世 to incur such a personal loss. Ieya motion of a free perspiration; for the latter purpose THE SLAVE-MARKET AT CAIRO. MR WILDE, from whose "Travels" we have already made several extracts, gives the following account of the slave-market at Cairo, which he visited after the mad-house "We next visited the slave-market, which is here of great extent. It was remarkable that as a seller of bread sat at the gate of the mad-house, the shop adjoining the gate of the slave-market was occupied by a vender of koorbags, or Arab whips. Within was a large open court, surrounded by a number of small dark chambers, which rose in terraces around it; these contained the better class of slaves, who were all Abyssinian girls, from ten to eighteen years of age, with a yellowish olive complexion, long straight noses, handsome features, and particularly melting black eyes, the hair long and black, and the lips somewhat thicker than those of persons of a similar cast to that Compare this with Christian slavery-compare it greatest report, and de likewise with the condition of those people in their yet M. de the conversat woman, might be be What a contrad wra AI as M. de Norbonne, di, de minded and poised At last came the day was a the boarding-house of Mr of Law. their little cottage, w PEOPLE," of countenance, which, naturally melancholy in this and characteristic particular, that whips made of the kind of Jack-o'-all-trades, name • y torer race, was rendered more so by their present sad condition. All were decently dressed, many decorated with silver anklets and bracelets, and some few had nose rings. Several were in tears, and all hung down their heads, and appeared ashamed of their degraded, hopeless situation, but brightened into a smile on our offering a few piasters. Most of these girls have been either kidnapped by the slave-dealers, or sold by their own friends for a few trinkets or glass beads; large quantities of the latter are manufactured in Europe and sent here in packages, several of which I met at Atfé. Their eyes were blackened like the Mahommedan females, and many were remarkable for their tall, light, and elegant figures. In the centre of the court were arranged a number of mats, divided into compartments, on which were squatted whole families of negroes, principally from Nubia and Dongola, and who were for the most part captives, taken in war by some neighbouring tribes. The majority of these were females from eight to twelve years of age, who are purchased for household servants. Although nearly naked, the young Nubian had still the inherent love of decoration, and strings of blue beads adorned the necks of many who could not boast even a chemise. They were all tattooed in various places about the head and breast, each according to the manner of their tribe, and their woolly pates dressed in plats about the size of whip-cord, and well greased with rancid lard, which hung in bunches over both ears. These young creatures appeared perfectly unconscious of their state, and, as far as appearince went, were happy. In intermediate places sat the different slave merchants, Turks and Arabs; and Bedawees, stalking about in their Burnooses, and buyers, occasionally pointing out the slave they wished to purchase, who were called by the owner and carefully examined; if they had covering on, it was removed, and they were made to exhibit their shapes and paces like a horse at an auction mart. These young negresses can be purchased for from thirty to forty dollars; the Abyssinians go as high as a hundred. These slaves so soon adopt the manners and religion of their masters, that I have known a girl, when purchased by a Mahommedan, lift up her only covering to shade her face while following him from the slave-market! It was almost dinner-time. The you An American lady, who has lately written a narra- THE EXILES.+ IN 1793, M. de Talleyrand was in Boston. One day, "I," said the young woman, "I am waiting for my At that moment the waggons began to move along; she of the straw hat applied the whip to her horse, told M. de Talleyrand the name of the village where she was living, requesting him earnestly to come and see her, disappeared, and left him as if riveted on the spot by this strange apparition. Who was this young market-woman? Madame la Comtesse de la Tour-du-Pin (Mademoiselle de Dillon), the most elegant among the ladies of the court of Louis XVI., king of France, and whose moral and intellectual worth had shone with so dazzling a lustre in the society of her numerous friends and admirers. At the time when the French nobility emigrated, she was young, lively, endowed with the most remarkable talents, and like all the ladies who held a rank at the court, had only had time to attend to such duties as belonged to her highly fashionable and courtly life. During an early morning visit I witnessed a very extraordinary scene here; all the negresses, young and old, had ranged themselves round the walls of the upper terraces, and were greasing their bodies and heads, which shone lustrously in the warm sunshine; they reminded me of so many cormorants pluming themselves upon a rock after their evening's meal. As manual field labour is seldom or never accomplished by slaves in this country, there are few Let any one fancy the sufferings and agony of that adult males brought down, and the boys are princi- woman, born in the lap of wealth, and who had pally used as grooms and confidential servants. There breathed nothing but perfumes under the gilded ceilis a white slave market, adjoining this, where Geor-ings of the royal palace of Versailles, when all at once gians and Circassians are kept, but no European is she found herself surrounded with blood and massacres, allowed to enter. and saw every kind of danger besetting her young and beloved husband, and her infant child. Having thus described an eastern slave-market, let us inquire what slavery is in the east. The very term is, no doubt, one from which human nature shrinks with repugnance; but it is not here the soul-debasing task-work of a servile bondage' as among Christian nations, and, apart from the miseries of separation from friends and country, it is an undoubted change to many for the better. The worst part is the voyage down the Nile, or the passage across the desert, where they are subjected to much hardship and villany from the slave-dealers. Many of the male slaves in the east become officers, and rise to places of trust in the state, and numbers obtain their freedom in a few years. True it is that the master can kill his slave, but few are so foolish as They succeeded in flying from France. It was their The fugitives landed in America, and first went to went into his little garden to le is. We, in a moment, understand what would cost a "Dearest," continued she, "if you knew how easy it countrywoman sometimes one or two years. Now, we shall be happy-you will no longer be afraid of ennui for me, nor I of doubts about my abilities, of which I will give you many proofs," said she, looking with a bewitching smile at him. "Come, come, you promised us a salad, and I am going to bake for to-morrow; the oven is hot. To-day the bread of the town will dobut, oh !—henceforward leave it to me." From that moment Madame de la Tour-du-Pin kept her word: she insisted on going herself to Boston to sell her vegetables and cream cheeses. It was on such an errand to town that M. de Talleyrand met her. The day after, he went to pay her a visit, and found her in the poultry-yard, surrounded by a host of fowls, hungry chicks, and pigeons. She was all that she had promised to be. Besides, her health had been so much benefited, that she seemed less fatigued by the house-work than if she had attended the balls of the winter. Her beauty, which had been remarkable in the gorgeous palace of Versailles, was dazzling in her cottage in the new world. M. de Talleyrand said so to her. "Indeed!" replied she with naïveté; "indeed, do you think so? I am delighted to hear it. A woman is always and every where proud of her personal. attractions." At that moment the black servant bolted into the drawing-room, holding in his hand his jacket with a long rent in the back. "Missis, him jacket torn; please mend him." She immediately took a needle, repaired Gullah's jacket, and continued the conversation with a charming simplicity. This little adventure left a deep impression on the mind of M. de Talleyrand, who used to relate it with that tone of voice peculiar to his narrations. VALUE OF KEEPING SILENCE. dined in company with a person who listened to him and Silence does not always mark wisdom. Coleridge once and Coleridge thought him intelligent. At length, tosaid nothing for a long while; but he nodded his head, wards the end of the dinner, some apple dumplings were placed on the table, and the listener had no sooner seen them, than he burst forth, "Them's the jockies for me!* Coleridge adds, "I wish Spurzheim could have examined the fellow's head."-Table Anecdotes, trouble the public with my idleness, to devote a tributary page to his genius, and to my sense of his merits, literary and culinary. [The cook had written a work on his science.] Carème was sent for after coffee, and was presented to me in the vestibule of the chateau by his master. He was a well-bred gentleman, perfectly free from pedantry; and when we had mutually complimented each other on our various works, he bowed himself out, and got into his carriage, which was waiting to take him to Paris." This extract forms the climax of our article. It is impossible for us, by any further remarks or quotations, to place cooks and cookery in a more elevated light than has been here done by Lady Morgan, who has shown herself truly worthy of her great subject. So we leave the illustrious Carème to command the "aids of his staff," to loll in "his carriage," and to enjoy his box at the opera," believing him to be, beyond question, superlatively worthy of all these luxuries. For the straggling character, generally, of these our anecdotes, the reader must pardon us, for we really had no other object in view at the outset than to string together a few such loose illustrations of "man as a cooking animal." We have merely to remark in conclusion, that that definition of man applies universally. All men cook, and enjoy cookery -the poor, as well as the employers of Udes and Carèmes. We never shall forget the earnestness and gusto with which an ancient shoemaker once on a time gave utterance to the following saying. He had married a woman who had long been cook in a wealthy family, and was asked by a friend soon after the nuptials how he was pleased with his spouse. "Eh, man," says he in reply, "she is a prime ane! Dashit, I believe she could make a stew out o' bend-leather, and a hashie out o' insoles !" TRAITS OF LONGEVITY. THERE are certain constitutions formed by nature so robust, with all the animal organs so perfect, that they endure to a great age, even in defiance of all rules of regimen. They can bear both excess and privation. A mode of living that would be too rich and stimulating for ordinary frames, only conduces to their perfect health and vigour, while out of poor materials their vigorous digestion can concoct a wholesome nourish ment, on which weaker stomachs would be thrown into disease and atrophy. It does not follow from this, however, that a strict regimen is useless, or that excess to the generality of men is not highly injurious. A happily constituted temperament may be independent of rules, and may resist the effects of their infringement; while, on the other hand, the observance of rules of sobriety and moderation will have a decided and wonderful effect on those constitutions in which there are such weaknesses as produce the tendency to disease. Generally speaking, too, it will be found that the most perfect temperaments are less disposed to excess or irregularities than feebler ones. There is a happy condition of animal existence in which the enjoyment of health, of simple fare, and of the free air of heaven, are all the stimulants necessary, while a craving for undue excitement is too frequently the characteristic of an irregular physical as well as mental constitution. The effect of regimen on health and longevity is no where more strikingly exhibited than in the celebrated example of Cornaro. Previous to detailing this case, however, it must be remarked, that Cornaro's constitution appears to have been naturally of a peculiar kind, so that the strict regimen which he practised is not intended to be held up as a model for all ordinary livers; his case affords, however, an instructive example of the effects of diet and regimen, both on the body and the mind, and in this view cannot be too frequently appealed to. Lewis Cornaro was of a noble Venetian family, and was born about the middle of the fifteenth century. He appears originally to have been of an ardent, sanguine disposition, fond of pleasure and enjoyment, and of excitable passions. This temperament overhurried him into a carcer of dissipation and sensual enjoyment, which he pursued till his thirty-fifth year. About this period his constitution gave way; pains in his sides and stomach tormented him; symptoms of gout made their appearance, with irregular appetite, thirst, and a slow consuming fever. In this wretched condition he struggled on for some time, trying the effect of medicines without any benefit, while his constitution sank more and more, till at last his physicians declared that nothing could rescue him but a total change of his mode of life, and a rigid restriction of his diet and regimen. Cornaro had sufficient strength of mind, and firmness of purpose, at last to adopt this advice; he restricted his diet to the simplest fare, and took of this a very moderate allowance-renounced his irregular dissipated life-avoided excess of heat, cold, and extraordinary fatigue-took timely repose and, in short, observed a strict and proper regimen. In a very short time he was astonished at the beneficial change which took place in his system, and in less than a year he found his health completely restored. He ever after most rigidly adhered to his spare diet, which amounted to twelve ounces in all daily, and consisted of bread, meat of the simplest kind, yolk of egg, and soup, with fourteen ounces of a mild wine. On this allowance he enjoyed perfect bodily health and vigour, and a freedom from all physical ailments. His mind, too, seemed to share in the beneficial regimen. His passions became less irritable his spirits more buoyant, and his judgment more cool and con- At the same seasons every year I revisit some of With all the excusable garrulity of an octogenarian, he thus tells us of his habits. "I will now give an account of my recreations, and the relish which I find at this stage of life, in order to convince the public that the state I have now attained to is by no means death, but real life; such a life as by many is deemed happy, since it abounds with all the happiness which can be enjoyed in this world. And this testimony they will give in the first place, because they see, and not without the greatest amazement, the good state of health and spirits which I enjoy-how I mount my horse without any assistance or advantage of situation, and how I not only ascend a single flight of stairs, but climb up a hill from bottom to top. Then how gay, pleasant, and good-humoured I am!-how free from every perturbation of mind, and every disagreeable thought!-the plains, the hills, the rivers, and fountains, amid which are situated many fine houses and gardens. Nor am I prevented from these enjoyments by any decay of my senses; they being all, thank God, in their highest perfection, particularly my palate, which now relishes better the simple fare I eat wherever I may be, than it formerly did the most delicate dishes when I led an irregular life.” But his enjoyments are not all personal or selfish; he enters warmly into the agricultural improvements of his country-the draining of marshes, and the melioration of the soil; and looks with anxious solicitude to the completion of extensive improvements of the port, as likely to contribute to the commercial welfare of the state, of whose interests he speaks with all the warmth and ardour of a true patriot. Like all benignant characters, the playful innocence of youth had peculiar charms for him. He thus introduces us into his domestic evening circle :- That no comfort might be wanting to the fulness of my years, whereby my great age may be rendered less irksome, or rather the number of my enjoyments increased, I have the additional comfort of seeing a kind of immortality in a succession of descendants; for as often as I return home, I find there before me, not one or two, but eleven grandchildren, the oldest of them eighteen, and the youngest two; all the offspring of one father and one mother-all blessed with the best of health-and, by what as yet appears, fond of learnSome of the ing, and of good parts and morals. youngest I always play with; and, indeed, children from three to five are only fit for play. Those above that age I make companions of; and as nature has bestowed very fine voices upon them, I amuse myself besides with seeing and hearing them sing and play on various instruments. Nay, I sing myself, as I have a better voice now, and a clearer and louder pipe, than at any other period of life. Such are the recreations of my old age." Thus the good old man continued to enjoy life till he passed his hundredth year. He slept away without disease, or pain, or agony, in the spring of 1566. The history of John Macalpin, a Highland drover, will form a good companion to that of Cornaro, as illustrative of the effects of temperance under a severer climate, and in a different station of life from that of the noble Italian. John Macalpin was a native of Jura, one of the Hebridian islands. He lived to the age of 119 years, and retained all his faculties till his death, which took place in the year 1745. When a boy, he was rather of slow growth, and was affected with boils and erup tions of the skin. His father died and left him in comfortable circumstances at the age of eighteen. For some years the nature of his business led him into dissipated company, where he was accustomed to drink hard, sit up late, and lead an irregular life. This he continued till he was about twenty-four years of age, when, in leaping out of a boat, he fell, and struck his foot against the ground. The contusion degenerated into an ulcer, which continued, under neglect or bad treatment, to increase for two years. During this period he paid no regard to his diet, eating salt meat, fish, or any thing that came in the way, and drinking frequently to excess. The consequence was, that his constitution gave way, and the ulcer continued to increase. A medical friend to whom he applied, in order to compel him to give over his habits of life, took him to live at his house during the period of cure; and by enforcing a strict regimen to his patient, brought about a complete cure in the course of three months. Macalpin, on his return home, was so impressed with the beneficent effects of temperance, both for his comfort and health, that he ever afterwards practised it, and in consequence enjoyed uninterrupted good health for the remainder of his long life. As illustrative of local manners, it may not be uninteresting to give a detail of his mode of living. It was the custom at that time over all the Highlands, and especially among the common people of the isles, to make but two meals a-day. They breakfasted about nine or ten in the morning, and supped about six or seven; this last being the principal meal. Macalpin followed this custom; he went to bed with the sun, and rose with the lark. If he went out as soon as he got up, and the morning appeared foggy, he generally ate a mouthful of bread, and no more till breakfast time. His constant breakfast was bread, butter, and cheese, or eggs, with gruel made of half water half milk. His supper was fish or flesh, for the most part boiled. The flesh was boiled with greens or roots, the soup of which was thickened with a little oatmeal, which he drank plentifully. His fish were generally boiled in as much water as simply covered them; this water was thickened into a soup with a little meal and milk, and eaten along with all white fish. His general rule was to rise from table with an appetite to eat more, and the liquids he used were always at least four times the quantity of the solids. If he used harder exercise at one time than another, he ate a little more than usual; but at no time did he go to excess, or eat of but one sort of food at a meal. Ile never drank water till it was previously boiled, and poured over a toast of bread or a little oatmeal, and afterwards allowed to cool. This he used for his constant drink between meals. His bread was for the most part made of barley meal, but he also ate oat cake when the others could not be procured. He never indulged in fermented liquors of any kind, except on two occasions during the year, and these were at the terms of Whitsunday and Martinmas, when he went to pay his rent to the landlord, and then only very sparingly. Drams he forswore but if obliged to be long in the cold, or exposed to wet, he took the yolk of an egg, a little honey, and a glass of whisky mixed together, and drank it off; but this was only done on very rare occasions. He used no snuff or tobacco in any shape. He took a great deal of exercise, was of an active, cheerful, and intelligent mind, free from passion, but, when roused, was by no means devoid of proper manly courage. In general, his manner was mild and forbearing, and free of the irascibility of an excited temperament. If at any time he felt his system in the least deranged, he had recourse to abstinence, and the pro H 21 motion of a free perspiration; for the latter purpose he used at bed-time a warm drink composed of thin oatmeal flummery, sweetened with honey, to which was added a little butter. He wore the usual clothing of the country, a kilt or belted plaid, with a piece of flannel over the region of his stomach. In going out in the morning, he went through the first river or pool which came in his way, and thus continued all day with wet feet, very frequently till he went to bed. He remained to the last free from physical disease; but grief for some friends who fell in the battle of Culloden, was thought to have brought on his death, which he met with Christian fortitude and resignation, at the age of a hundred and nineteen years. THE SLAVE-MARKET AT CAIRO. MR WILDE, from whose "Travels" we have already made several extracts, gives the following account of the slave-market at Cairo, which he visited after the mad-house : "We next visited the slave-market, which is here of great extent. It was remarkable that as a seller of bread sat at the gate of the mad-house, the shop adjoining the gate of the slave-market was occupied by a vender of koorbags, or Arab whips. Within was a large open court, surrounded by a number of small dark chambers, which rose in terraces around it; these contained the better class of slaves, who were all Abyssinian girls, from ten to eighteen years of age, with a yellowish olive complexion, long straight noses, handsome features, and particularly melting black eyes, the hair long and black, and the lips somewhat thicker than those of persons of a similar cast of countenance, which, naturally melancholy in this race, was rendered more so by their present sad condition. All were decently dressed, many decorated with silver anklets and bracelets, and some few had nose rings. Several were in tears, and all hung down their heads, and appeared ashamed of their degraded, hopeless situation, but brightened into a smile on our offering a few piasters. Most of these girls have been either kidnapped by the slave-dealers, or sold by their own friends for a few trinkets or glass beads; large quantities of the latter are manufactured in Europe and sent here in packages, several of which I met at Atfé. Their eyes were blackened like the Mahommedan females, and many were remarkable for their tall, light, and elegant figures. In the centre of the court were arranged a number of mats, divided into compartments, on which were squatted whole families of negroes, principally from Nubia and Dongola, and who were for the most part captives, taken in war by some neighbouring tribes. The majority of these were females from eight to twelve years of age, who are purchased for household servants. Although nearly naked, the young Nubian had still the inherent love of decoration, and strings of blue beads adorned the necks of many who could not boast even a chemise. They were all tattooed in various places about the head and breast, each according to the manner of their tribe, and their woolly pates dressed in plats about the size of whip-cord, and well greased with rancid lard, which hung in bunches over both ears. These young creatures appeared perfectly unconscious of their state, and, as far as appearince went, were happy. In intermediate places sat the different slave merchants, Turks and Arabs; and Bedawees, stalking about in their Burnooses, and buyers, occasionally pointing out the slave they wished to purchase, who were called by the owner and carefully examined; if they had covering on, it was removed, and they were made to exhibit their shapes and paces like a horse at an auction mart. These young negresses can be purchased for from thirty to forty dollars; the Abyssinians go as high as a hundred. These slaves so soon adopt the manners and religion of their masters, that I have known a girl, when purchased by a Mahommedan, lift up her only covering to shade her face while following him from the slave-market! change for the young, pretty, and fashionable lady, spoiled from infancy by loud and continual praises of her beauty and talents! Monsieur de la Tour-du-Pin was extravagantly fond of his wife. At the court of France he had seen her, with the proud eye of a husband, the object of general admiration; indeed, her conduct had always been virtuous and exemplary; but now in a foreign land, and among unsophisticated republicans (1793), what was the use of courtly refinements? to incur such a personal loss. They are far better fed, clothed, and taken care of, than free servants at Cairo, whom they despise and look upon as inferiors, often boasting, by saying they were slaves and not servants. Less manual labour is required of them than of the freemen, and all are acquainted with the political importance a race of slaves now extinct once assumed in Egypt. As regards the female slaves, I before stated that the Nubians were all used as under-servants and attendants upon the ladies of the harem; but the Abyssinians, for whom, from their interesting Happy as he was in seeing her escape from all the appearance, and somewhat greater advance in civilisa-perils he had dreaded on her own account, still he tion, our sympathies would be more excited, are gene- could not but deplore the future lot of the wife of his rally purchased as concubines, a state in the present bosom. However, with the prudent foresight of a condition of morality in Egypt often preferable to that good father and a kind husband, he nerved himself of wife, who can divorce herself or be divorced for any against despair, and exerted himself to render their trifle, while the other can demand or insist on a proper condition less miserable than that of many emigrants allowance. The children of these women are free, and who were starving when the little money they had they themselves are generally made so on the birth of brought over with them had been exhausted. Not a the first-born, especially if it be a son; and numbers word of English did he know, but his wife spoke it are married to their masters, and become not only the fluently, and admirably well. most affectionate, but the most faithful women in the community. They boarded at Mrs Muller's, a good-natured, notable woman, who on every occasion evinced the Compare this with Christian slavery-compare it greatest respect and admiration for her fair boarder; likewise with the condition of those people in their yet M. de la Tour-du-Pin was in constant dread lest native state, and we must acknowledge it an improve-the conversation of that good, plain, and well-meaning ment of their condition. It was the slavery of the woman, might be the cause of great ennui to his lady. primitive Hebrew nations, allowed by Scripture, and What a contrast with the society of such gentlemen practised by the patriarchs, but which refinement and as M. de Norbonne, M. de Talleyrand, and the highChristianity, the well-being of society, and the respect minded and polished nobility of France! which man owes his fellow, alike forbid." An American lady, who has lately written a narrative of her journey in Egypt,* gives a similar description of the slave-market at Cairo, with the additional and characteristic particular, that whips made of the raw and thick hide of the hippopotamus are sold in the place for the convenience of slave-buyers. "The gentlemen (says she) purchased two or three bundles of them for the American market-for riding whips, however." This lady does not make a single remark, either of commiseration for the numbers of unhappy creatures of her own sex, and of all colours from pure white to pure black, whom she saw exposed for sale like cattle, or against the atrocity of slave-dealing generally. Her jocularity respecting the destination of the whips purchased by her countrymen, marks a low tone of sentiment. THE EXILES.+ IN 1793, M. de Talleyrand was in Boston. One day, whilst crossing the Market-place, he was compelled to stop by a long row of waggons, all laden with vegetables. The wily courtier, generally so dead to emotion, could not but look with a kind of pleasure at these waggons, and the little waggoners, who by the bye were young and pretty countrywomen. Suddenly the vehicles came to a stand, and the eyes of M. de Talleyrand chanced to rest upon one of the young women who appeared more lovely and graceful than the others. An exclamation escaped from his lipsit attracted the attention of the fair one, whose country dress and large hat bespoke daily visits to the market, as she beheld the astonished Talleyrand, whom she recognised immediately, burst out laughing. "What is it you?" exclaimed she. "Yes, indeed, it is I. But you, what are you doing here?" "I," said the young woman, "I am waiting for my turn to pass on. I am going to sell my greens and vegetables at the market." At that moment the waggons began to move along; she of the straw hat applied the whip to her horse, told M. de Talleyrand the name of the village where she was living, requesting him earnestly to come and see her, disappeared, and left him as if riveted on the spot by this strange apparition. Who was this young market-woman? Madame la Comtesse de la Tour-du-Pin (Mademoiselle de Dillon), the most elegant among the ladies of the court of Louis XVI., king of France, and whose moral and intellectual worth had shone with so dazzling a lustre in the society of her numerous friends and admirers. At the time when the French nobility emigrated, she was young, lively, endowed with the most remarkable talents, and like all the ladies who held a rank at the court, had only had time to attend to such duties as belonged to her highly fashionable and courtly During an early morning visit I witnessed a very extraordinary scene here; all the negresses, young and old, had ranged themselves round the walls of the upper terraces, and were greasing their bodies and heads, which shone lustrously in the warm sunshine; they reminded me of so many cormorants pluming themselves upon a rock after their evening's meal. As manual field labour is seldom or never accomplished by slaves in this country, there are few Let any one fancy the sufferings and agony of that adult males brought down, and the boys are princi- woman, born in the lap of wealth, and who had pally used as grooms and confidential servants. There breathed nothing but perfumes under the gilded ceilis a white slave market, adjoining this, where Geor-ings of the royal palace of Versailles, when all at once gians and Circassians are kept, but no European is allowed to enter. Having thus described an eastern slave-market, let us inquire what slavery is in the east. The very term is, no doubt, one from which human nature shrinks with repugnance; but it is not here the soul-debasing task-work of a servile bondage' as among Christian nations, and, apart from the miseries of separation from friends and country, it is an undoubted change to many for the better. The worst part is the voyage down the Nile, or the passage across the desert, where they are subjected to much hardship and villany from the slave-dealers. Many of the male slaves in the east become officers, and rise to places of trust in the state, and numbers obtain their freedom in a few years. True it is that the master can kill his slave, but few are so foolish as life. she found herself surrounded with blood and massacres, and saw every kind of danger besetting her young and beloved husband, and her infant child. They succeeded in flying from France. It was their good fortune to escape from the bloody land where Robespierre and his associates were busy at the work of death. Alas! in those times of terror the poor children themselves abandoned with joy the parental roof, for no hiding-place was secure against the vigilant eye of those monsters who thirsted for innocent blood. The fugitives landed in America, and first went to Boston, where they found a retreat. But what a * Letters from the Old World, by a Lady. New York, 1840. From the French of Madame D'Aubrantes-as translated in the New York Mirror. At last came the day when the fugitive family left the boarding-house of Mrs Muller to go and inhabit their little cottage, when they were to be at last exempt from want, with an only servant, a negro, a kind of Jack-o'-all-trades, namely, gardener, footman, and cook. The last function M. de la Tour-du-Pin dreaded most of all to see him undertake. It was almost dinner-time. The poor emigrant went into his little garden to gather some fruit, and tarried as long as possible. On his return home his wife was absent; looking for her, he entered the kitchen, and saw a young countrywoman, who, with her back to the door, was kneading dough; her arms, of snowy whiteness, were bare to the elbows. M. de la Tour-du-Pin started; the young woman turned round. It was his beloved wife, who had exchanged her muslins and silk for a country dress, not as for a fancy ball, but to play the part of a real farmer's wife. At the sight of her husband her cheeks crimsoned, and she joined her hands in a supplicating manner. "Oh! my love," she said, "do not laugh at me. I am as expert as Mrs Muller." Too full of emotion to speak, he clasped her to his bosom, and kissed her fervently. From his inquiries he learned that when he thought her given up to detheir future happiness. She had taken lessons from spair, she had employed her time more usefully for had become skilful in the culinary art, a thorough Mrs Muller and her servants, and after six months housekeeper, discovering her angelic nature and ad mirable fortitude. "Dearest," continued she, "if you knew how easy it is. We, in a moment, understand what would cost a countrywoman sometimes one or two years. Now, we shall be happy-you will no longer be afraid of ennui for me, nor I of doubts about my abilities, of which I will give you many proofs," said she, looking with a bewitching smile at him. "Come, come, you promised us a salad, and I am going to bake for to-morrow; the oven is hot. To-day the bread of the town will dobut, oh !—henceforward leave it to me." From that moment Madame de la Tour-du-Pin kept her word: she insisted on going herself to Boston to sell her vegetables and cream cheeses. It was on such an errand to town that M. de Talleyrand met her. The day after, he went to pay her a visit, and found her in the poultry-yard, surrounded by a host of fowls, hungry chicks, and pigeons. She was all that she had promised to be. Besides, her health had been so much benefited, that she seemed less fatigued by the house-work than if she had attended the balls of the winter. Her beauty, which had been remarkable in the gorgeous palace of Versailles, was dazzling in her cottage in the new world. M. de Talleyrand said so to her. "Indeed!" replied she with narreté; "indeed, do you think so? I am delighted to hear it. A woman is always and every where proud of her personal attractions." At that moment the black servant bolted into the drawing-room, holding in his hand his jacket with a long rent in the back. "Missis, him jacket torn ;. please mend him." She immediately took a needle, repaired Gullah's jacket, and continued the conversation with a charming simplicity. This little adventure left a deep impression on the mind of M. de Talleyrand, who used to relate it with that tone of voice peculiar to his narrations. VALUE OF KEEPING SILENCE. dined in company with a person who listened to him and Silence does not always mark wisdom. Coleridge once and Coleridge thought him intelligent. At length, tosaid nothing for a long while; but he nodded his head, wards the end of the dinner, some apple dumplings were placed on the table, and the listener had no sooner seen them, than he burst forth, "Them's the jockies for me!* Coleridge adds, “I wish Spurzheim could have examined the fellow's head."-Table Anecdotes. CRUELTY TO ANIMALS. THE present law against cruelty to animals, which an effort is now making to extend to Scotland, is very defective, and, upon the whole, from laxity of administration, has been of little practical use in the object required. One of its most marked deficiencies is, that it affords no protection to any but domestic animals. You might torture a monkey, a bear, or any other foreign beast, or any wild animal, and the law could not interfere. This defect is strikingly manifested in the following occurrence, communicated to us by a gentleman resident in an English provincial town: "The case of cruelty to which I allude, occurred at one of the customary hirings for farm-servants, held recently in a country town in England, which had attracted, among many other disreputable characters, the keepers of three small caravans, containing a few of the more common wild animals, and some other sights.' About noon, when the town was most densely thronged by the people attending the fair, an individual attached to one of those caravans brought out into the market-place a young bear, and began to exhibit him in the midst of the crowd, and to torture him in a variety of cruel ways. He had, for example, a rope fastened round the neck of the bear, with which he pulled him from side to side, and round about, with great force and rudeness. The object of the man seemed not to exhibit any tricks which the bear was able to perform, but to show the bystanders the perfect command which he himself had over him. In short, he wished to make himself appear a very Amburgh before the country folks. At length he inflicted an act of torture upon the poor animal, at the sight of which I felt greatly enraged. He seized the bear (which was a small one, and apparently quite young) with both hands behind the two fore legs, and, lifting him up, held him suspended in the air so long as he was able to sustain his weight, when he dashed him to the ground with all his strength. This he repeated two or three times whilst I was present; and when the bear growled, as he occasionally did, at this treatment, he was rewarded with a kick or a cuff from his unfeeling master. Indignant at this barbarous treatment of the poor bear, and knowing that a law existed for the preventing and punishing cruelty towards animals, but ignorant, at that time, of its details, I immediately began a search for the act of parliament, for the purpose of perusing it, determined to have the offender called upon to answer for his conduct before the municipal authorities, if I could legally do so. I found the act to be the 5th and 6th William IV. cap. 59, and that it contained the following section, under which I, in the first instance, imagined I should have been able to convict the master of the bear:- That if any person shall, from and after the passing of this act, wantonly and cruelly beat, ill-treat, abuse, or torture any horse, mare, gelding, bull, ox, cow, heifer, steer, mule, ass, sheep, lamb, dog, or any other cattle or domestic animal, or if any person who shall drive any cattle or other animal, shall, by negligence or ill usage in the driving thereof, be the means whereby any mischief, damage, or injury, shall be done to any such cattle or other animal, every such offender, being convicted of any or either of the said offences before any one justice of the peace for the city, town, or county in which any such offence shall have been cominitted, shall for every such offence forfeit and pay (over and above the amount of the damage or injury (if any) done thereby, which damage or injury shall and may be ascertained and determined by such justice) such a sum of money not exceeding 40s., nor less than 5s., with costs, as to such justice shall seem meet; or the offender shall, in default of payment, be committed to the common jail or house of correction for the city, town, or county in which such offence shall have been committed, there to be imprisoned for any time not exceeding fourteen days.' I made application to the mayor of the town, under this clause, for a summons to bring the offender before him, on the charge of cruelty which I meant to prefer against him. The mayor referred me to his town clerk to have the summons prepared; the latter, however, was of opinion, on reading over the above section of the act of parliament, that the mayor could not convict the master of the bear, inasmuch as a bear was not a domestic animal, and could not, therefore, come within the meaning of the words of the act--those words being, or any other cattle or domestic animal? In these circumstances I deemed it prudent to abandon the charge against the showinan. The mayor, however, felt it his duty to see and reprimand him, and pointed out to him the extreme cruelty of the kind of treatment towards his bear of which he had been guilty." Now, the defect or fault in the act of parliament in question consists in not affording to wild animals brought into this country and tamed, and exhibited for purposes of gain, any protection against unnecessary cruelty or torture of many kinds. The law, it is true, shields such animals against one species of torture, and that is fighting or baiting them, but from no other: they may be abused and ill treated in a thousand other ways, by unfeeling keepers, as was the poor bear in the case above related, and their persecutors shall go unpunished. Their friends are utterly unable to procure them any redress or protection from the law, as it now stands, however anxious they may be to befriend them. Surely this ought not to be. Whilst these animals roam at large in their own native wilds, they need no such protection, but in this country their condition is widely different. Here they live in an unnatural and artificial state, which must be sufficiently painful and irritating to them of itself; and, surely, for this reason, if for no other, they ought not to be denied that protection against unnecessary cruelty or harsh treatment which the laws of this country, in a spirit of merciful consideration and benevolence, have extended to every other domestic animal. We subjoin the following abstract of the existing law perhaps it may be the means of preventing cruelty in those cases in which it is found to apply. The attention of magistrates in England is respectfully drawn to the subject. The act now in force for the prevention of cruelty to animals is the 5th and 6th William IV. chapter 59. It is entitled "An act to consolidate and amend the several laws relating to the cruel and improper treatment of animals, and the mischiefs arising from the driving of cattle, and to make other provisions in regard thereto." The following is a short abstract of its principal provisions : 1. The act 3 George IV. chapter 71, a former act to prevent the cruel and improper treatment of cattle, and so much of the 3d William IV. chapter 19, as made it penal to fight or bait bears or other animals in and about the metropolis, is repealed. 2. Any person wantonly and 'cruelly beating, ill treating, abusing, or torturing any horse, mare, gelding, bull, ox, cow, heifer, steer, calf, mule, ass, sheep, lamb, dog, or any other cattle or domestic animal, or improperly driving the same, whereby any mischief shall be done, shall, upon conviction before any one justice of the peace for the city, town, or county in which any such offence shall be committed, be fined in a sum of money not exceeding 40s., nor less than 5s., with costs, or, in default of payment thereof, be committed to prison for a term not exceeding fourteen days. 3. Persons keeping pits, houses, or grounds, for the purpose of running, baiting, or fighting any bull, bear, badger, dog, or other animal (whether of domestic or wild nature or kind), or for cock-fighting, to be liable in a penalty not exceeding L.5, nor less than 10s., for every day in which they shall so use any such pit, &c. for any of these purposes. The person who shall be the manager of such pit, &c., or who shall receive any money for the admission of any person thereto, to be deemed the keeper thereof. 4. Parties impounding cattle to provide them with sufficient food; and they are empowered to recover from the owner thereof double the full value of the food so supplied to them, before a justice of the peace within whose jurisdiction such cattle shall have been impounded. Section 8 requires that horses, intended for slaughter, be slaughtered within three days after purchase, and in the meantime to be provided with food. The remainder of the act, which it is not necessary to notice at length, provides for the more easy and effectual apprehension of offenders against its provisions. Any constable, or any other peace-officer, is authorised and required to seize and apprehend an offender, and take him before a justice of the peace within whose jurisdiction the offence is committed, without any other authority or warrant than the information laid by some individual (who is required to give his name) of the offence having been committed. THE FEMALE CONVICT TO HER INFANT. BY THE REV. THOMAS DALE. Oh, sleep not, my babe, for the morn of to-morrow Shall soothe me to slumber more tranquil than thine; Not long shalt thou hang on thy mother's fond breast; MR ABERNETHY-ANECDOTES. THE late Mr Abernethy, whose eccentricities as a surgeon in London are well known, often amused his class of medical students with anecdotes bearing on the subjects of his lectures. One day," in speaking of the mode of reducing dislocations of the jaw, Abernethy observed, Be it known to you, people who have once dislocated the jaw, are very often likely to do it again. There was a major in the army, who had the misfortune of frequently dislocating his jaw, and it was an infirmity he cared very little about, for he was generally moving about with his regiment, and when he put it out, the regimental surgeon put it in again. But it happened that on one occasion he was fourteen or fifteen miles from where the regiment was quartered, dining with a gentleman, and being rather merry after dinner, laughing heartily, his jaw slipped out; his mouth, of course, remained wide open, and it was impossible to close it while the condyles remained out of their sockets. Not being able to close his mouth, articulation was impossible. Well, but he made an inarticulate noise, and the host being surprised, considered that there was something wrong with him, and sent for a medical man, residing in the neighbourhood, whom, if you please, we will call, for the present, the village apothecary. The apothecary made his appearance, looking as grave as any Methodist parson, and after examining the poor major, pronounced, in an oracular tone, that there was something the matter with him, and that there was something the matter with the jaw; and that, in fact, it was dislocated; and, accordingly, he began to pull the jaw, for the purpose of putting it in its proper place. The officer, knowing the simplicity of the operation, and how it ought to be done, was so enraged that a man should be so presumptuous as to put a pestle and mortar over his door, and yet not know how to reduce a simple dislocation of the jaw, that he vented his rage in a most furious, but in a very inarticulate manner. The learned apothecary took it into his head that the infuriated major was mad; and, in faith, it was very nearly being verified, for Mr Pestle's suggestion put the major into a terrible rage, which actually confirmed the apothecary in his opinion. He therefore threw him down, put a strait waistcoat on him, and left him lying on his back, and then sent him some cooling draughts, and some lotion for the jaw, which was to be applied in due season. The major then found that there was nothing for him but submission. After some time had elapsed, he made signs for pen, ink, and paper; and as these were instruments which it was supposed he could not much injure himself with, they were furnished to him; and when he got them, he wrote on the paper just these words: "For God's sake, send, with all possible speed, to Mr So-and-so, surgeon reasonable request, and therefore they sent off a man to the regiment." Well, that was considered a very on horseback, immediately, for the surgeon. The surgeon came, took off the blister which the sapient apothecary had applied, threw the lotion out of the window, undid the strait waistcoat in which the major was incarcerated, warmed his hands, introduced his two thumbs to the back of each side of the lower jaw, pressed down the condyles, and at the same time elevating the angle of the inferior maxillary bone, the jaw slipped into its socket. So much for the major, the apothecary, and the regimental surgeon.' On another occasion, "speaking of the effects of bleeding in removing temporary fits of mental derangement, he related the following case; loud fits of laughter following its narration: 'A gentleman of fortune residing in Portland Place fell in love with the late Princess Charlotte of Wales; and so earnest was he to obtain her in marriage, that he became insane. His family and friends became alarmed for his personal safety; and fearful lest he should commit suicide, placed him under the care of a physician, who directed, without loss of time, that he should be freely blooded. To this, after repeated attempts, he refused to accede. However, a pupil of one of the physicians hearing of the circumstance, hit upon an expedient, and engaged to bleed the patient. The plan was contrived, and the patient was introduced to the young gentleman, who stated that he was the bearer of a message from the princess, and requested to see Mr in private. No sooner was this Thou wilt weep when the clank of my cold chain thou hearest, information received, than the pupil was shown into And none but the guilty should mourn over me. And yet I must wake thee-for while thou art weeping, In a world, if it cannot betray, that will scorn thee- And when the dark thought of my fate shall awaken I know that the base world will seek to deceive thee, the drawing-room. The door was cautiously shut, and the patient with great earnestness requested the stranger to divulge, without loss of time, what message he had to communicate from the princess. "Why, you must know, sir," said he, "that we must be particularly cautious. I am deputed by the Princess Charlotte to inform you that she would give you her hand in marriage, but she is prohibited from so doing in consequence of the king her father having been informed that you possess white blood in your veins instead of red." "Good God!" exclaimed the patient, "if that be the case, pray let me be bled instantly, that her royal highness may be convinced to the contrary." And the pupil did bleed him, until he nearly laid him prostrate on the floor; and in a few days the patient had recovered, and his delusion of course left him.'"-From "Physic and Physicians," a work lately published. LONDON: Published, with permission of the proprietors, by W,S. ORR, Paternoster Row; and sold by all booksellers and news men.-Printed by Bradbury aud Evans, Whitefriars. CONDUCTED BY WILLIAM AND ROBERT CHAMBERS, EDITORS OF "CHAMBERS'S INFORMATION FOR THE PEOPLE," "CHAMBERS'S EDUCATIONAL COURSE," &c. NUMBER 434. A FEW THOUGHTS ON HISTORY. HISTORICAL Compositions are usually of two kinds. The first kind are the productions of individuals who have been concerned in the events, or who at least have lived during the time when the events were transacting, and for these reasons suppose themselves competent to give a faithful report of what passed. To this department belong such works as Sully's Memoirs, Burnet's History of his Own Time, and Horace Walpole's Memoirs of the Last Ten Years of George II. The second kind are narratives compiled from such original works as the above, with the assistance of other documents, and usually aiming either at an elegant and entertaining picture of the times, or at a philosophical view of human passions and motives, and of political and social maxims, as they chance to be illustrated, or to be supposed to be illustrated, by the series of transactions adopted for a subject. Of this class are the well-known histories of Gibbon, Hume, Robertson, and many others. History may be, in the one case, said to be original; in the other, to be derived. If any one were proposing to inquire how far history of any kind is entitled to the faith of its readers, he would probably be disposed to pass original memoirs with very light investigation, as supposing that what men saw with their own eyes, or were intimately connected with, could not fail to be faithfully described by them. Here, however, there is reason to fear that he would find himself far wrong. The chances of misrepresentation appear to be nearly as great in original, as in derived history. Most readers will remember an anecdote of Sir Walter Raleigh, which, nevertheless, we shall repeat from memory. It represents Sir Walter as sitting in his apartment in the Tower, engaged in the compilation of his History of the World, when suddenly a brawl took place under his windows. Presently after, a gentleman entered and gave him an account of the turmoil, which the historian did not think by any means consonant with the truth. Soon after, another gentleman entered, and gave still a different, but, as Sir Walter thought, equally untrue version. Raleigh was confounded, and had nearly laid aside his task in despair, "for," said he, "when two persons so erroneously report a trivial incident which has taken place within the last hour, how should I hope to give a just account of transactions, many of which took place three thousand years ago?" This anecdote may be true or not; but it would not be difficult to show that it is at least consistent with nature. The Duke of Sully relates one to the same purpose. After the battle of Aumale, Henry IV., being slightly wounded, retired to bed at Neufchâtel, and, calling some of his officers around him, led them to converse familiarly respecting the dangers of that day; "upon which," says Sully, "I observed as something very extraordinary, that, amongst us all who were in the chamber, there were not two who agreed in the recital of the most particular circumstances of the action." Hereupon the translator remarks, that, although there are a great number of writers and even contemporaries, who have treated of the military exploits described by Sully, no two could be found agreeing exactly in their descriptions. The same discrepancy is found in the various accounts which have been given, by parties concerned, of the flight of the royal family of France in June 1791. All of these differ considerably. Even being on different sides of the king's carriage when he stepped into it, seems to have produced irreconcileable differences in the ideas of parties as to what took place. But it is needless to multiply instances. Every one who has SATURDAY, MAY 23, 1840. ever seen a written account of any thing which he happened to witness or be concerned in, must have remarked that it contained statements, if not absolutely contrary to what he thought true, at least very considerably different from the representations which he would have given. These differences are in some measure a result of the different point of view from which each particular individual beholds any thing that is going on, as philosophers tell us that the rainbow is different to every one beholding it, since the sun's rays are not refracted, in the eyes of any two persons, exactly in the same angle. There may be such differences, and yet the result will in the main be the same as a rainbow must be upon the whole a rainbow to all who stand near one particular spot. But it may be otherwise. The discrepancies may be in essential points, such as give a totally different turn to the matter in question. And we are as yet supposing the witnesses to be all alike qualified to bear faithful witness. But they may chance to be prejudiced, or corrupted, or interested in giving a particular view of the event, or some of them may be of weak understanding, or at least of little power of observation; and then of course the differences from each other, and the variance of all from truth, must be much greater. The chance of such variances is increased in proportion as the event is removed from a simple incident, and assumes the character of a series of complicated political movements. We have only to consider how different are the accounts given every day by party writers, of events passing before our eyes, in order to be assured of the extreme infirmity of all such evidence. In the composition of derived history, there is an opportunity of weighing the statements of original history against each other, and rejecting those which appear least credible, or which can by these means be proved to be false. Writing, too, at a cool distance from the events, a philosophical mind is enabled to rise above prejudiced views of the characters of individuals and of actions. But here the advantages stop. For his facts, the writer of derived history is still much at the mercy of the original authors. In his selection, he may, in rejecting the least probable, be choosing only the least true, for the true and probable, it is acknowledged, are not always one. In truth, if a selection is to be conducted on the principle of comparative credibility, we know well that the writer must often go wrong. Then, distant as he is from the events, he has also his prejudices, moral and political. These both affect his selection of facts, and introduce a strain of sentiment which may greatly affect the verity of his picture. The history of Greece, for example, has been written by Mitford and Gillies, both of them honest men, but the one of aristocratic and the other of democratic tendencies. Accordingly, in Mitford's narrative, all the greatness of Greece is ascribed to the occasional preponderance of aristocratic principles; while in that of Dr Gillics, the very opposite conclusions are arrived at. PRICE THREE HALFPENCE. to suffer. Sometimes a bare and rigid fact is amplified, as it were a skeleton clothed with flesh and blood. Sometimes new facts are imagined and added, in order that the only one for which there is authority may tell a little better. There is a great deal of rounding off and polishing down to make all fair, straight, and fluent. Carelessness also has its effect in bringing about alterations. Even in the change from the homely expressions of an early age to those suitable to the times of the writer, the real character of the events is falsified. We shall adduce some examples, to make our meaning plain. In Sir Walter Scott's Tales of a Grandfather, the following anecdote respecting King Robert Bruce's expedition in Ireland occurs :-" One morning, the English and their Irish auxiliaries were pressing hard upon Bruce, who had given his army orders to continue a hasty retreat; for to have risked a battle with a much more numerous army, and in the midst of a country which favoured his enemies, would have been extremely imprudent. On a sudden, just as King Robert was about to mount his horse, he heard a woman shrieking in despair. What is the matter?' said the king; and he was informed by his attendants that a poor woman, a laundress, or washerwoman, mother of an infant who had just been born, was about to be left behind the army, as being too weak to travel. The mother was shrieking for fear of falling into the hands of the Irish, who were accounted very cruel, and there were no carriages or means of sending the woman and her infant on in safety. They must needs be abandoned if the army retreated. 6 King Robert was silent for a moment when he heard this story, being divided betwixt the feelings of humanity, occasioned by the poor woman's distress, and the danger to which a halt would expose his army. At last he looked round on his officers, with eyes which kindled like fire. Ah, gentlemen,' he said, let it never be said that a man who was born of a woman, and nursed by a woman's tenderness, should leave a mother and an infant to the mercy of barbarians! In the name of God, let the odds and the risk be what they will, I will fight Edmund Butler, rather than leave these poor creatures behind me. Let the army, therefore, draw up in line of battle, instead of retreating.' The story had a singular conclusion; for the English general, seeing that Robert the Bruce halted and offered him battle, and knowing that the Scottish king was one of the best generals then living, conceived that he must have received some large supply of forces, and was afraid to attack him. And thus Bruce had an opportunity to send off the poor woman and her child, and then to retreat at his leisure, without suffering any inconvenience from the halt." So writes Sir Walter Scott. Barbour, in his heroic poem of "the Bruce," relates the story differently. Divested of the metrical form and of antiquated spelling, his account is as follows:-" There [Limerick] they lay two or three days, and then prepared again to fare There is another source of abundant error in derived [march]. And when they were all ready, the king history. Where, as is generally the case, an effort is heard a woman cry. He asked in haste what that was. made to form a smooth and flowing narrative, in ele-It is the lavender, sir,' said one, who has just now gant modern phraseology, the events, characters, transactions, and features of the time, all suffer a kind of translation or paraphrase, which greatly alters their character, and in many instances is attended with the effect of both suppressing the true and creating the false. No one who has not compared the elegant and sprightly historical narratives of the last and present age with the simple and homely chronicles from which they have mostly been compiled, could form any adequate idea of the perversion which history is thus made taken her child-ill, and must be left behind us. Therefore it is she makes yon evil cheer.' The king said, Certes it were a pity that she should be left in that point, for I trow there is no man would not rue [have compassion on] a woman then.' He there arrested all his host, and garred a tent be soon stented; and garred her gang in hastily, and bade other women to be by her, while she was delivered; and then rode forth on his way. And before he went forth, he ordered how she should be carried [afterwards]. This |