GENERAL INDEX.

[The figures in this Index refer to pages.]

ADOBE used in Northern Mexico, 82; in

Peru for later constructions, 243; used
by Mound-Builders, 27.

Ancient history of Mexico and Central
America in the old books and tradi-
tions, 197-200; Aztecs preceded by Tol-
tecs, and Toltecs by Colhuas, 198; Col-
huas the original civilizers, 198-9; they
may have come from South America,
198, 200; Chichimecs the original bar-
barians, 198; the Colhuas first settled
in Tabasco, 199; Mayas, Quichés, Tzen-
dals, etc., originally Colhuas, 200, 205;
Colhuan kingdom of Xibalba, 199; Col-
huas, Toltecs, and Aztecs branches of
the same people, 206; such a history
implied by the political condition in
which the country was found, 206: the-
ories of this old civilization considered,
165-183; it was original in America,
184-6.

Antiquity of man and civilization, 181-2,

273-5.

Atlantis supposed to be an ingulfed part
of America, 175-7; its destruction re-
corded in Egypt and related to Solon,
177-8; said to be recorded in old Cen-
tral American books, 176; Proclus on
remembrance of Atlantis, 178; deriva-
tion of the words Atlas, Atlantes, and
Atlantic, 179; opinions relative to for-
mer existence of such land, 180-1; ge-
ological probabilities, 181; memory of
war with the Atlantes preserved at
Athens, 178.

Aztec civilization denied in a "New His-
tory," 207-8; facts discredit this deni-
al, 208-9; Cortez found abundant sup-
plies, 208, 210; found Mexican mechan-
ics, masons, and the like, 213, 214, 215;
the city of Mexico and its great temple,
realities, 208, 212, 215; both described,
211-12; present remains of them, 214-

15.

Aztecs, the, were less civilized than their
predecessors, 221; they came from the
Antiquity of the Mexican and Central south, 217-18; when they left Aztlan,
American ruins, 151-59, 184; the great 219; how long they had been in Mexi-
forest was 450 years ago what it is now, co, 219; what they learned and borrow-
151; it covers an ancient seat of civili- ed of their neighbors, 220-1; did not
zation, 95, 151, 152; Copan forgotten adopt the phonetic ystem of writing,
and mysterious before the Conquest, 221; could not have left such ruined
152; there was a long period of history cities as Palenque and Mitla, 221; Az-
preceded by development of the civili- tecs still found at the south, 218-19.
zation, 152, 153; distinct epochs traced,
155, 156; no perishable materials left in Balboa's hunt for Peru, 223–4.
the ruins, 156-159; an extreme notion Basques, their fishing voyages to Ameri-
of their antiquity, 157, 158, 207; anoth-
er notion makes this the "oldest civil- Books of ancient America destroyed in
ization in the world," 159-61; Tyrians
saw the old cities 3000 years ago, 162-
64.
Antiquity of the Mound-Builders, 45-51;
a new river terrace formed since they
left, 47; decayed condition of their
skeletons shows antiquity, 48-9; "pri-
meval" forests found growing over
their works, 50-1.

Astronomical monument in Southern
Mexico, 122-3; at Chapultepec, 220-1;|
in Peru, 254; Mexican calendars, 214-
15; Peruvian calendars, 236. See Tel-
escopic Tubes.

ca, 62.

Mexico and Central America by the
Aztec Ytzcoatl, 189; by Spanish fanat-
icism, 188-9; a few of the later books
saved, 180-196; some of the more im-
portant, 195-6; books of hieroglyphics
in Peru, 256.
Boturini collected Mexican and Central
American books, 195; misfortunes of
his collection, 195-6.
Brasseur de Bourbourg on the antiquity
of the Mound-Builders, 53; on their
Mexican origin, 57; on their religion,
53; on the Chichimecs, 198; on Hue-
hue Tlapalan, 201; on Nahuatl chro-

nology, 204; his "Atlantic theory," 159,
160, 174-83; he has great knowledge
of American traditions and antiquities,
174; discovered the works of Ximenes
and Landa's Maya alphabet, 191, 192;
translated "Popol-Vuh," 192; he is un-
systematic, confused, and fanciful, 102,
160.

Brereton on the wild Indians of New
England, 62-5; his invented stories of
their copper and flax, 62, 63.

Calendars in Mexico, 214-15; in Peru,
236.

Central American and Southern Mexican
ruins most important, 93; their mason-
ry and ornamentation, 99-101; a great
forest covers most of them, 94, 103, 104;
a road built into the forest in 1695, 95,
151-2; this forest covers a chief seat
of the ancient civilization, 95; Cinaca-
Mecallo, 124.

Cevola, "Seven Cities" of, 85-9.
Charencey, M. de, attempts to decipher
an inscription, 292-3; his singular spec-
ulation concerning the worship of Ku-
kulcan, 293.

Charnay, Desiré, his account of Mitla,
121, 122.

Chronology of the Mexican race, 203-4;
of the Peruvians, 265-6.

Civilization, antiquity of, underrated,
181-2, 273.

Cloth of Mound-Builders, fragments of,
41.

Coin among the Muyscas, 271.
"Coliseum" at Copan, 114..
Columbus and the Mayas, 209-10.
Copan, its ruins situated in wild region,
111; first discovered in 1576, and were
then mysterious to the natives, 93, 111;
what Mr. Stephens saw there, 111, 112;
what Palacios found there 300 years
ago, 113, 114; the inscriptions, mono-
liths, and decorations, 112; seems older
than Palenque, 112, 113, 155.
Copper of Lake Superior described, 43.
Coronado's conquest of "Cevola," 85, 86.
Cortez invades Mexico, 210; his prog-
ress, 210-11; well received at the city
of Mexico, 211; driven from the city,
213; how the city was taken, 213-14; it
was immediately rebuilt, 214; the plaza
made of part of the inclosure of the
great temple, 214; Cortez could not
have invented the temple, 215.
Cross, the, not originally a Christian em-
blem, 109; vastly older than Christian-
ity as a symbolic device, 109, 110; com-
mon in Central American ruins, 109;
the assumption that it was first used as
a Christian emblem has misled inquiry
as to the age and origin of antiquities,

110.

Cuzco, Montesinos on its name, 227; was
probably built by the Incas on the site
of a ruined city of the older times, 226-
7; the ruins at Cuzco, 226, 234-5.
Egyptian pyramids totally unlike those
in America, 183; no resemblance be-
tween Egyptians and the Mexican race,
183.

Ethnology, American, discussed, 65-9;
South Americans the oldest aborigines,
68, 69, 185; Huxley's suggestion, 69.
Gallatin, Albert, on Mound-Builders, 34.
Garcilasso partly of Inca blood, 258; not

well qualified to write a history of Pe-
ru, 258-9; he began with the fable of
Manco-Capac, and confined all history
to the Incas, 259-61; was received as
an "authority," 269; his influence has
misdirected Peruvian studies, 269.
Gila, valley of, its ruins, 82.
Gold the most common metal in Peru,
250; astonishing abundance of Peru-
vian gold-work, 249-50; their gardens
made of gold, 250; amount of gold sent
from Peru to Spain, 238, 250; gold cal-
endar found recently at Cuzco, 236.

Herrara on the buildings in Yucatan, 149.
Huehue-Tlapalan, from which the Tol-
tecs went to Mexico, 57, 75, 201-3; sup-
posed to be the Mississippi and Ohio
valleys, 202, 203; described in old Cen-
tral American books, 202; the Toltecs
driven from Huehue-Tlapalan by the
Chichimecs, or wild Indians, 203; it
was at a distance northeast of Mexico,
201, 202; Cabrera and others on Hue-
hue-Tlapalan, 202.

Humboldt on Phoenician symbols in
America, 186; on the origin of the Az-
tecs, 218; on Peruvian great roads, 245;
on books of hieroglyphics found in Pe-
ru, 246, 255; describes the pyramid of
Papantla, 91, 92.

Huxley on American ethnology, 69.

Incas of Peru, origin of the title, 267;
they represent only the last period of
Peruvian history, 261; their dynasty
began 500 years or less before the Con-
quest, 260-1; list of the Incas, 261; Man-
co-Capac a fable, 260-1.

Indians of North America, vain endeav-
ors to connect them with the Mound-
Builders, 62; came toward the Atlantic
from the northwest, 59; the Iroquois
group may have come first, 58; their
distribution relative to the Algonquins,
59, 60; date of Algonquin migration es-
timated, 60; these Indians resemble the
Koraks and Chookchees, 65, 185; they
are entirely distinct from Mound-Build-

ers and Pueblos, 60, 65; their barbarism
original, 61.

Inscription Rock," 78.
Inscriptions in Central America written
in Maya characters, 196, written per-
haps in an old form of speech from
which the Maya family of dialects was
derived, 196; attempts to decipher them,
292.

Iron, names for, in ancient Peru, 248.
Israelitish theory of ancient America,
166-7.

Keweenaw Point, a copper district, 44.
Kukulcan, his worship, 220, 293.

Lake Peten in the forest, Maya settle-
ment there, 95; Ursua's road from Yu-
catan to the lake, 95.

Landa wrote on the Mayas of Yucatan,
191; preserved the Maya alphabet, with
explanations, 191.

Languages in Mexico and Central Amer-
ica, 200, 205; three groups, 216; proba-
bly not radically distinct, 206, 216; the
most important group supposed to be
Colhuan, 205.

Las Casas on Central American annalists,
187-8; what he says of the old books
and their destruction, 188.

Maize, did Indians get it from Mound-
Builders? 35.

Malays, their ancient empire, 167-8; their
navigation of the Pacific, 168; spread
of their dialects, 168; came to America,
169, 170, 272; El Masúdí on the Malays,
168; were not civilizers in America,
170-1; ruins of Malayan cities in Java,
168-9.

Manco-Capac a fiction of the Incas, 260-
1; discarded by Montesinos and other
early Spanish writers, 261, 269.
Mandan Indians supposed Mound-Build-
ers, 74.

Mayas first seen by Columbus, 209; their
phonetic alphabet preserved, 191; de-
scendants of the first civilizers, 170.
Mexican cities noticed by Spaniards, 211,
215; what Montezuma said of his build-
ing materials, 209.

Mexican "picture-writing" a peculiarity
of the Aztecs, 221; much inferior to the
Maya writing, 221; something like it at
Chichen-Itza, 143; Aztecs could not
have left such inscriptions as those seen
in the ruined cities, 221.

mining method of the Mound-Builders,
43; their mining tools found, 44, 46;
they left a detached mass of copper in
a mine, 43-4; antiquity of their min-
ing works, 46, 53, 54.
Mitla, its ruins show refined skill in the
builders, 118, 121; the decorations, 121;
present state of the ruins, 117-122.
Montesinos, Fernando, explored and
studied Peru fifteen years, 261; un-
equaled in knowledge of its antiquities
and traditional history, 263; his means
of information, 262; how historical nar-
ratives and poems were preserved by
the amautas, 263; how literature can
be preserved by trained memory, 262-
3; Homer and the Vedas, 262-3.
Montesinos on Peruvian history, 264-7;
there were three distinct periods, 264;
he rejects the Manco-Capac fable, 264;
does not begin the history with such
stories, 264; reports 64 kings in the first
period, 264; his account of the Peruvian
sovereigns, 264-7; the art of writing
existed in the older time, 265; how the
first period closed, 266; the second pe-
riod, for 1000 years, a period of inva-
sions, divisions, small states, and gen-
eral decline of civilization, 264, 267; in
this period the art of writing was lost,
267; in it the 26 successors of the 64
kings were merely kings of Tambotoco,
266; how this period ended, 267-8; the
third period began with Rocca, the first
Inca, 267; why Montesinos has not been
duly appreciated, 268-9; his facts stand
apart from his theories, 268; probabil-
ities favor his report of three periods,
270-1.

Montezuma on his building-material, 209.
Morgan, Lewis H., on the Indians, 59, 60,

66.

Mound-Builders, their national name un-
known, 14, 57; their mound-work and
its uses, 17-19; like mound-work in
Mexico and Central America, 70,71, 72;
their civilization, 33-39; used wood for
building material, 70, 71; their inclos-
ures, 19-24; their works at the south,
24, 27; their principal settlements, 30,
31, 34; their border settlements, 52;
had commerce with Mexico, 73; relics
of their manufactures, 40, 41, 61; their
long stay in the country, 51-55; were
not ancestors of wild Indians, 58-61;
came from Mexico, 70; were connected
with Mexico through Texas, 73; prob-
ably were Toltecs, 74, 200-3.
Muyscas, their civilization, 271.

Mexican ruins in the central region, 89-
92; Tulha, 89; Xochicalco, 89, 90; Pa-
pantla, 91, 92; Cholula, 90; Teotihua-
can, 90; pyramids with galleries, 91; Nahuatl or Toltec chronology, 203–4.
unexplored antiquities in this region, Natchez Indians, were they degenerate
Mound-Builders, 55, 56.

91.

Mining works of Mound-Builders, 43-6; Northmen in América, 279-85; they dis-

covered Greenland, 280; their settle-
ments in Greenland, 280-1, 284; Biar-
ni's constrained voyage to Massachu-
setts in 985 A.D., 163, 281; subsequent
voyages to New England, 281-4; en-
counters with the Indians, 282, 283; the
Norse settlements in Vinland were
probably lumbering and trading estab-
lishments, 284; not people enough in
Greenland and Iceland to make exten-
sive settlements, 284; written narra-
tives of these discoveries, 279-80.

243; the great roads, 243-6; ruins at
Cuzco, 234.

me

Phoenicians, or people of that race,
probably to America in very ancient
times, 172, 173; decline of geographi-
cal knowledge around the Ægean after
Phoenicia was subjugated, about B.C.
813, 272-3; supposed Phoenician sym-
bols in Central America, 186; Phoeni-
cian race may have influenced Cen-
tral American civilization, but did not
criginate it, 173, 185; Tyrians storm-
driven to America, 162, 163.

Pizarro seeks Peru, 224-5; discovers the
country, 225; goes to Spain for aid, 225;
finally lands at Tumbez, 225; marches to
Caxamalca, 220; perpetrates wholesale
murder and seizes the Inca, 220; the
Inca fills a room with gold for ransom,
and is murdered, 220, 249.

Origin of Mexican and Central American
civilization, theories of, 165-183; the
"lost tribes" theory absurd, 166-7; the
Malay theory untenable, 170-1; the
Phoenician theory fails to explain it,
173-4; the Atlantic theory explained by
Brasseur de Bourbourg not likely to be
received, 182; it was an original Amer-"Popol-Vuh," an old Quiché book trans-
ican civilization, 184; may have begun
in South America, 185, 246, 272-3.
Orton, Prof., on Peruvian antiquity, 273,
274.

lated, 192; what it contains, 193; Qui-
ché account of the creation, 194; four
attempts to create man, 194-5; its my-
thology grew out of an older system,
193-4; kingdom of Quiché not older
than 1200 A.D., 193.

Pueblos, 76, 77; Pueblo ruins, 77-89; oc-
cupied northern frontier of the Mexi-
can race, 68, 217-18; unlike the wild
Indians, 67-8.

Quichés, notices of, 193.
Quippus, Peruvian, 254-5.
Quirigua, its ruins like those of Copan,
but older, 114; it is greatly decayed,
117; has inscriptions, 117.

Quito subjugated by Huayna-Capac, 225;
was civilized like Peru, 270; modern
traveler's remark on, 276.

Pacific islands, their antiquities, 288-92.
Palenque, Stephens's first view of, 100;
this city's name unknown, 104; sup-
posed to have been the ancient Xibal-
ba, 199; some of its ruins described,
105-9; extent of the old city can not
be determined, 96, 105; difficulties of
exploration, 105, 110; the cross at Pa-
lenque, 109; aqueduct, 105.
Papantla, its remarkable stone pyramid,
91, 92; important ruins in the forests
of Papantla and Misantla, 91.
Paper, Peruvian name of, 267; manufac-
ture of, for writing, proscribed in the
second period of Peruvian history, 267.
Peruvian ancient history, 257-67.
Savage theory of human history, 182.
Peruvian civilization, 246; differed from "Semi-Village Indians," 67, 68.
Central American, 222-3, 246; is seen Serpent, figure of, 28; great serpent in-
in the civil and industrial organiza-
tion, 247; in their agriculture, 247; in
their manufactures, 247-51; their dyes,
247-8 their skill in gold-work, 249; the
abundance of gold-work, 249-50; their
schools of the amautas, 253, 263; their
literature, 255; anciently had the art of
writing, 255, 267; had names for iron,
and said to have worked iron mines,
248-9.

Peruvian ruins, where found, 222, 237;
they represent two periods of civiliza-
tion, 226; remains on islands in Lake
Titicaca, 227-8; at Tiahuanaco, 233-4;
remarkable monolithic gateways, 233-
4; at oli Huanuco, 239-40; at Gran-
Chimu, 237-8; ruins of a large and pop-
ulous city, 237; Cuelap, 239; Pachaca-
mac, 243; subterranean passage under
a river, 243; the aqueducts, 222, 237,

closure, 28.

Simpson, Lieut., describes a Pueblo ruin,
88, 89.

Spinning and weaving in Peru, 247; ves-
tiges of these arts among the Mound-
Builders, 41; the Mayas had textile
fabrics, 209.

Squier on the Aztecs, 92; on the more
southern ruins in Central America, 123,
124; on the monoliths of Copan, 112;
on Central American forests, 94; on the
ruins of Tiahuanaco, 234.

Telescopic tubes of the Mound-Builders,
42; silver figure of a Peruvian using
such a tube, 254; such a tube on a Mex-
ican monument, 123.

"Tennis Court" at Chichen-Itza, 142.
Titicaca Lake, its elevation above sea-
level, 236.