundery, he grew blind in 1550, and died soon after.

PIETRO TORREGGIANO, a celebrated Italian sculptor, who flourished in England in the reign of Henry VIII. The superb tomb of his father, says Stowe, was not finished till the eleventh year of this king, 1519. It was made, adds the same author, by one Peter of Florence, for which he received one thousand pounds, for the whole stuff and workmanship. This Peter, Vertue discovered to be Pietro Torreggiano,

a valuable sculptor. That he was here appears by a book of acts, orders, decrees, and records, of the Court of Requests, printed in 1592, in quarto, where it is said p. 60, that in a cause between two Florentine merchants, Peter de Bardi, and Bernard Cavalcanti, heard before the council at Greenwich, master. Peter Torreggiano, a Florentine sculptor was one of the witTo Torreggiano Vertue ascribes likewise the tomb of Margaret, countess of Richmond, the mother of Henry VII., and that of Dr. Young, master of the rolls, in the chapel of the rolls, in Chancery-lane. There is a head of Henry VIII. in plaster, at Hampton-court, supposed to be by the same

nesses.

master.

ENGRAVING.

JOHNSON LAURENCE COSTER, is said to have lived at Haarlem, and to have been the first inventor of the art of engraving on wood, which gave rise to that of printing. The anxiety of the Dutch to show that their country gave birth to the noble art of printing may have produced many improbable stories concerning this man. It is said that walking in a wood near Haarlem, he amused himself by cutting letters upon the bark of a tree, which he impressed upon paper. Improving this incident, he proceeded to cut single letters upon wood, and uniting them by means of thread, he printed a line or two for his children. It is added that he afterwards printed a book, entitled, "Speculum Salvationis;" but baron Heinectoin, who has minutely investigated the whole story, considers it as not entitled to the least credit; and pronounces the prints, attributed to Coster, to be the works of a later date. He is said to have died in 1441.

THOMAS MASO, a goldsmith of Florence, said to have invented, by accident, the art of taking impressions from engravings on copper. He flourished 1480.

MARC ANTONIO RAIMONDI, an engraver, was born in Bologna about 1488. He studied under Francisco Francia, a painter; after which he turned his attention wholly to engraving, and copied some of the works of Albert Durer so perfectly, that they were sold for originals. He formed a school at Rome, where he brought himself into trouble by engraving the infamous designs of Julio Romano, for which he was some time imprisoned. He died about 1540.

DE AUGUSTINE MUSIS, a noted engraver, better known by the name of Agostino Veneziano, or Augustin the Venetian, was a native of Venice, and scholar of Raimondi. His first dated print appeared in 1509. After the death of Raphael in 1520, Agostino, and Mare de Ravenna,