and scarlet robed mother, not of Christian churches, but of harlots, sitting on the beast with seven heads and ten horns, of the same colour and blasphemy, rioted in the slaughter of the true flock of the Redeemer. ' And I 'saw the woman drunken with the blood of "saints, and with the blood of the martyrs of 'Jesus; and when I saw her I wondered with great admiration* '

Towards the end of the year 1568, as we learn from a letter to be adduced, (for our biographers are wonderfully reserved in dates,) the pope was alarmed by the intimation, that the emperor of Germany intended to allow the profession of the confession of Augsburg to the barons and nobles of the archduchy of Austria, and to the other here

* Rev. xvii. v. 4-6. I cannot refrain from adding to the above an instance of two executions which occurred under the pontificate of Clement VIII. in 1595, as related by the cardinal D'Ossat, in a letter dated June 23, tome i. pp. 545-6, ed. 1714. Rome, he writes, has not been exempt from the scandal of heresy. Three weeks ago a Fleming was burnt alive in the Campo di Fiore, because he would not be converted; when an Englishman, about thirty, native of London, met the holy sacrament in procession, and gave the host a blow which knocked it out of the hands of the priest who carried it, exclaiming, that it was an idol. Within five days after, his hand and his tongue were cut off in the same place, and he was then burnt alive at the Campo di Fiore, besides that, all the way as he was led, he was burnt with flaming torches. Had the idolatry not been previously committed, this offence would not have been committed. Of how many cruel murders has transubstantiation been the cause!

ditary dominions, in consideration of a large contribution in money. Pius loses no time to send to him, as legate, a second time, cardinal Commendone, who threatened the emperor with deposition and substitution of another in his throne; and, with assistant efforts, terrified the sovereign so completely, that he referred everything to the determination of the pontiff, who appeared, says Catena, as if present with a whip in his hand; and all was settled to his holiness's wish. The letter alluded to is from Pius to Maximilian, expressing his pleasure on this termination of the business, and reminding him of his promise to drive certain heretical preachers out of the neighbouring towns. Then, urging general exertions for the good of the papacy, he concludes with admonishing his imperial subject of the fragility and inferior importance of earthly kingdoms, and the duty of making his power subservient to the advancement of the great spiritual kingdom. The date of this letter, which is in the collection so useful to us, is December 1, 1568. So the kings, then, continued to give their power to the beast and his rider. By the same means the pope preserved the church of Trent, from an attempt to seize it by the archduke of Austria.

CHAPTER V.

England-Letter of Pius to Earls of Northumberland and Westmorland —Italy—Pius's letter to Catherine of France-Bull against Queen Elizabeth-Mary Queen of Scots-Poland-Prussia-Venice-Milan

Miscellaneous Notices-Aquinas - Bonaventure-Female Pope John VIII.-Canon Law revised-Douay-National Synods.

ENGLAND will now furnish the theatre to the ambitious and energetic efforts for general dominion, and in particular, the aggrandizement and advancement of the secularized religion, of the pope, whose life and actions. are the subject of this memoir*.

Mary,

* I cannot prevail upon myself here to omit, although Ireland is principally concerned, the information given by Robert, son of Sir James, Ware, in the Second Part of his Foxes and Firebrands, Dublin, 1682 p. 35 and following. When Sir John Perrot was lord-deputy of Ireland, 1584, a Carmelite friar, Malachias Malone, was converted to protestantism, and stated certain facts before the Council in the Castle, among which was the following,-that he was employed by a Jesuit, Ludovic Freake, to convey certain instructions to Ireland, and particularly a Bull of Indulgence by Pius V., issued in the first year of his pontificate. The convert declares, that the bull was translated for him in Paris, where he was, into English, by John Warham, nephew of the archbishop. A long conversation followed with M. Freake, respecting the means of overthrowing protestantism; in the course of which the unbounded correspondence and intelligence of Pius are exultingly displayed. The statement is signed 28th of October, Anno. Dom. 1584, Malachias Malone.' Ware adds, that the original was sent to queen Elizabeth, that it is extant as a memorial of lord Burghley, and that a copy of it among his father's MSS. was given to him by John King, dean of Tuam. The important and appropriate thing is the bull, which is as follows:

queen of Scotland, and her title to the throne of England, were the great fulcrum, upon which the confederated pontifical powers on the Continent, and their acknowledged centré and head, the arch-pontiff of Rome, placed the lever, in which they principally confided,

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'Pius, the servant of servants of God, &c. Whereas we have found ' and daily find heresies increasing in several colonies, principalities, realms, and countries subject to the sacred see of St. Peter our predecessor, and they falling from and deserting our jurisdiction with their 'blasphemous and railing writings against US, our ceremonies and apostolic jurisdictions and privileges granted unto US and our successors 'from God, and formerly generally acknowledged by emperors, kings, ' and princes, to be Ours and our Predecessors' due and right.

‘We, therefore, in the name of the Holy Trinity; of the blessed 'mother of God, the Virgin Mary; of St. Peter; of St. Paul; in the 'name of the holy host of Heaven, of the Archangels and Angels; of 'the holy Apostles, Saints, and blessed Martyrs,-do anathematize all 'Heretics, lying, trading, or travelling in or amongst the same, where 6 soever dispersed over the face of the whole earth. We further will ' and authorize the wise and learned of our ecclesiastics, expert in divine 'science, to labour, endeavour, and devise all manner of devices to be 'devised, to abate, assuage, and confound those Heresies, repugnant to " our sacred Laws, that thereby these Heretics may be either recalled to 'confess their errors, and acknowledge our Jurisdiction of the see of 'Rome, or that a total infamy may be brought upon them and their pos'terities by a perpetual discord and contention among themselves, by 'which means they may either speedily perish by God's wrath, or con'tinue in eternal difference, to the reproach of Jew, Turk, Heathen, nay, 'to the Devils themselves. Given at Rome, the 6th Ide [11th] of May, 'Primo Pontif., Pius Quintus.'-Pages 40, 41. There is nothing essential, of which a perfect counterpart is not afforded by other acts of this pontiff; and the policy inculcated, which is quite that of Rome, was accurately practised, and was mournfully successful in this country not long after. See a Letter of bishop Bramhall to archbishop Usher, in Collection subjoined to the Life of the latter, pp. 611, 12.

for the dethronement and destruction, both of Elizabeth, the queen in possession, and the religion which she supported in opposition to that of Rome. The Pontifex Optimus Maximus of the Eternal City, who, as another god on earth, felt it a part of his sovereignty over nations, as well to raise up as to cast down, seemed to himself to have exercised too much and too long forbearance respecting England; and concluded, that now the country and its circumstances presented to him both a field and a call. Owing to his non-interference, and the judicious as well as equitable conduct of the queen and her government, it had enjoyed ten years of sweet peace and prosperity, acknowledged with gratitude at the time, and with regret when succeeding years had introduced a sad reverse *. We are not performing the office of a historian, but simply adapting so much of the English history, as will illustrate the interference of a pope with its concerns, to the records which remain of his proceedings. It

* See Speech of Sir Nicholas Bacon, lord-keeper, on the opening of the Parliament, 13 Eliz., 1571; D'Ewes's Journals of all the Parliaments, &c., p. 138. Watson's Important Considerations, p. 39, &c.; and the passage in the Notes from Leycester's Commonwealth, p. 162, &c., ed. 1641, as edited by the author of the present work in 1831, contain complete proof of this fact.