heart filled with indignation, while my whole person, and the coarse shirt that a beggar would not have worn, were passed in review. Is it over, sir?' I asked of the director, seeing myself no longer under inspection; and may I put on my clothes? Not yet-in a short time; only take your shirt. What am I to remain longer in this state of nakedness? It is the order; I cannot help it.' And saying this, he made a sign for the straw mattrass, counterpane, and clothes, to be carried out of the room, leaving me exposed to the damp and cold air of the dungeon, and to the gaze of all the bystanders. This noble exploit ended, the director made me a slight bow, and turned to Confalonieri, who was subjected to the same indignities as myself. He also, though suffering, was obliged to get up to yield his miserable couch, his convict clothing, and even his feeble body, to their examination. It was an afflicting spectacle to see the man I most loved and revered in the world, treated by these ruffians of the police like the worst malefactor: to see him stand with naked feet, stripped of every particle of dress, before these tools of arbitrary power, who neither respected his grey hair, blanched by sorrow and suffering, nor the infirmities consequent on his imprisonment, nor the noble dignity of his character. Yet this man, on whom they dared to lay their impure hands, endured the unworthy treatment with the most admirable patience. Not one word of discontent escaped his lips, no sign of contempt or of anger was depicted on his countenance." They were left in this state of nakedness till Confalonieri had almost perished. For being kind to the prisoners, the head keeper of the fortress, an old soldier named Schiller, was turned out of his place. The disgrace broke the aged warrior's heart. Andryane seized an opportunity to express his gratitude to Schiller. "Thanks, thanks!" said the other; "ere long I shall cease to want any thing in this world. I am hit here (striking his breast). If our emperor knew that you are a hundred times worse off than the greatest malefactors we have here, I am sure he would never permit that I should be punished for leaving you some pieces of bad paper and a few old quills. Yet God will not punish me for pitying my poor prisoners." Schiller seems to have done the Emperor of Austria too much justice here. Every point in the prison regulations was arranged by the monarch himself, and in the third year of the captivity of Andryane, the situation of things became much worse for him and his companions, through particular orders from Vienna. The jailors became more stern and vigilant, and daily inspections were made, of so rigorous a nature, that the captives were deprived of almost all the petty sources of amusement which they had at first possessed. For example, a small leather pillow had been allowed to lie on the pallet of the sick and suffering Confalonieri. It was peculiarly dear to him as the last and only souvenir which he possessed of his beloved wife, who, on her journey from Vienna to Milan, to see (as she believed) her husband's execution, had rested on that pillow her throbbing head, and bedewed it with her tears. It was taken from the count, his retention of it being an "infraction of the rules." A young sparrow had been caught by one of the captives, and he had tamed it and taught it to love him. It had become his chief consolation, but was taken away, as an "infraction of the rules." Again, the captives, though chained, could mount to their narrow loop-holes, and get partial glimpses of the face of nature. Some of them passed whole days in this occupation. Alas! they were not permitted to taste the enjoyment long. "I perceived several persons examining the bastion, and I shuddered at the idea that we should probably be the victims of some new persecution. Soon afterwards, the appearance of some masons, bringing bricks and scaffolding in great quantity, confirmed our apprehensions. The work was immediately begun; and during that day, and several others, we contemplated with increasing sadness the men who raised the wall of the parapet, and by degrees concealed the cheering landscape from our view. This barrier of stonework, which an evil genius seemed to have placed between us and nature as a warning that we were to renounce for ever the joys of this world, augmented our wretchedness fearfully, and the health of several of the prisoners sustained an irreparable shock. Confalonieri suffered more from it than any other." The subsequent details of this rigorous imprisonment are of remarkable interest, and serve to throw an instructive light on the nature of the Austrian government. These details will be presented in a condensed form in our next publication. THE CONTRADICTORY COUPLE. "I do believe," he says, taking the spoon out of his glass, and tossing it on the table," that of all the obstinate, positive, wrongheaded creatures that ever were born, you are the most so, Charlotte." "Certainly, certainly, have it your own way, pray. You see how much I contradict you," rejoins the lady. "Of course, you didn't contradict me at dinner-time-oh no, not says the gentleman. “Yes, I did," says the lady. "Oh, you did!" cries the gentleman; “you admit that ?” If you call that contradiction, I do," the lady answers; "and I say again, Edward, that when I know you are wrong, I will contradict you. I am not your slave." "Not my slave!" repeats the gentleman, bitterly; and you still mean to say that in the Blackburns' new house there are not more than fourteen doors, including the you!" 66 door of the wine-cellar!" "I mean to say," retorts the lady, beating time with her hair-brush on the palm of her hand, that in that house there are fourteen doors, "Well, then," cries the gentleman, rising and no more.” in despair, and pacing the room with rapid strides, "this is enough to destroy a man's intellect, and drive him mad!" By and bye the gentleman comes to a little, and passing his hand gloomily across his forehead, reseats himself in his former chair. There is a long silence, and this time the lady begins. "I appealed to Mr Jenkins, who sat next to me on the sofa in the drawing-room during tea." "Morgan, you surely mean," interrupts the gentleman. “I do not mean any thing of the kind," answers the lady. "Now, by all that is aggravating and impossible to bear," cries the gentleman, clenching his hands and looking upwards in agony," she is going to insist upon it that Morgan is Jenkins!" "Do you take me for a perfect fool?" exclaims the lady; "do you suppose I don't know the one from the other? Do you suppose I don't know that the man in the blue coat was Mr Jenkins?" "Jenkins in a blue coat!" cries the gentleman, with a groan; "Jenkins in a blue coat!-a man who would suffer death rather than wear any thing but brown!" "Do you dare to charge me with telling an untruth?" demands the lady, bursting into tears. "I charge you, ma'am," retorts the gentleman, starting up," with being a monster of contradiction, a monster of aggravation, a-a-a-Jenkins in a blue coat!-what have I done that I should be doomed to hear such statements ?"-Sketches of Young Couples THE EDIBLE BIRDS' NESTS OF CHINA. Not only in their ordinary form, or acted upon by the culinary art, are the mosses employed as food; but one of the most admired luxuries of the table in China is the edible birds' nest formed from them. A small swallow, called, from his peculiar instinct in building this sort of habitation, hirundo esculenta, makes his nest from several of these species, and amongst others, it is said, from the Ceylon moss, in the highest and most inaccessible rocks, accustomed from childhood to the dangers it offers, can in deep damp caves. Craufurd tells us that none but those pursue the occupation of collecting these nests; for they are only approachable by a perpendicular descent of many hundred feet, by ladders of bamboo and ratan, over a sea rolling violently against the rocks. When the mouth of the cave is attained, the perilous task of taking the nests must be performed by torchlight, by penetrating into the recesses of the rock, where the slightest slip would instantly be fatal to the adventurers, who can see nothing below them but the turbulent surf making its way into the chasms of the rocks. The high price given for these delicacies, is, however, a sufficient inducement for the gatherers to follow "this dreadful trade." The nests are formed of a mucilaginous substance; they resemble illconcocted fibrous isinglass, and are described as of a white colour, inclining to red; their thickness little more than that of a silver spoon, and the weight from a quarter to half an ounce. When dry, they are brittle and wrinkled, the size nearly that of a goose's egg. The qualities of the nest vary, according to the situation and extent of the caves in which they are found, and the time at which they are taken; if procured before the eggs have been laid, the nests are of the best kind; if they contain eggs only, they are still valuable; but if the young are in the nest, or have just left it, they are nearly worthless, being dark-coloured, streaked with blood, and intermixed with feathers and dirt. After they are procured, they are separated from feathers and dirt, are carefully dried and sent to Pekin, for the use of the emperor. The labour packed, and are then fit for market. The best sort are bestowed to render them fit for table is enormous; every feather, every stick, or impurity of any kind, is carefully removed, and then, after undergoing many washings and preparations, they are made into a soft delicious jelly; they are likewise served up in broths and soups; they have the reputation of being nutritious, and gently stimulating. The extravagant prices given for these nests by the Chinese render them a most expensive article of diet. The sale has become a monopoly of the government in whose dominions they are found. Meyen, in his Voyage discovered that these costly birds' nests are nothing more Round the World, states that the Japanese had long ago substance itself in an artist-like manner.-Dr Sigmond than softened sea-weed, and that they now prepare the on the Ceylon Moss. LADIES IN BARRACKS. The promising young lady, newfangled in her matrimonial reign, and by the royal duties thereto appending (the moon being over), is delighted to get into military quarters. I have seen one of these young things almost leaping out of her skin with joy upon her first entrée. This agreeable state of matters was, however, of short duration; she soon regretted her lately forsaken and peaceful haunts; when, instead of either leaping or dancing for joy, she tamed down into a very languishing, slipshod housewife. She was married to a jolly ensign, of whom, poor fellow, it might literally have been said that he was twice caught." Light marching order was not the order of his day; he travelled with a most respectable train of baggage. A pianoforte was on the list; for which his only room not being sufficiently capacious, the quartermaster's store received it, where the rats and mice played their duets and overtures upon it. Chests and trunks abundantly came in, so that the poor disciple, and the partner of his cares, were stowed away among the lumber, very much after the manner in which the steerage passengers are ensconced on board a packet just ready to sail for Van Dieman's Land. They had some pretty little birds in brass wire cages, and a green parrot to keep them from being alone. By and bye, the scene was changed, and other little birds were heard to sing; the piccaninnies began to show themselves, and were introduced into this sinful world much more rapidly than the finances of their parents justified; "the love they were so rich in" would by no means "make a fire in their kitchen;" for kitchen they had not, nor would the little god turn their spit. Fertile in expedients, the sex are never at a nonplus; bandboxes and parasols made way for canisters and rocking-chairs; bird-eages were dismissed for cradles; the washing-tub took precedence of the guitar; and as for the feathered songsters, they were all consigned to other lodgings; their places in the orchestra being occupied by a band of innocent squallinis. Barrack ladies are, for the most part, very clever, good hands at a dish of scandal now and then, as well as getting up a dish of mutton-chops. They, moreover, cultivate the gossiping propensities, for which there could not be a more eligible nursery. They are for ever sifting and prying into one another's business; and politics run so high at times that the interference of their lords and masters is resorted to in order to check the progress of a civil war. Woe betide the unlucky, though quiet youth, who may chance to be within the range of one of our musical amateurs; who produces a sensation as if she was hammering on his nerves, instead of on the keys of her piano: it is one tormenting strum, strum, strum, at the "Downfall of Paris," and "Fly not yet," when you would fly with eagles' wings to the antipodes. I was at one time vis-à-vis to such another lovely cantatrice, who harped alternately on "Drink to me only with thine eyes," and "From night till morn I take my glass;” her face, meanwhile, resembling the full moon in a gale, and bearing the roseate hue of wine, was a faithful illustration of her song.-Major Patterson's Camp and Quar ters. THE FIRST SWALLOW. BY THOMAS SMIBERT. White-throated herald of the coming May, It joys me much to see thee here again! Once more shalt thou, sweet bird, at dawn of day, Chase my dull slumbers with thy cheerful strain; Thy parent-labours, at my window-pane, With placid morning thoughts my breast shall fill, And I shall quit my bed, Full-fraught in heart and head With soothing trust in God, and unto all good-will. Who can behold the nicest art and care, With which thou labourest thy little home, Nor think of Him, whose hand is written thereEv'n on thy tiny edifice of loamAs visibly as on the vast air-dome! Or who can mark the fond firm ties that bind Thy chosen mate and thee, In toils alike and glee, Nor yearn with deeper lovingness for all his kind! To some more sunny land, And make your span of life one long bright summer's day? Sweet page, that holdest up the skirts of spring!- Or dark secluded nook, Have been thy ways, thou pilgrim of the sky, Though questioned long by man's deep searching eye, Thy course is full of doubt, when all is done, And still we can but guess, That when the chill winds press, Thou seek'st a home in climes that front the prone-rayed sun. Welcome, thou gentle haunter of the eaves! Hath from the deep awakened thee to day, I love thee, and with joy will watch anew Ere from their beauteous shells thy young step forth to view. A summer-fly of human kind to thee; Thy comings and thy goings both are sure: With meekness to the blow, April 29, 1840. LONDON: Published, with permission of the proprietors, by W.9. ORR, Paternoster Row; and sold by all booksellers and newsmen.-Printed by Bradbury and Evans, Whitefriars. Complete sets of the Journal are always to be had from the publishers or their agents; also, any odd numbers to complete sets. Persons requiring their volumes bound along with titlepages and contents, have only to give them into the hands of any bo kseller, with orders to that effect. CONDUCTED BY WILLIAM AND ROBERT CHAMBERS, EDITORS OF "CHAMBERS'S INFORMATION FOR THE PEOPLE," NUMBER 437. EYE HINTS. Ir is remarkable how small a peculiarity in form, posture, or arrangement, suffices to give us a general idea of an entire object, and not only of that, but of many things and conditions relative to it. In a popular book of travels we are presented with a plate, representing the lower part of a pair of limbs projected through a window into the open air; and from that fragment of a gentleman, we can in an instant form an idea of the attitude, bodily and mental, of the whole man. He is a jolly Carolinian, sitting on a rocking-chair, smoking his pipe, and conscious of nothing but the pleasant sensations which follow a good dinner. We are often reminded of this whimsical engraving, as we daily pass one of the club-houses. There, within a window through which one can see from the street, is generally to be seen some snatch of a human figure. Very frequently the object seen is the back part of a head, the owner of which has come to the light to read the newspapers. One just catches a bald crown, below that some short grey hair, and below that again some very red layers of neck. Nothing else is needed. It is a country gentleman of course; one who has been familiar with good port for half a century. Being now temporarily in town, he has called to have his daily spell of the Post or Chronicle, as it may be. Such an object is at once recognised as characteristic of the place, and quite suitable to it. And though the whole man were standing before one, one could not see him more palpably. The least hint, indeed, suffices. Hence it is quite possible, in casting one's eye along a crowded street, to point out all the proud people within a quarter of a mile, at least all those who are walking away from the position of the spectator. Mark where you .see much of the crown of a hat. Wherever that is the case, and the individual is receding, you have a proud man; for, in walking, such men throw back the head, and that enables any one behind to see a good deal of the crown. On the other hand, when much of the crown of an approaching hat is seen, the probability is, that the owner is a studious, or bashful man, or one who feels that he has little reason to expect much courteous regard from his fellow-men. One only source of fallacy besets our outlook for proud men. There are a few old gentlemen, very generally belonging to one of the learned professions, who, in consequence of sedentary life, and through other causes, have become very corpulent in front; by reason of which peculiarity, they are obliged to keep their heads pretty well back. It is just possible that a crown of a hat brought much into view behind, may belong to some such person. This, however, is only an exception from a rule which will generally be found to hold good. When a lady and gentleman are seen walking together, no person of average acuteness of intellect can be at a loss to distinguish whether they are married persons or not. There is a well-known pair of prints, common in wayside country houses, professing to represent Courtship and Matrimony. In "Courtship," a gentleman is seen displaying great attention to a lady, in helping her over a stile, which she seems at ro loss to mount unassisted. In "Matrimony," the same lady is seen attempting with some difficulty to get over the same stile, while the gentleman, already past, is walking coolly and unheedingly on in front. The design of this print has always appeared to us a shameful libel on matrimony. We truly believe the conduct of the gentleman to be capable of explanation. The thing is this. In the first print, he was full of solicitude and anxiety, as all persons who have not the good fortune to be married must be; and this solici SATURDAY, JUNE 13, 1840. tude made him fussily eager to help the lady where If you observe a pair, who are obviously from such ap- The world is familiar with the story of the physician who concluded that his patient had been eating oysters from seeing some shells of that species of the testacea under the bed, and how finely this surmise was commented on by his apprentice, who, going to another patient, and observing a saddle under the bed, came home and reported that the man must have lately eaten a horse. In the case of the oysters, it must be owned that possibly the patient had not been eating any such thing; yet a strict regard to the principles of reasoning obliges us to believe that it was much more likely that oysters had been gobbled in the one case, than that a courser had been bolted in the other. To be very candid, there might be some rashness in the physician's conclusion. The oysters might have been eaten by some other member of the family. Yet, after all, it was not unlikely that they had formed a regale to the patient himself. We know very well that from similar evidence conclusions are come to every day in the world. Old Mr Towser, of a certain town in the west of England, had a large dog remarkably like himself, and which was intimately associated by every body with the idea of his own figure. Whenever this animal was seen at the door of the Bridgewater, did any passer by ever presume to doubt that Mr Towser was sitting in his ordinary seat at the bar fireside, taking his glass of brandy and water? Convictions from such symptoms come upon one intuitively, and are irresistible. Supposing that Mr Towser had been accused of having committed a murder about the same hour when his dog was seen at the door of the Bridgewater, scarcely any one, out of all who had seen the animal there, could have hesi PRICE THREE HALFPENCE. tated to swear an alibi in his favour. It is possible they might have been wrong. Pyramus was so when he accepted the veil of Thisbe as a proof that she had been devoured by the lion. But the readiness with which people act on such hints is a powerful proof of the aptitude to receive and make inferences from them. The human figure is at an average five and a half feet. Now, supposing that, in a darkened room bordering on some well-frequented thoroughfare, a tube of certain dimensions were so arranged as to allow of our only commanding the lowermost six inches, or one-eleventh, of the persons of all who passed. We aver that, in such circumstances, it would be possible to know a very great deal of the general figure and character of those who might pass in review. It would not be merely the old story of guessing a Hercules from a large foot, but much of the general condition of individuals might be predicated from that small portion of the figure. For example, if you saw a pair of feet come up, ensconced within a very nicely made and nicely brushed pair of boots, with deep tapering heels, pointed toes, and blue trousers with braided scams, neatly cut and strapped so as to apply very exactly to the boots, you could entertain no doubt that the owner of these said feet was some officer of the dragoon regiment lying in the barracks, an indefatigable forenoon promenader, a haunter of all possible balls, and a decided lady-killer. Suppose you next observed a pair, sunk in loose-mouthed shoes tied with thongs, and connected with a pair of thin legs, wearing black worsted stockings, and of which even the four inches exposed to view manifest an inclination forwards of at least ten degrees, you could not doubt that you saw the basement of an old man who acts in some such capacity as that of verger, or a winder-up of city clocks, or a recorder of mortality, and the rest of whose habiliments consist of a rusty black coat of antique wideness of sweep, a deep vest, and a pair of equally black and rusty nondescripts, tied with black worsted tape at the knee. Suddenly come upon you a pair of something in white silk stockings and pale-coloured jane boots, with a very small vision of ankle above, and then the bottom of a silk pelisse: you know in a moment from the twitter of those pretty feet, their cut and dress, and the light yet firm hold which they take of the ground, that the owner is a decidedly smart young lady, whom the officer before mentioned surveyed very critically a minute ago as he passed, and whom he intends to have another peep of, by turning round at the end of the street, and meeting her on his return. What varieties of people there are in the world! The next pair of feet exhibit dimly blacked shoes, black spatterdashes, and the bottom of a pair of unstrapped rusty black trousers: reader, do you require to be told that this is the modest-looking man who acts as a private tutor three doors off? Next come a pair of stumping boots, very much splashed, evidently not made by Hoby, thick in sole and low in heel, having strapped spurs attached, and a considerable many folds about the ankles your seeing the remaining ten-elevenths of this man could not more effectually assure you of an honest farmer who has just ridden in from the country to attend market. The boots stop and give a turn round: the man is looking for some shop, where he was commissioned to buy something by his wife or daughters. A pair of large lightcoloured snow-boots, which next succeed (the season not being winter), and which come heavily but not slowly marching along, with a skirt of bombazette or some such stuff sweeping round them, is detected in an instant as the foundation of a fat old lady, who goes to market with a basket on her arm to buy her own eggs and butter. Then we may perhaps have presented to us two huge pediments, with heavy soiled shoes, and corduroy spatterdashes, the thongs of the shoes being drawn through pie-holes in the spatterdashes, and then tied down above them; this, you know in a moment, is Saunders Bathgate, the Pennycuick carrier, newly arrived in town with his cart, and now engaged in delivering orders "for goods" on behalf of his many country customers. Your mind comprehends the whole man, the integer Saunders, as readily and clearly as if you met him face to face on the plainstones. If six inches of man can signify so much, much more will six inches of child, for there the proportion of the part to the whole is in favour of the observer. See here come a pair of little sturdy shoed feet, with very short thread stockings above the shoes, and above that again pieces of thick red fleshy legs which the stockings have evidently great difficulty in clasping or keeping up upon; you need to see no more in order to be aware that this is a stout well-built little gentleman of three years and a half, with the port and dress of a miniature beef-eater, taking a forenoon walk with his nurse, and excessively troublesome on the subject of guns at all the toy-shop windows, although he has a ball in one hand already, and draws a horse behind him with the other. It were needless to enumerate more figures. The above must form a convincing proof of how little in many instances the eye requires to see, to enable the understanding to vaticinate on all that remains. These speculations are not altogether mere whim or drollery. They point to some practical good lessons. In the social world, points as minute in dress and bearing as any of those above adverted to, have their effect in giving a general impression of individuals. A piece of attire out of taste in its colour or form, a slight uncouthness of pronunciation or address, even so small a matter as a careless or over-familiar attitude, particularly in sitting-all of these little matters, and many others, tell upon men of the world, and also upon women, as indications of the whole man, and may be decisive of much that is for his disadvantage. Great and constant vigilance is accordingly necessary, in those who do not stand quite independently in the world, for the detection and suppression of all such peculiarities. his fellow-men, Booksellers, like other capitalists, and like other men of all professions that have not something degrading in their nature, are average men, actuated by the same motives, whether tending to selfishness or generosity, as their neighbours; perhaps, indeed, from the nature of their pursuits, and the class of persons they come in contact with, they may be rated a degree higher in point of liberality and good feeling than the average of traders. But this is a digression. it must be of such a nature that people will give some- Let us now look to the benefits conferred by the accumulation of labour, when it possesses the qualities of capital. It is the great engine by which the useful energies of the human race are concentrated and directed. It keeps the results of industry piled up and accumulated, to await the moment when it can be most advantageously put forth, as Napoleon concentrated his forces, that their united efforts might bear on one selected point. Every convenience which the citizen of a civilised country has at his hand, is when he wants warm clothing for winter, has to hunt down a wild beast, and to prepare the skin for its destined purpose. The inhabitant of one of our large cities can procure, by stepping to a shop in an adjoining street, a similar piece of fur, which the silent operation of capital has caused to be stripped from some animal in a frozen wilderness thousands of miles distant, and to be adjusted, as if by some miraculous anticipation, to his most fastidious taste. POPULAR INFORMATION ON POLITICAL the result of this accumulated labour. The savage, ECONOMY. THIRD ARTICLE-CAPITAL. CAPITAL has been defined as "accumulated labour." There is an important quality which must distinguish accumulated labour before it can be called capital; classical, from the bitter genius with which they are Want of capital is the chief evil which poor communities industriously inclined have to combat with. The long and steady industry of Great Britain, coupled with the absence of internal convulsions and foreign invasion, have given us a greater amount of this accumulated labour than perhaps all the rest of the world put together. It is by this that we preserve our manufacturing and commercial superiority in spite of many advantages on the part of other nations, which might at first sight appear of superior importance. The cotton we use grows in India, but there is no accumulated labour there to be concentrated in its manufacture in the form of the steam-engine and the spinning-jenny; and so, with the disadvantage of being ten thousand miles from the place of its growth, we can manufacture it, and send it back in the form of clothing to the agriculturist who produced it. Again, when there is a sudden demand in some distant country for a commodity which is produced in a neighbouring land, neither of the two states perhaps has capital enough to convey the article from the place where it is a superfluity, to that where it is wanted, until the accumulated labour of Britain, lying by for a profitable use, accomplishes the exchange. In modern warfare, capital is a powerful auxiliary, and nothing but our vast command of it could have supported us through our later struggles. To naval warfare, in which we are so pre-eminent, it is essential. An army may support itself by rapine; it may be merely a collection of human beings let loose to shift for themselves. A navy, however, must be a set of vast machines, which capital alone can create; and until some other country can rival us in this quality, none will be able to meet us on the sea. The extent to which luxuries, or artificial wants, pervade the great body of the people, is one of the most marked outward indications of the existence of capital. It is thus a somewhat singular inversion of ancient notions, that the nation which possesses the greatest quantity of luxuries is likely to be the most successful in war. The peculiarity of the capitalist, if we compare him with the simple operative or non-capitalist, is, that he can wait for the returns of the industry which is going on under his auspices. The operative works for daily bread, and cannot wait for a market. The capitalist concentrates the fruits of the workman's industry, until they are put in the most advantageous state for being disposed of. Take a piece of printed calico as an illustration. The sailor brings the cotton over the Atlantic; the carter and bargeman take it to Manchester; the carder, spinner, weaver, and printer, with many other operatives, are all successively employed on it, ere it has reached the final purpose for which the cotton was grown. It has lain for weeks on the counter of the retail merchant, and has perhaps been worn as many more before the labour expended on it has been finally paid for; yet the various operatives engaged in preparing it, have, through the instrumen tality of the different kinds of capital applied to the manufacture, been paid their wages, some of them months, others years, perhaps, before the final return has been so obtained. It is not unnatural that the artisan, who sees that his employer never personally touches the manufacture through which he makes his fortune, should conceive that he is himself the sole fabricator of the commodity, and alone deserving of the remuneration. The artisan too frequently considers himself the only person concerned in the creation of that which his hands have made; and as such fallacies have generally their counterparts, the capitalist perhaps occasionally thinks that he is the creator of those riches, of which he is but incidentally the depositary. There are, in truth, no two classes whose interests are more mutually dependent. That the capitalist could not make his large profits without the industrious and intelligent labourer, is self-evident. That the labourer would be poorly off without the stimulant which the capitalist supplies, a little reflection will perhaps make fully as clear. It is quite true that the capitalist does not work in proportion with the artisan for what he makes; yet, if he should cease to make his profits, the artisan would suffer; and it is poor consolation to a starving family to reflect that the rich man is not increasing his store. If it should come to a question between the capitalists and the operatives of this country, which could most easily cast aside the other, the advantage would lie with the former. There are few places in which capital cannot be put out to use; there are not many in which industry alone can find a market. Labourers cannot easily leave their country in large bodies; but a slip of paper may be the means of transferring to another country as much capital as would employ These birds naturally choose retired habitations. The falcon, in particular, builds her nest amongst cliffs in wild and unpeopled regions. In order to fit birds for the sport of falconry, it was necessary to take them from the nest at a very early stage of their existence (then technically called eyasses), or to ensnare them in their more mature age, and then train them for the purpose. A falcon in its natural state was said to be a haggard; hence, apparently, the term by which we still express a wild or agitated aspect. The first step in training the falcon, was to man it, or accustom it to the presence of human beings. Feeding was the grand source of the power which its keeper acquired over it. When it did as required, it was fed, and thus taught to know that it had done right-and not otherwise. If extremely refractory, a stream of cold water was directed at its head, as an admonition that nothing was to be gained by such conduct. From the very first, the animal was accoutred with certain paraphernalia, the names of which at least must be familiar to most readers. First, its head was covered by a leathern hood, fitting close all round, so as to shut up its eyes, and calculated, by a slit behind, to be readily slipped on and off. On the top of the hood there was a tuft of feathers, which usually has a graceful effect in the old pictures representing ladies or gentlemen travelling with their hawks upon their wrist. Leathern straps, called jesses, a few inches in length, were fitted to the legs of the bird by a button slipping through a slit or loop. Close beside the end attached to each leg, was a small spherical bell, like those of a child's rattle, and composed of silver for clearness of sound, the one being in some nice instances made a semitone higher than the other. The other ends of the jesses were furnished each with a ring, which could be readily fitted upon the swivel designed to connect them both with the leash, a long FALCONRY. slender strap, sometimes prolonged by a creance or FALCONRY was the favourite field-sport of the middle common cord, and designed as a tether by which to restrain the animal, at the same time that it should be ages, as shooting with the gun is the predominant one allowed considerable room for free motion. Two great of the present day. It appears, in this country, to objects in training were to teach the bird to fly at its have declined and gone out of use in the seventeenth proper game, and to habituate it to come back to the century, in consequence of the gun having then become, hand of its master, after on any occasion having been by the addition of the lock and flint, a much more let free in pursuit of its prey. For the first of these ready means of bringing down game than the use of ends, in the case of long-winged birds, an implement termed the lure was used. It consisted either of a hawks had ever been. Falconry, while it existed, was stick or of a cord, on the end of which were fixed the peculiar sport of kings, and princes, and nobles, pieces of flesh, with a bunch of the feathers of the prey many of whom were painted in life with their hawks which it was designed that the bird should fly at, or seated on their wrist, and were sculptured on their perhaps an actual resemblance of the prey in its entire form. The falcon being set loose by one man, another tombs after death with the same creature placed at stood at a distance waving the lure around his head, their feet, thus marking the special regard in which thus tempting the animal to advance and strike at it. they held the animal which was the means of giving A whistle was the implement used to reclaim or bring them so much amusement. All over Europe, and far back the hawk. When a hawk was to be kept on into Asia, the sport may be said to have flourished, its talons. It may here be remarked, that the training the hand, strong gloves were worn for protection from from the latter years of the Roman empire downwards; of falcons was altogether a most laborious business, and amongst the earliest books of an instructive kind and that trained birds were accordingly to be only which found their way into print in most civilised purchased at a high price. At the beginning of the countries, were books descriptive of falconry, and con- seventeenth century, a trained goshawk and tiercel taining directions for those who would practise it with favour to part with them. The extreme labour atbrought one hundred marks, and it was considered a success. Circumstances connected with hawks and tending the training of the animals must have been hawking, the modes of the sport itself, and the techni-sufficient in early times to confine the sport to persons cal terms employed in it, were introduced largely into literature and into the ordinary language of the people, as we shall more particularly show in a subsequent part of this paper. thousands of them. of birth and fortune, if there were no other cause, steadily engaged in avoiding it. To effect this, the affrighted heron strenuously endeavours to rise above the hawks, who, however, by superior power of wing, commonly succeed in getting the upper station, from which one presently makes its stoop; and happy it is for the poor heron if he can evade the blow, which he occasionally does, either by shifting his station, or by receiving the falcon on his sharp bill, which instantly transfixes it. This danger is, however, denied on authority, but we feel assured that it does occur. The second hawk, if the first fails, stoops in his turn; but the meditated blow of this also is frequently evaded like the former. The trio then still rising higher and higher, the sight becomes interesting in the extreme, and the spectators are scarcely less agitated than the feathered warriors above. At length another stoop takes place, and the fatal seizure is made by one hawk, while the other binds to his fellow, and all three quickly descend together, but not with a dangerous rapidity, as their powers of inflation and the action of their wings break the fall. It is now that the mounted horsemen make the best of their way to the assistance of their falcons, and their first efforts must be directed to secure the head of the heron, that the sharp beak may not take effect on one or both of them." Pheasants are objects of this sport, but not to a great extent, on account of the inconvenience presented by the sylvan ground in which the sport must be practised. Partridge-hawking is found to be a more convenient sport. To quote the same authority"The scene of practice is commonly on large fields, or open tracts of country, where the horsemen and company generally can beat in line, and the attendant falconer or master, being well mounted, can ride forward, and be ready to receive the quarry. Either pointers or spaniels are necessary, or both. Sir John Sebright says, that high-ranging pointers are the best dogs for the sport, for the birds will often lie to a dog when they will not suffer horsemen to approach them. Neither, provided the hawk used be well broke, is it necessary that it should be very near the dogs when they point, or near the birds when they rise. He also observes, that, if the hawk be within two or three hundred yards, it will be near enough, if her soar be high and she directs her view inwards. In case she should not do this, she must be lured by the voice, or constrained into noticing by the lure itself. It is however observed, that it is better that a flight be lost by the hawk ranging too far, than that she should be lowered or confined in her pitch by too much luring. Sufficient time should by all means be allowed to the hawk to mount well before the game is sprung; for being sufficiently elevated, her range of vision will be equal to take in the whole expanse around her, and incline her to watch the moving scene more attentively than if she were nearer. with astonishing rapidity, and seize on it; at which The partridge being flushed, the hawk will stoop time neither horses, dogs, nor company, should press forward; on the contrary, they should permit the falconer only to advance, who, approaching the hawk with caution, must walk quietly round her, when, in the act of feeding the hawk, he should lay hold of gently kneeling down with his arm extended, as though the partridge, and at the same time place the hawk on his fist. This done, put on the hood, and reward the hawk with the head of the quarry, and if she be not intended to fly again, let her be fed immediately. A somewhat different method of partridge-hawking is practised in the latter part of the season, when the The sport, after being long given up, was revived country is very bare, and when the partridges are in England a few years ago by Colonel Thornton, often very wild, and lie indifferently even to the dog. the Duke of St Albans, and a few other gentlemen, In such cases it is recommended that the company chiefly through the influence of a taste for what-draw up in line at fifty or sixty yards' distance forefathers. It is said to be a gallant and goodly hawk upon wing,' the falconer being in the centre of ever is elegant and romantic in the usages of our from each other, and gallop across the plain with a sight, when a train of well-mounted English gentle- the line, that he may regulate the pace by the situamen and ladies ride forth on a clear sunshiny day, to tion of the hawk. Sir John Sebright informs us that pursue this sport, attended by their falconers, each this method of partridge-hawking has afforded him with his hawk on his wrist. In the present day, as more sport than any other, and that when the face of yore, various kinds of feathered game are flown at. of the country was so bare, and the birds so wild, as The heron, as must be generally known, is a large bird way. Heron-hawking is, we believe, in greatest esteem. to make it impossible to approach them in the usual in appearance, with a long neck, long legs, and a long sharp bill, being designed to haunt marshes and pools, and feed upon whatever fish it can find therein. It is, however, a light insubstantial bird, with nothing to protect it from enemies but its sharp bill. Herons are gregarious, and the lonely places where they live are called heronries. These explanations will introduce the following account of heron-hawking, from Blaine's Encyclopædia of Rural Sports : The sport, we need scarcely remark, was founded on the natural instinct of the rapacious order of the feathered creation, as the chase may be said to be founded on the instinct of the dog to pursue the hare, fox, and other animals. The rapacious order of birds, of which the eagle, falcon, and owl, are the three principal types, are formed in such a way as evidently fits them for pursuing, seizing, and destroying the smaller birds; a part in creation which at first sight appears to involve much cruelty, but which has been clearly shown to be intended to save rather than to produce pain, and to be indispensable to a system of things in which one leading feature is, that there shall always be as many living creatures as can possibly be supported.* The falcon family were alone employed for purposes of sport, as alone possessing the required docility, and of this family two or three species were more frequently used than any other. Of those possessing long wings, the falcon proper and the ger-falcon; places are watched by the falconers, who station them "The daily visitations of the heron to its feeding and of the short-winged, the goshawk and sparrow-selves to the leeward or down wind of the heronry, so hawk; seem to have been the favourite kinds. Species called the hobby, the kestral, the merlin, and buzzard, were the next in request. The female, which is in all the varieties of this tribe considerably larger than the male, was alone employed in sport, and the common names of all the species apply to that sex, the male having usually some distinctive appellation: thus the male of the ger-falcon was called the jerkin, of the falcon proper the tierce gentle, of the goshawk the tiercel, and of the sparrow-hawk the musket. * See the ingenious reasonings on this subject in Buckland's Bridgewater Treatise. that the heron on its return must fly against the Brook-hawking, as it is often termed, was much in vogue formerly. The practice was not, however, con fined to brooks, but extended to rivers, sea-shores, moors, and ponds. It engaged, according to Blome, tassel gentle.' Waterfowl of every description were the jer-falcon, the haggard falcon, the jerkin, and the made prey of; but some particular objects, according with the training of the falcons, were particularly sought for. Dogs were employed to rouse the fowl, while horsemen, with the hawks on their fists, were at being led on by men who traversed the water's edge; hand to cast off one or more, according to the nature of the game. A heron or mallard would require two, while a widgeon or a teal would probably engage only one. with the following hints on the training of falcons to Blome's description of brook-hawking commences this sport: In many places there are ponds inclosed with woods, bushes, and the like obscurities, so that they are concealed from passengers, and such places ducks do much resort unto: now, for the training up Your hawk being in all points ready to fly, be proyour hawk to take them, observe these directions. vided with two or three live train ducks, and let there be a man who must lie concealed in some bush by the pond with them, so that, coming to the place, having your hawk prepared for the sudden flight, beat the place where the birds retained by the English monarch SANATORIUMS. bush with your pole, where the man lieth concealed be inwards.' Laying out of view entirely the partial revival of the sport in modern times, it may be said that falconry is, and must ever remain, a living thing amongst us, in consequence of there being so many references to it in literature, and its terms being so largely received into our common language. Dante, Chaucer, Spencer, and Shakspeare, to say nothing of many meaner names, abound in allusions to this sport of the noble and princely, and in images derived from the falconer's craft. One of the most affecting stories in Boccaccio is that of the reduced gentleman, who long wooed a lady unsuccessfully, and at length on her visiting him, having no other means of entertaining her, gallantly sacrificed his falcon for her meal, and thereby, though without design, gained her affections. The idea in Othello's exclamation respecting the suspected Des demona I'll whistle her off, and let her down the wind, is taken from the act of setting off the hawk upon her sequence. Their existence itself is in many cases flight. What! all my pretty ones-all the frantic inquiry of Macduff—is from the act of the Not for his fair outside, nor well-lined brain, « Hood-winked,” a familiar phrase for one who walks | | the annual ones of a guinea, are already numerous, and there is every prospect of the requisite sum being soon made up, and the building got ready. As for medical attendance, it seems to be arranged that one resident medical officer shall take the general charge of the house, assisted by others who are to act as visiting physicians. We trust that this establishment will go on and prosper. But we have now to present a claim for the Scottish capital, as having had the merit of leading the way in this particular path of sanatory policy. In 1837, a private hospital was opened at Minto House, Argyle Square, Edinburgh, the leading prinSanatorium, as will appear from the words of the ciple of which is identical with that of the London original Report. "It is intended for the benefit of a numerous class of individuals, who, when labouring under disease, are unwilling to be considered_objects of charity, and to enter a public hospital. It must lodgers, when affected with ill health, cannot, in their frequently happen that housekeepers, servants, and peculiar circumstances, obtain all the attention and comfort they require. In many cases it is particularly inconvenient for the masters or friends with whom they reside, to afford them suitable accommoing; and to them, therefore, the advantage of a maison dation, professional attendance, medicines, and nurs de santé, to which recourse may be had, must be apparent. In such an institution the patients enjoy the seclusion of a home; and as something is paid for the would arise from being treated entirely as objects of services of which they stand in need, the feelings which charity are removed." The same Report then points out several of the advantages likely to accrue to country patients from such an institution, with other circumstances rendering it worthy of public notice; and mentions that the charge for board, lodging, medical attendance, and nursing, was to vary from 103. to 20s. per week.. Three regular medical officers, Drs Peddie, Brown, and Cornwall, aided by the valuable services of Professor Syme, in the capacity of consulting surgeon, House, where it was commenced, had formerly been took the management of this private hospital. Minto a surgical hospital, and is a building of no great extent, yet airy and commodious. As the originators did not possess the advantage of large subscriptions to establish their Sanatorium on a very extensive by them has not been, on an average, above fifty scale, the number of patients received and treated or sixty annually. This may seem a comparatively limited amount of practice, but it must be remembered that only eight or nine patients can be received into the house at one time, and that many of them, being afflicted with diseases of long standing, regard to the description of persons thus relieved, we occupy the rooms for a considerable period. With are told that they consisted of the class for whose as strangers from the country, individuals in reduced benefit the institution was principally intended, such circumstances, clerks, shopmen, the upper class of servants, &c. Of the cases coming under treatment, many have been highly important and interesting in a medical point of view, and several requiring the performance of severe surgical operations." The Report for last year also states that "patients have lately come from great distances, and that the hospital has met with countenance from families in the higher circles in town, from commercial houses in which boarders are kept, and from hotel and lodging-house keepers, who have placed under our care valued servants and others." The medical managers conclude, from their past experience, that, as the institution becomes more widely known, the number of admissions will progressively increase. It is but just, therefore, to the gentlemen now mentioned-who have for three years sustained this Sanatorium by gratuitous labours of no common extent, as well as kept up a large out-of-door and dispensary practice, by which no fewer than 5611 poor persons were relieved during last year-to state that they have the merit of having given a fair trial to the scheme now about to be carried into operation in London. It So much for the principle of the Sanatorium, which is true that the trial has been made on a comparatively seems much the same as that which leads gentlemen small scale, yet the public have it in their power, by to form club-houses; union lessening cost to indivi- increased support, to extend the advantages and duals. Sanatory institutions, based on this leading sphere of usefulness of the institution. It is excellent principle, appear to us likely to do much good in every as far as it goes, and has nurses, medical attendants, great seat of population. The details of the plan and other conveniences suitable for its extent; the may differ in different places, and will do so, it is pro- patients are treated as if they were in their several bable, if the idea be adopted to any great extent. The homes, and, according to their wishes and means, are following are the leading features in the scheme of the provided with single rooms, or have the comfort London Sanatorium, projected, we believe, by Dr (which most of them are found to like) of the comSouthwood Smith, a gentleman who has won an ho-pany of others of their own sex during their confinenourable reputation by his excellent work on human ment; scales of comfortable diet are arranged for physiology. A payment of about two guineas a-week them, in accordance with their wants and their mamade by cach patient, insures to him bed, board, ladies; and, in short, the establishment is conducted and medicine; the attendance of skilful physicians with great liberality, judgment, and care. But Edinand nurses; the use of a separate room if requisite; burgh and its neighbourhood, if fully alive to the adwith baths, quiet, pure air, and all the curative vantages of such an institution, would support its means and appliances which science has provided managers more generously, and enable them to work in aid of medicine. To collect a fund of L.3000 on a scale of increased utility. This might be done, wherewith to commence operations, life-subscriptions, to a certain extent, by patients themselves taking of ten guineas each, and yearly subscriptions of one advantage of the opportunities which the institution, guinea, have been proposed and opened, the subscribers as it is, affords; but if the public were to come forin such cases being privileged not only to share the ward at the annual meetings of the supporters of the advantages of the institution at a lower rate of cost, dispensary and general establishment of Minto House, but to recommend non-subscribers as inmates. It is and to strengthen the hands of its managers by their only a few months since the idea of the institution was support, something still more worthy of the capital first started, but the subscriptions, and particularly of Scotland, in the shape of a Sanatorium, might be |