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his disciple, separated, and worked upon their own account. Agostino's latest prints are dated 1536; whence it is supposed he did not long survive that period. He imitated the style of his master, and was the most successful of all his scholars; though in taste and correctness of outline, he fell short of him.

PHILIP ADLER, an engraver, was a German of whose life we have no account, nor is it known from whom he learned the art of engraving, or rather etching, for he made but little use of the graver in his works. At a time when etching was hardly discovered, and carried to no perfection by the greatest artists, he produced such plates as not only far excelled all that went before him, but laid the foundation of a style, which his imitators have, even to the present time, scarcely improved. His point is firm and determined, and his shadows broad and perfect. Although his drawing is incorrect, and his draperies stiff, yet he appears to have founded a school to which we owe the Hopfers, and even Hollar himself. Mr. Strutt notices only two plates now known by him, both dated 1518. In one of them he is styled Philipus Adler Patricius.

BOTANY..

WILLIAM HORMAN, an English botanist and divine, was a native. of Salisbury, and educated at Winchester school, after which he became fellow of New College, Oxford. In 1485 he was chosen school-master and fellow of Eton, and at length vice-provost of that college. Among other books he wrote one entitled, Herbarum Synonyma. He also compiled indices to the ancient authors De Re Rustica. He died in 1535.

CHEMISTRY.

GEORGE, or GREGORY RIPLEY, a chemist and poet, was a canon of Bridlington. He excelled in many branches of learning, and is still in repute as a considerable chemist of the lower ages. He travelled much into other countries, and studied both in France and Italy. At his return to England he became a Carmelite at St. Botolph's in Lincolnshire, and died in that fraternity in 1490. His chemical poems are nothing more than a rugged versification of the doctrines of alchemy. His capital performance is the "Compound of Alchemie," written in 1471, in the octavo metre, and dedicated to Edward IV. He has left a few other compositions on his favourite science, printed by Ashmole, who was an enthusiast in these abused species of philosophy; and some lives of saints in MS.

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MEDICINE.

JAMES DES PARTS, a physician, probably a native of Paris, though some have asserted he was born at Tournay. He became physician to Philip the Good, duke of Burgundy, and afterwards to Charles VII., king of France. He was canon of the church of Paris, and canon and treasurer of the church of Tournay, and died in this last city, about the year 1465. He was the first that wrote concerning the purple fever. In this work he displayed considerable learning, and gave a very distinct account of the disease; he recommended the letting of blood for its cure. In his time baths and stoves were so common in Paris, that having advised the magistrates to prohibit them in time of pestilence, the bagnio-keepers would have assassinated him had he not made his escape. His principal work, however, is his commentary on Avicenna. printed at Lyons, at the king's charge, and by the care of Janus Lascaris apud Johannem Trechsel, in the year 1498, in four volumes folio.

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GERMAIN COLLOT, an eminent French surgeon in the reign of Lewis XI. He was the first in the kingdom who tried the operation for the stone by the apparatus major. Before this experiment, the Italian surgeons were called into France to perform this operation. Collot observing the practice of these Italians, first practised the operation upon dead bodies, and at length upon a criminal condemned to death. This wretched man, for many years afflicted with the stone, bore the operation in the most heroic manner, and by this means his life was preserved, Lewis XI. having promised him a pardon on his recovery; and he was never afterwards tormented with the stone. Collot's skill in this operation, descended to his posterity, and his family contrived to practise it with the greatest success.

JOHN AMBROSI, an Italian physician and astronomer. His Dialogue on Astrology, 4to. Venice 1494, is in the Index Expurgatorius.

NICHOLAS LEONICENUS, an eminent Italian physician, born in 1428. He was professor of medicine at Ferrara, for above sixty years. He was the first who translated Galen's works, which he illustrated with commentaries. He also translated Hippocrates' Aphorisms, and the works of Lucian. and Dion Cassius into Italian; and wrote De Plinii et Plurium medicorum in medicina aliorum erroribus. He died in 1524, aged ninety-six.

MARCILIUS FICCINUS, a celebrated physician, divine, and philosopher, was born at Florence in 1433. His father being physician to Cosmo de Medicis, the son was noticed by

that liberal prince; and on the death of his father, Marcilius obtained the same honourable distinction. He studied not only medicine and divinity, but acquired the knowledge of both vocal and instrumental music, and could perform upon several instruments. He was profoundly skilled in the Latin, Greek and other learned languages. Under the patronage of the house of the Medici, he might have acquired not only fame, but wealth; more especially after he had, by taking holy orders, rendered himself capable of holding the valuable preferments in the church belonging to that illustrious family. But a total stranger both to covetousness and ambition, Ficcinus was content with the appointment of a canonry in the great church of St. Laurentius, in his native city, and some small estates in the vicinity, bestowed upon him by his patron. Although now an ecclesiastic, who exercised the duties of the profession, yet he continued to practise physic, the profits from which latter profession he devoted to the use of his nephews and nieces, and other collateral poor branches of his family. The cardinal John de Medicis, having been raised to the sovereign pontificate, under the name of Leo X., Ficcinus received an acquisition to his fortune. He was appointed professor of philosophy; he became exceedingly popular, and his lectures were crowded with students from every country; many of whom becoming in their turn celebrated, enhanced still higher the professor's fame. He certainly appears to have possessed great merits in the didactic chair, although in his illustrations he adopted the reveries of judicial astrology; but in this he was not singular, it was a mania that seized most of his contemporaries among the philosophers. He spent much of his time at his country house, Correggio, near Florence, at which agreeable retreat he was visited by numerous friends, who, like him, could relish the refined pleasures of rational retirement, and the charms of philosophical conversation. So respected was he, that Ficcinus could number among his friends some of the ablest of mankind, and the most exalted in rank; doctors, philosophers, bishops, cardinals, and even princes; the celebrated patron of every thing great and good, Lorenzo the magnificent, esteemed it an honour to be classed in the number. The solitude that he adopted arose from motives of inclination and necessity. Habitually contemplative, retirement was pleasing; and naturally exceeding delicate, repose from the cares and bustle of public life, at times became essential to his existence on earth. Sensible of his infirmity, he endeavoured to preserve his health by means bordering upon ridiculous superstition. He would, it has been observed, change his calotte, or under cap, six or seven times an hour. All methods, however, proved unavailing, so that he at length fell a victim to a weak constitution, at the age of sixty

six, in 1499. Sweetness of temper, moderation in disposition, and modesty of manners, were features eminently conspicuous in his character, and he was no less distinguished by his extensive learning, than his genuine piety, save that the former perhaps was too much tinctured with the Grecian philosophy, and the latter too strongly shaded with the gloom of superstition. His works are numerous and diversified; they contain observations upon physical and metaphysical, moral and religious subjects. Opuscula de Solo and Luna, various translations from the works of Plato, Plotinus, Jamblicus, Proclus, and other Platonists; and the Platonic system thus became fashionable in Italy. The translations are not always accurate, and through all a bias is evident in favour of that philosophy. He would fain persuade his readers, the writers of that school must have been believers in divine revelation. His Theologia Platonica was printed at Florence in 1482; his Epistolæ, in twelve books, at Venice, 1495; and his whole works were collected and published in two volumes, folio, at Basle, in 1576.

JAMES COYTIER, physician to Lewis XI. of France, and memorable for nothing particularly but the dexterity he showed in managing that monarch. Lewis had no principle to lay hold of, except an intense fear of dying, which most contemptible cowardice Coytier took advantage of, and often threatening his master with a speedy dissolution, obtained from time to time great and innumerable favours. Lewis, however, once recovered strength of mind enough to be ashamed of his weakness, and feeling a momentary resentment for what he then thought the insolence of his physician, ordered him to be privately despatched. Coytier, apprized of this by the officer, who was his intimate friend, replied, "that the only concern he felt about himself was not that he must die, but that the king could not survive him_above four days, and that he, Coytier, knew this by a particular science, meaning astrology, which then prevailed, and only mentioned it to him in confidence as an intimate friend." Lewis, informed of this, was frightened more than ever, and ordered Coytier to be at large as usual.

JOHN MATTHEW FERRARI, known by the surname of De Gradibus, or De Grado, from the villa in which he was born, in the Milanese, was one of the most expert physicians of his time. He practised medicine at Milan, whence he was invited to Pavia, to occupy the medical chair in that university, an appointment which he fulfilled with great applause. He was also physician to Maria Bianchi Visconti, duchess of Milan. He died in 1480. He has left three large works, which have been frequently reprinted. The first is "A Commentary on Rhases;" the second is entitled "Expositions

super vigesimam secundum Fen. 3tiæ. Canonis Avicenna," and "Rabbi Moyses."

PETER PINTOR, a native of Valentia in Spain, born in 1426; was physician to Alexander VI., whom he followed to Rome, where he practised with great success. He wrote two works of considerable merit, 1. "Aggregator Sententiarum. Doctorum de Curatione in Pestilentia," printed at Rome, 1499, in folio. 2. "De Morba Foedo et Oculto his Temporibus Affligenti," &c., printed at Rome, 1500, in 4to. black letter; a book extremely scarce, unknown to Luisini and Ashuc, and which traces the venereal disease to the year 1496. Pintor died at Rome in 1503, aged 83.

ANTONIO GALATEO, an Italian writer, was born in 1444 at Galentina in Otranto. He became physician to the king of Naples, and died at Galipoli, near Galentina, in 1517. He suggested the practicability of a voyage to India, round Africa, before the discovery of the Cape of Good Hope.

JAMES BERENGARIO, called from the place of his birth, Carpensis, and Carpus, a celebrated physician and restorer of anatomy, was born at Carpi, where his father was a surgeon. He studied under Aldus Manutius, in the palace of Alberto Pio, lord of Carpi, an illustrious patron of literature; and was employed by Alberto when young in the dissection of animals. He became professor of surgery at Bologna in 1502, which office he held a number of years, pursuing at the same time the study of anatomy with great ardour, and taking every opportunity to examine the human body. It was indeed reported, though probably the story was a vulgar calumny, that he dissected two Spaniards while yet living, and was obliged to fly for this action. He seems, in reality, to have been at length compelled by the inquisition to depart from Bologna; but this was probably owing to the freedom of his anatomical descriptions, then uncommon, and to the laxity of his moral principles in certain points. Besides his celebrity as an anatomist, he attained great fame in his medical capacity, and was particularly noted for the cure of the venereal by mercurial unctions; a practice, the discovery of which is by some ascribed to him, but falsely, though he undoubtedly contributed much to its reception. He practised in this way for some time at Rome, where he had many patients, and acquired a large sum. That singular artist Benvenuto Cellini, mentions meeting with him there, and describes him as a crafty man, intent upon gain. He says, too, that his patients suffered much from his treatment, and were made worse than before. He represents him as a lover of the fine arts, and skilful in drawing. Berengario retired at length to Ferrara, probably about 1527, where he died, and is said to have left the duke heir to his wealth. His works are-1. Commentaria cum amplissimis additionibus,

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