their minds tending to such different objects, that they never can on any great scale be agreeable society to each other. The business man despises the vapid life and trivial amusements of the leisurely classes; and the leisurely classes have as little toleration for the acquisitive maxims, and sharp and knowing style of mind, which prevail in the business classes. The one class is concerned about necessities which the other has long got over and thrown beneath their feet: the other is concerned about niceties which the inferior has not yet learned to appreciate, and never will till wealth and leisure be acquired. Removed high into the region of taste and refinement, the English leisurely class are disgusted by every association with that very mercantile industry and ingenuity which are the boast of their country, and the original source, in a vast number of instances, of their own affluence. It seems most absurd that such should be the case; but there is no preaching down any great law of human nature. Accustom any one to live apart from and independently of all homely things, and he will in time find it painful to be brought into contact with them. It is also to be observed, that no rational person amongst the English leisurely class is insensible, abstractly, of the importance of industrious occupation both to individuals and to the nation; they only do not feel that their daily comfort admits of an intimate personal connexion with the classes who are thus engaged. This is a distinction which must be universally intelligible. There are few so humble but they may look to an inferior class whose toils they respect and applaud, but from whom they would not be disposed to select their company. It is not alone the direct operation of these causes which we have to take into account. Wherever a principle operates in many instances, it is sure to be attended by an extensive imitation. The jealousy of real rank, and the fastidiousness of real taste, set examples which are followed in grades where pretensions to either are more than dubious. In such circumstances, mutual repulsion becomes, as it were, the cue of society, just as, under the opposito circumstances of America, a "hail fellow, well met" feeling is the leading characteristic. To this we are to trace some of the best points of humour in modern English literature, where persons of a humble order are represented as affixing the terms "low" and "vulgar" upon classes or persons in no appreciable degree inferior to themselves. While thus doing our best to analyse the causes of English reserve, we trust it will never be supposed that we wish in any degree to justify or defend it. As far as our own feelings are concerned, we should be amongst the last to take that ground. We must, in common with all benevolent men, lament that this essentially feeble and unmanly characteristic should have been so extensively introduced into English society. At the same time, we are anxious to have and to give a clear view of its causes; and to this object the present paper is confined. We must attribute it mainly to the existence of large titled and leisurely classes. If there be any advantage in an aristocratic grade, or in the realisation of large capitals in the hands of individuals, we must consider the reserve which marks our national manners as a drawback or deduction from it. No good is unmixed with evil, and this is no exception from the rule. It is curious, however, to trace the operation of natural causes in moral affairs. In New Zealand, the young men who, had they remained at home, would have been as delicately reserved as any of their compeers, are roughing it contentedly in fustian jackets, hewing trees, building houses, carrying luggage from the ships, and staking off potato gardens. No one there feels humiliated by doing any thing which circumstances render necessary. When we see such things result when "the influences" are withdrawn, can we doubt that such things would still have been amongst us, if "the influences" had never existed? Geology shows us that various climates have prevailed on the spot of earth we now inhabit, and that in each case the appropriate plants and animals occupied the soil. Were it once more to become torrid, the calamites and equisetacea of our coal beds would doubtless again arise by the banks of our streams, and the elephant would again roam through our forests. An institution seems to be not less certain in producing its effects upon the moral soil. The Anglo-Saxon nature, under a general equality of condition, becomes what we see it in America, in our large townɛ, and in our colonies; in the opposite state, it becomes what we see it in British society at large. THE JEWELLER OF STRASBURG. IN the ancient city of Strasburg, lived Stephen Lenoir and his family. That family was small-so small, indeed, as scarcely to deserve a collective appellation its whole members consisting of Stephen Lenoir and his daughter Manon. Lenoir was a man of middle age, and by profession a working jeweller. He had learned his trade in Paris, which was his native place, and bore so high a character for skill, attention, and industry, as to receive more employment than he could well accomplish. Of course, so far as his work was concerned, Stephen was brought into frequent contact with various classes of the community, as he executed tasks both for professional and private employers. Otherwise, he dwelt with his daughter in perfect solitude. In the midst of fellow-creatures, they associated with none. They had not only no friends, but even no acquaintances. Since Stephen Lenoir had arrived with his infant girl in his widowed arms, for fifteen long years, scarcely a human being, excepting the two settled inmates, had been seen within the walls of their little dwelling. What was the cause of this? Was it unsociableness of temperament on the part of the jeweller? Partly so, perhaps; but it arose still more from the sufficiency of what he possessed within to satisfy all his wishes, and occupy his thoughts. Manon and his business were to him all in all. Not a thought had he beyond these, at least after the loss of his wife, who had been the sun of his existence, and whose death cast a partial gloom over his whole remaining days. To Manon he was the kindest of fathers, and did for her in childhood a thousand kind offices, such as man seldom fulfils, she grew up to womanhood, she repaid him by bebeing at once nurse, companion, and teacher. coming in turn the guardian of his comforts, as well as by the gentleness and affectionate docility of her naturo. Her comeliness, too, was remarkable, and endeared her the more to her father, from recalling to him the memory of his wife, of whom she was the very image. As tripped up and down her paternal habitation, or sat Day by day, month by month, year by year, Manon by her low court-window, carolling gaily, like a happy though a prisoned bird. The floors, the tables, the walls, the ceiling, and, in truth, every spot and corner garret and a small room with a bed-closet, formed of the apartment, which, with the exception of a little nearly their whole house, were clean in the extreme; and the few table-utensils that were arranged on the walls, glittered like a river in the sun. Oft, indeed, did Manon cleanse and scour what was never soiled. Then her bird in the window occupied a portion of her time, for she not only fed her starling duly, but taught it to repeat the airs which she had caught from poor street-minstrels, and tamed it so, that it spent much of its time close by her side. Manon had her knitting and her sewing to attend to, moreover, these being the only arts which she had been compelled to learn out of doors; and duly as the cathedral bell tolled the morning and mid-day hours, her round and smooth brow, with the brown tresses clustering about it, and the blue eyes sparkling beneath, full of affection and cheerfulness, would be nouncement made, that she had the meal of the hour protruded within her father's work-room, and the anin readiness. Absorbed in these simple duties did Manon pass the years of her girlhood, having scarcely a thought beyond her own limited sphere. moment marked the career of her sire and herself. She was seventeen years old, when an event of some Stephen Lenoir was compelled, in a case of peculiar emergency, to take an assistant into his workshop. He was very averse to this proceeding, but a piece of elaborate work required from him could not be exeonly be performed under his own eye, and, if not cuted otherwise in due time. The task, too, could executed at all, a considerable loss would be the consequence. Now, money had become insensibly dear to Stephen-how dear, he had as yet no perfect conception. He had laid by a pretty large sum, and, having few legitimate objects to expend it upon, such become prized by him for itself. This growing passion as most men have for the most part in plenty, it had had produced no perceptible change in his affection for his daughter, and perhaps it was with a view to her future comforts that he had at first taken pleasure in accumulating. However this may be, Stephen, on of losing the large sum to be gained by the execution the present occasion, felt such a pang at the thought of the required work, that he mastered his reluctance to the admission of any one to the privacy of his house, and engaged an assistant for the term of a few weeks. This assistant chanced to be a young countryman of his own, travelling for the better acquirement of skill in his trade. Bertrand Lafort was not a youth of very striking appearance, but still he was comely; and his modesty and intelligence were calculated to win by degrees the affections of those around him. For several weeks he was daily in company with Manon at meals, and at other times also for brief periods; and a mutual attraction between the two was the conse quence. One day, when the absence of Stephen unexpectedly left them alone at dinner, Bertrand took courage almost to avow his affection, and did not find himself discouraged by its simple and innocent object. However, no further opportunity for an understanding between them occurred, until particular circumstances occurred, of a nature calculated to draw Manon's attention entirely to another subject. Since the entry of Bertrand into the house, a change had been observed by her to come gradually over her father's conduct and temper. When he rose in the morning, it seemed as if his night's rest had done him no good. He looked pale and exhausted, and in the evening he would sit for hours in silence, as if brooding on some unpleasing subject. He was late in retiring to rest, and Manon even thought that she could occasionally hear him stirring late in the night, thought that an unusually important task had brought when her own first slumbers were over. She at first with it unusual care and toil, and that he might be ill in body; and she affectionately pressed him to attend to his health, and take additional repose. To her great with harshness. This was the first time in her life pain, her advice was repulsed with peevishness, almost that she had found herself so spoken to by her father, and the gentle Manon dropped many a secret tear in consequence. Her grief was the greater, as her father grew worse day by day. When he was obliged to go out, she observed him, though covertly, to cast uneasy and even suspicious looks both at Bertrand and her self. The cause Manon could not guess at, or if she did guess at any cause, it seemed one quite inadequate to produce such effects. One morning all the symptoms of her father's dis temperament appeared to be aggravated. He sent out Bertrand upon some errand or other of business, She went, and found him in visible agitation. "Oh, and immediately afterwards called Manon to him. Manon," said he, taking her hand in his, « my own Manon, daughter of my poor Louise, would you, could you, deceive your father?" "Not for worlds," returned distress called immediate tears; "not for worlds would the daughter, into whose eyes the sight of her father's I deceive you!" Stephen looked earnestly at her. "I cannot doubt you," said he at length;" when I by night-and when you are away from my sightgaze at those innocent eyes, and think that they have ever beamed on me with duty and love. And yet, oh, Manon, I have terrible thoughts." The daughter was greatly shocked at this open avowal of distrust on her father's part towards her. "Father, what spirit suggests these thoughts! If you have seen aught have I done to incur suspicion from you?" said she, with swimming eyes. "Oh, dear father, some evil amiss, tell me, and believe that your Manon will obey you before all the world, and that she never could or can do any thing to vex the parent she so loves." Stephen was again silent for a moment. He then kissed his daughter's brow, and said, " I believe you, my dear child, and think of this no more." Manon. Something has occurred to fret me. Go, However, matters were not mended subsequently. Stephen altered his strange conduct but for a short time, and then relapsed, and grew daily worse, so much so as to treat Manon with habitual harshness. Her consciousness of Bertrand's affection could not make up to the poor daughter for this alteration in her father's behaviour-a change wrought in but a few short weeks. An open avowal of his love was finally made by Bertrand. It was made one day when he found Manon in tears, after her father's temporary departure from the house. The simple possessed her affections, but said at the same time girl made no attempt to deny that the young man that she would never quit her father. "We may live with him, or at least beside him, Manon," replied the lover. The young maiden sighed. "Once I could said she; "and you too, Bertrand, you have frienda have dreamed of such a thing, but not now, not now," and a home elsewhere." "I can have no home hence forth, no place worthy to be called a home, Manon, where you are not," returned the youth warmly. He took Manon's hand; it was not withdrawn from his possible felicity for them, as made the poor girl's heart grasp, and he proceeded to draw such a picture of however, was suddenly interrupted by the sound of full almost to overflowing. The discourse of the pair, an approaching footstep. They separated from each other's side with a degree of confusion inseparable from the nature of their late converse. Stephen he seemed to have been struck with the possibility of almost started when he saw them. For the first time an attachment springing up between them. On that evening he was more thoughtful and gloomy than usual. The next morning witnessed an unexpected and fast, as he was in the habit of doing, and entered melancholy scene. Stephen Lenoir rose from breakhis workshop, fastening the door behind him. Imme diately afterwards, however, he uttered a loud cry, and issued, exclaiming wildly, "I am robbed again robbed of all! I am a beggar!" He sprung upon Bertrand at the same time, and accused him fiercely of the robbery. "Father! dear father!" cried the agitated Manon, clinging to her parent, "he is innocent! he is innocent!" Stephen Lenoir turned upon his daughter, and shook her off violently. "Be silent, shameless and unnatural girl! You are his accomplice-yes, I am robbed by my own flesh and blood! But I will have it back, or, by the heaven above us, both of you shall die on the scaffold !" The excited tones of Stephen had by this time caused some of the neighbours to hurry to the door. The jeweller called to them to bring the street police, which they were ready and active enough in doing. In the mean time, Bertrand allowed himself to be held by Stephen, but at the same time calmly declared his innocence. He also addressed a word of solace to poor Manon, telling her that "her father would soon discover his error." Perhaps this appearance of mutual intelligence only served to irritate the jeweller more deeply. When the police came, he declared his conviction that he had been partially robbed several times by Bertrand, and at last had been stripped by him of all his earnings. In a voice husky from contending emotions, he also declared his belief that his own daughter was an accomplice in the crime. A shudder ran through the frames of all present at the charge. The solitary life of Manon had prevented any one from acquiring a perfect knowledge of her character, but her youth, beauty, and distress, would have moved the coldest heart to pity. However, Stephen Lenoir reiterated his accusation, and the final issue was, that Bertrand and Manon were taken into custody, and conducted to prison. The examination of Lenoir brought out the following statement. The fruits of his savings were kept by him in a small strong box in his workshop. Soon after he had taken Bertrand Lafont as his assistant, he had missed a portion of his money. At this he was surprised beyond measure, being unable to conceive in what way it had disappeared. He at the very first suspected Bertrand; but on a second robbery taking place, which must have been effected between night and morning, he could not but conclude, that if Bertrand was the plunderer, he must be assisted, as he did not sleep in the house, by one who did sleep there. The idea of Manon being concerned, however (Stephen said), had been originally rejected by him with horror, until a third robbery by night forced the suspicion strongly upon him. Yet he could not make up his mind to the belief that his child would injure him in thought or deed. At length, his strong box was plundered between night and morning of all that remained in it; and having discovered on the previous evening that a private correspondence existed between Manon and Bertrand, he had been driven to the conviction of the truth. Hence the exposure of the pair. In answer to questions from the magistrate, Stephen stated that the box had always been opened without violence, though he had regularly kept the key in security in his bedroom. —was noised abroad, and all were glad at the surprising and almost accidental exculpation of the young pair. It would be vain for us to attempt to describe how Stephen Lenoir's grey hairs pressed the ground that morning at the feet of his own child, and how the gentle Manon embraced his neck, and besought him to take comfort. Nor shall we endeavour to paint how beautifully Manon blushed through her tears, when her penitent father placed her hand in that of Bertrand, and said, "My son, if you truly forgive me, we shall part no more!" This, gentle reader, is a story as true as the Proverbs of Solomon. THE COTTON MANUFACTURE IN AMERICA. JAMES MONTGOMERY, a person skilled in the manufacturing of cotton, left his native country (Scotland) the United States; and being engaged as superinin 1836, to find employment among the factories of tendant in certain mills at Saco, in Maine, he may be presumed to have formed a pretty accurate idea of the process of manufacturing in that country. To render the information which he has acquired useful, he has, at the solicitation of friends, drawn up, and published in a convenient form, an account of the cotton manufacture as practically conducted in America. As this subject must be interesting to a number of our readers, we propose to aid Mr Montgomery in the diffusion of his carefully collected information, by giving a few condensed details from his volume. The cotton manufacture in the United States, which is now a formidable rival to that of Great Britain, has altogether come into existence since 1790. All the attempts to introduce it previous to that period were fruitless; and it was not till a person, skilled in the prosecution of the art in England, carried his experience to the American market, that it began on a proper or flourishing footing. The individual here referred to was Mr Samuel Slater, a young man who had been bred under Mr Strutt at Milford, near Belper, in Derbyshire. First as an apprentice and then as a superintendant, both as respects the making of machinery and in the manufacturing department, he acquired a complete knowledge of the Arkwright mode of spinning; and when he heard by report that the States of North America were offering bounties for the introduction of the art, he resolved on proceeding thither, and give the land of his adoption all the benefit of his practical knowledge and enlarged experience. He knew that it was impossible to take any patterns or drawings along with him, as the government restrictions were very severe, and the customhouse officers scrupulously searched every passenger for America. Having, however, carefully studied the whole mechanism of the factory, and fixed the remembrance of it in his memory, he baffled this contemptible restriction; and carrying his designs in his head across the Atlantic, he landed at New York in 1789. Here he met Messrs Almy and Brown, two individuals who were anxious to secure his services; and proceeding to Pawtucket, he immediately commenced making machinery, principally with his own hands. Such was his activity, that, "on the 20th of December 1790, he started three cards, drawing and roving, together with seventy-two spindles, entirely upon the Arkwright principle." Never were efforts more signally successful. In fourteen months, Mr Brown informed the secretary of the Treasury that machinery and mills could be erected in one year to supply the whole United States with cotton yarn, and thus render its importation unnecessary. The magistrate admitted that the circumstantial evidence seemed strong against Bertrand and poor Manon. With what conflicting emotions Stephen Lenoir's breast was agitated on that night, when he returned alone to his home, we shall not attempt to describe. Sometimes his wrath and avarice were in the ascendant, and at other times he wept bitterly, and was on the point of rushing out to bring his child back to her home, and beseeching her pardon. At length, he felt the necessity of sleep, and thought to secure it by a draught of spirits. He took a large one. and in replacing the glass, the tremulous state of his In 1798, Mr Slater entered into partnership with nerves was shown by his allowing it to fall and be some manufacturers (the daughter of one of whom he shivered to pieces. He then went to bed, and slept. had married), under the firm of Samuel Slater and It was broad morning when he awoke to a conscious- Company. He built his second mill on the east side ness of what had passed. Slowly and sadly he was in of the Pawtucket river, and was proprietor of onethe act of rising, when he became conscious of stiff- half the stock. From this mill preceeded many young ness and pain in one of his feet. Throwing off the men skilled in the craft of manufacturing, and by that bed-clothes, he beheld it covered with clotted blood. means his improvements were widely spread over the A large wound was the cause. Reflecting with sur-country, so that the business has from that time to prise and alarm upon this accident, he remembered the present been rapidly extending over the United the fall of the glass. But at that time his foot had States. Mr Slater's business was so prosperous, that been covered by a thick shoe. The shoe was by the about the year 1806 he invited his brother, Mr John bed-side; he took it up, and found not the slightest Slater, to come to America, and he in all probability mark upon it. Stephen lay back on his couch in brought with him a knowledge of the most recent thought. Suddenly a strange idea occurred to him. improvements made by English spinners. The now He started hurriedly from his bed, and rushed to the flourishing village of Slatersville in Smithfield was small retired closet whence he had taken the spirits then projected, in which John Slater embarked as a on the night before. On the floor of it he saw the partner, and in June of the same year he removed to broken glass. The largest piece had blood upon it. Smithfield as superintendant of the concern. In the He must have been there in the night, and necessarily spring of 1807 the works were sufficiently advanced in his sleep! Wildly Stephen looked about him, and for spinning; and up till the present time they have grasped a board which covered a small recess in the been under the management of that gentleman, in an wall. The board came away in his hands, and there ur.interrupted state of improvement. About 1814, the he beheld his hoarded money lying-the stores of power-loom was added to the process of spinning, by which he had been deprived! Well he knew those means of patterns brought by a Mr Gilmour from coins; he required not to count them. "My Manon! Glasgow, and who was invited by Mr John Slater to my innocent Manon!" cried Stephen, striking his Smithfield. Besides making and bringing the powerforehead; "the boy! the guiltless boy! My own base looms into operation, Mr Gilmour introduced the maand sleepless avarice has been the plunderer of my chine for dressing the warp, and also the hydrostatic press for pressing and packing cloth. Gilmour, we are told, was a man of great mechanical genius, but neglected to turn his talents and opportunities to ac hoards!" Whoever saw and knew Stephen Lenoir on that morning, as he rushed through the streets to the office of the magistracy, believed that they saw a man rendered insane by his misfortunes. But soon the story of the somnambulist-who, from an unhappy and diseased passion of avarice, had actually robbed liimself count, and at his death left his family in poor circumstances. The Slaters seem to have been inen of quite a different stamp, being not only ingenious, but steady and persevering. We have now to show how, from a small beginning in 1790, the cotton manufacture has attained to a great standing in the United States. The factories are now established in a very great number of places; but there are three divisions in particular which may be denominated the principal manufacturing districts. The first comprehends Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, and the eastern parts of Massachusetts; the second, or middle district, includes the western parts of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut; the third, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, &c. Massachusetts, taken altogether, is the chief field of the cotton manufacture, and its chief manufacturing town is Lowell. According to the report of a committee appointed by Congress in 1832, to inquire into the of spindles 1,246,503, of power-looms 33,506; of males progress of spinning and of the manufacture of cotton goods-the number of mills in twelve states was 795, employed in the manufacture 18,539, females 38,927— total employed, 57,466. Since these facts were ascertained, both the spinning and weaving of cotton have largely increased. Mr Montgomery mentions that "the amount of capital invested in manufactures in Massachusetts in 1831 was 12,891,000 dollars; in 1836 it had increased to 14,369,719 dollars, being nearly 12 per cent. in the space of only five years; but allowing the rates of increase since 1831 to be 10 per cent. all over the Union, the amount of capital now invested in the cotton manufacture cannot be less than 45,000,000 of dollars, equal to L.9,375,000 sterling, being about a fourth part of the capital invested in the cotton manufacture of Great Britain." Lowell, as we have already mentioned, is the principal manufacturing town in the United States, or, as it may be called, the Manchester of America. As a place of such importance is peculiarly deserving of notice, we shall extract the following account, which is quoted from the Lowell Journal, a weekly news paper: "The territory of Lowell is about four square miles, and contains upwards of fifteen thousand inhabitants. About eighteen years ago the whole of this was owned by a few honest farmers, who obtained subsistence for themselves and families by the cultivation of this comparatively barren spot, and the fish they caught in the Merrimack and Concord rivers; and being situ-. ated at the confluence of these two rivers, was called Chelmsford Neck, and originally by the Indians, Wamaset. For centuries it lay with its vast resources slumbering in its bosom, unsuspected and unknown. But the spirit of improvement came, and its touch, like that of the magic wand, has turned this seeming wilderness, not simply into a fruitful field, but into a busy, enter prising, and prosperous city. In 1819, Kirk Boot, Esq., a wealthy merchant of Boston, explored this place in the habit of a hunter. He discovered its resources, and immediately, in company with several other rich merchants of that city purchased the land and water privileges. They were incorporated by the name of the Proprietors of the Locks and Canals on Merrimack river, and commenced operations by digging a canal from the Pawtucket Falls, easterly one mile and a half, where it emptied itself into the Concord river. This canal is sixty feet wide, and carries in depth eight feet of water. This is their grand canal; lateral branches are cut, which carry the water to the several manufactories, from which it is discharged into the Merrimack or Concord rivers. They then erected a large machine shop, and commenced building machinery. This company sell out the privileges to manufacturing companies, dig the canals, erect the mills, and build the machinery, all ready for being put in operation; they do all this cheaper than any other company will do it; and these are the only terms on which they will sell the privileges. The Locks and Canals Company have a capital of 600,000 dollars, and employ about 500 workmen in the machine shop and otherwise. A part of their lands has been sold out to individuals at an enormous advance on the original price. Land for which they paid 20 or 30 dollars per acre, has been sold again for one dollar per square foot: there is still a portion of their land on hand unsold.-Kirk Boot, Esq., acted as their agent till his death in 1837. Lowell was incorporated in 1824 into a town distinct from Chelmsford, and received its name from Francis C. Lowell, Esq., who was amongst the first to introduce manufactures in this place. There are now twenty-seven factories in operation, besides print works, bleacheries, &c., and there yet remain unoccupied privileges for nearly as many more: when these are taken up, as in all probability they will, they will then afford means of subsistence to other 20,000 inhabitants, making the whole about 40,000. A new canal has been lately cut, which furnishes sites for about a dozen mills. A railroad of two tracts has been completed between Boston and Lowell, which is found to be of mutual advantage to both places, but especially to the latter. There is also a steam-boat plying between Nashua (another manufac turing place) and Lowell, a distance of fourteen miles, which likewise co-operates with the railroad. The total amount of capital invested for manufacturing purposes at Lowell, was, at the beginning of 1839, about 9,000,000 dollars, equal to L.1,875,000 sterling." There are ten incorporated companies in the place: one company has a large machine shop for making machinery for the cotton and woollen manufactures, railroad cars, engines, &c.; they employ in general upwards of 500 hands. Company No. 2 (we purposely omit names) have five large cotton mills, besides print works; they run 37,984 throstle spindles, work 1300 power-looms, and give employment to 1300 females and 637 males; they make upon an average 220,000 yards of cloth per week, and use about 50,000 lbs. of cotton in the same time. Company 3 have a large printing establishment and three cotton mills; they run 20,992 throstle spindles, 564 looms, employ 830 females and 230 males, make about 100,000 yards of cloth, and use about 40,000 lbs. of cotton, weekly. Company 4 have two cotton mills; they run about 11,776 throstle spindles, 380 looms, employ 470 females and 65 males, make about 100,000 yards of cloth, and use 40,000 lbs. of cotton, weekly. Company 5 have one cotton and one carpet manufactory; they run 5000 throstle spindles, besides those used in the woollen manufacture, 154 cotton and 70 carpet looms, employ 400 females and 200 males, make 2500 yards of carpeting, 150 rugs, and 60,000 yards of cotton cloth per week. Company 6 have two cotton mills, run 11,264 throstle spindles, 352 looms, employ 460 females and 70 males, and make 90,000 yards of cloth weekly. Company 7 have two mills, run 11,520 throstle spindles, 404 looms, employ 460 females and 70 males, and make 125,800 yards of cloth weekly. Company 8 have five extensive factories and a bleachery, run 31,000 throstle spindles, 910 looms, employ 1250 females and 200 males, and make about 200,000 yards of cloth weekly. Company 9 manufacture broad cloths and cassimeres, and have two mills and a dye-house; they make 6300 yards of cassimere and 1500 yards of broad cloth weekly. Company 10 have four large elegant factories, containing 29,248 throstle spindles and 830 looms in operation; they employ 950 females and 120 males, and turn out 155,000 yards of cloth weekly. Besides these principal establishments, may be added an extensive powder mill, bleachery, flannel mills, cord and whip factory, planing machine, reed machine, flour, grist, and saw mills, glass works, and a foundry. The first company above mentioned can furnish complete machinery for a mill containing 5000 throstle spindles, with weaving in proportion, in four months. We might abridge accounts of various other manufacturing towns and villages in the States; but we think the foregoing presents a fair specimen of the whole. It appears that the agent of power is almost universally water; but to what extent this proves a saving not shown by the author. Probably it is of little moment, in comparison with other items. The details which Mr Montgomery presents respecting the nature of the machinery employed, and charges of various kinds, in Great Britain and America, compose the bulk of the volume; but being purely technical, any notice of them here would be out of place. After giving a vast amount of information on theso points, he arrives at the following generalised summary : "The amount of goods produced is much greater in America than in Great Britain; but the hours of labour are somewhat longer in the former than in the latter country. The cost of the buildings, machinery, &c., is a great deal higher in America than in Britain, as well as the general rate of wages, particularly in the carding department. After comparing the advantages and disadvantages of each, it appears that the British manufacturer can produce his goods at least 19 per cent. cheaper than the American. This, however, is more than neutralised by the cheaper rate at which the latter can purchase his cotton. The circumstance of America being a cotton-growing country, will always give to her manufacturers advantages of which the British cannot generally avail themselves. In every description of goods in which the cost of the raw material exceeds the cost of production, the American manufacturers have a decided advantage over the British. And they have availed themselves of this advantage to improve the quality of their goods; as any person who has had an opportunity of comparing the domestics manufactured in the two countries, can have no hesitation in giving the preference to those manufactured in America; and the experience of every British manufacturer engaged in producing this description of goods has painfully convinced him, that the superior quality of the American goods is gradually driving him from every foreign market. On this subject Mr William Gemmell of Glasgow states in his affidavit (as given in Mr Graham's pamphlet on The impolicy of the Tax on Cotton Wool'), that although he was for several years in the habit of supplying Chili with cotton domestics, he has latterly been obliged to abandon the trade, in consequence of being unable to compete with the manufacturers of the United States. Hitherto the British have enjoyed a monopoly in the manufacture of fine goods; but the resources of the Americans will very soon enable them to compete successfully even in these. No people in the world are more enterprising, none more ready to pick up and avail themselves of every improvement by which their interest is to be advanced; and there is no doubt, that, in a few years, they will adopt a more economical method of getting up their works, a more improved system of general management and conducting of the various processes, which will enable them, even in the finer goods, to compete successfully with the British." In conclusion, it may be learnt from these observations, were other evidence wanting, that the British cotton manufacture is but barely pre-eminent over that of the Americans; and were the latter a little more skilful and exact in a few points, they would at once, from being able to buy the raw material cheaper, become powerful competitors with the British. That they will ultimately attain the nicety in execution, of which they at present fall short, there can be no doubt; but when this may happen is a question of difficult solution, for it might be retarded to an indefinite period by the Americans finding a large and profitable outlet to their agricultural produce, thereby throwing their capital into more remunerative channels, and raising the wages of their labourers. At present, as it is, the American mill-spinners can with difficulty keep up an efficient staff of skilled hands, in consequence of the temptation of high wages among the agriculturists; and it appears to us that Great Britain could not inflict a more deadly blow on the growing strength of the manufactures of America, than inviting the exportation of agricultural produce from that country. This, however, involves speculations on which we have no wish to enter. SPONTANEOUS FIRES. WITHIN these few years it has been satisfactorily ascertained that fires occasionally occur from spontaneous ignition-certain substances lying in a compact mass burst into a flame without any one at the time expecting such a catastrophe, and thus a serious conflagration is originated, greatly to the surprise of all concerned. Several distressing burnings of ships at sea (generally when cotton formed the cargo), have lately taken place from this cause. Mr Abraham Booth, lecturer on chemistry, Hackney, has written a letter to the Lord Mayor of London, drawing his lordship's attention to this important subject; and for the sake of giving publicity to Mr Booth's intelligent explanations respecting the spontaneous combustion of bodies, we extract the following passages from his communication: "Permit me to draw your attention to a series of circumstances which, in my view, are the causes of many fires, for the origin of which no adequate cause can be assigned; I allude to the phenomena of spontaneous combustion. This subject is now attended with greater interest, from its having been proved that the conflagration which caused the destruction of her Majesty's Ship Talavera, at Devonport, was owing to this circumstance. My attention was more particularly called to the subject of spontaneous combustion in 1829, from the circumstance of the execution of a young man named James Butler, who was convicted on a charge of setting fire to a floor-cloth manufactory. After his execution I became acquainted with the details, and, after most closely and carefully investigating the subject, came to the conclusion that he was an innocent victim of the law-in which view I was supported by my friend the late Dr Gordon Smith, then professor of medical jurisprudence at London University College, Dr Birkbeck, and several other scientific men. In a letter to a public journal about that time, I drew attention to the variety of circumstances under which spontaneous combustion would take place (in all about forty instances); and I then felt that my researches and remarks might be of some benefit to the community, from the circumstance that they were printed and suspended on boards, as cautions against fire, in the different dockyards and other public establishments in the kingdom. Whether this reasonable precaution is now withheld, I know not. dockyard at Portsmouth, which caused much mischief. It would be tedious to relate the other various circumstances under which spontaneous combustion will take place, such as with hay, corn, flax, cotton, wool, turf, flour, saffron, and other vegetable substances; rags, oatmeal, charcoal; woollen cloth and cotton goods; roasted coffee and chocolate; bales of woollen yarn or cloth, waste cotton or rags used in cleaning oil, paint, floor-cloth, pyrites, coal, &c., although the subject is one of considerable importance in our domestic security. My object in this communication is to suggest to your lordship the desirableness of making the subject I have referred to one of more general attention, and that, in order to prevent the so frequent recurrence of evils the most lamentable in our social and domestic economy, it would be extremely desirable that a code of cautions should be drawn up, explaining chemically the circumstances under which a fire may take place, and which no ordinary caution can prevent, whether in manufactories, public establishments, or even private houses." THE TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT A GENTLEMAN of our city, high in legal function and in public respect, who lately made a tour in Ireland, has recalled our attention to the Temperance Movement in that country,* by sending to us a variety of recent documents connected with the subject, which he had been at the pains to collect for our use. He says, in a letter accompanying the enclosure, “Depend on it, the change in Ireland at present is most visible and important. In travelling through the country, I only once saw a person drunk on the roads; and the state of the jails which I visited, in the districts formerly most disturbed, abundantly attests the reality of the changed habits and improved morals and condition of the people. In Clonmell (county town of Tipperary) the average number of prisoners in former years was 500, now there are only 320; in Cork the numbers are reduced from 700 to 400. These facts speak for themselves. There has not been an execution in Cork for six years, although the population of the county exceeds 800,000." We feel that there is something very arresting in the testimony of our correspondent; and it is supported from other quarters. The following is from the new work on Ireland by Mr and Mrs S. C. Hall: "In reference to the extent to which sobriety has spread, it will be almost sufficient to state, that during our recent stay in Ireland, from the 10th of June to the 6th of September 1840, we saw but six persons intoxicated; and that for the first thirty days we had not encountered one. In the course of that month we had travelled from Cork to Killarney-round the coast; returning by the inland route, not alòng mailcoach roads, but on a 'jaunting-car,' through byways as well as highways; visiting small villages and populous towns, driving through fairs, attending wakes and funerals (returning from one of which, between Glengariff and Kenmare, at nightfall, we met at least a hundred substantial farmers, mounted); in short, wherever crowds were assembled, and we considered it likely we might gather information as to the state of the country and the character of its people. We repeat, we did not meet a single individual who ap peared to have tasted spirits; and we do not hesitate to express our conviction, that two years ago, in the same places and during the same time, we should have encountered many thousand drunken men. From first to last, we employed, perhaps, fifty car-drivers; we never found one to accept a drink; the boatmen of Killarney, proverbial for drunkenness, insubordination, and recklessness of life, declined the whisky we had taken with us for the bugle-player, who was not pledged,' and after hours of hard labour, dipped a can into the lake and refreshed themselves from its waters. It The cases under which spontaneous combustion of animal and vegetable substances will take place, are such as no ordinary sagacity can foresee, nor prudence prevent. In the official reported list of fires, the majority of causes are unknown, whilst another large portion are only conjectural. The science of chemistry may, however, advantageously lend its aid; and some of its investigations on the subject have been matters of high interest. The most memorable instance on record is that of a series of fires which took place at St Petersburg in 1780 and 1781, when a frigate, with several other vessels and houses, were destroyed, supposed to have been the work of an incendiary. A scientific commission was appointed by the Russian government to inquire into the subject, who found that the self-enkindling substances were charcoal and hemp oil. In 1757, the royal dockyard | at Brest was nearly destroyed by spontaneous combustion taking place in the rope-yard; when some of the old workmen declared that the same thing had happened some years ago, but that, conceiving it impossible for the bales to take fire of themselves, they had concealed the accident, for fear of being taxed with negligence, and punished accordingly. On * Some account of this extraordinary movement was presented Thursday, July 3, 1760, a fire, from spontaneous in No. 431, published in May last, being an extract from Talt's combustion, broke out in the rope-yard of the royal | Edinburgh Magazine. was amusing as well as gratifying to hear their new reading of the address to the famous echo-' Paddy Blake, plase yer honour, the gintleman promises ye some coffee whin ye get home;' and on the Blackwater, into shore, midway between Youghal and Lismore, to a muddy river, as its name denotes, our boat's crew put visit a clear spring, with the whereabouts of which they were familiar. The whisky-shops are closed or converted into coffee-houses; the distilleries have, for the most part, ceased to work; and the breweries are barely able to maintain a trade sufficient to prevent entire stoppage. Of the extent of the change, therefore, we have had ample experience; and it is borne out by the assurances of so many who live in towns as well as in the country, that we can have no hesitation in describing sobriety to be almost universal throughout Ireland." Mr Mathew appeared every day during the ensuing week in the space behind the Customhouse, to receive converts from intemperance. Notwithstanding bad weather, there was a large and enthusiastic attendance, and about seventy thousand took the pledge, " amongst whom were persons of different religious persuasions, of every age and every rank, and a considerable number of the city constabulary and the military then stationed in Dublin." force; outside these were the rifles, on bended knees, on the ensuing morning, early, I found this poor woman with bayonets fixed and pointed, forming a barrier to at my door; she was a poor water-carrier; she cried oppose the rushing multitudes; whilst within and with-bitterly, and said- I have not slept one wink all night out this barrier, to keep the passages clear, the cavalry, for parting with that child which God had put in my Mr and Mrs Hall speak hopefully of the continu-in all the pomp and circumstance of glorious war, way, and if you will give me leave, I will take him ance of the reformation, mentioning that there is now with flags waving to the winds, moved up and down in back again.' I was filled with confusion at the pious something disreputable in being a drunkard, and that slow and measured pace. Beyond, and as far along the tenderness of this poor creature, and I went with her there is a general sense of the advantages flowing from streets as the eye could reach, were the congregated to the parish nurse for the infant, which she brought temperance. They also give their valuable testimony masses, swaying to and fro with every new impulse, to her home with joy, exclaiming, in the very words of (being conservatives both in politics and religion) to and by their united voices producing a deep indistinct the prophet- Poor child, though thy mother has forthe absolute groundlessness of the idea that any danger sound, like the murmur of the ruffled waters of the sea. gotten thee, I will not forget thee !' Eight years to the state lurks in this moral reformation-an idea Within the vicarial residence, and in strong contrast have elapsed since she brought to her humble home so gross and so ridiculous, that we should not, for our to the stirring scene without, sat the mild, unassuming, that exposed infant, and she is now blind from the own part, have thought of alluding to it, if we had not but extraordinary man, round whom had collected constant exposure to wet and cold; and ten times found it noticed by these esteemed writers. Amongst this display of martial pomp and numerical force." a-day may be seen that poor water-carrier passing other interesting facts, they narrate the following From Borrisokane, where he arrived unexpectedly, he with her weary load, led by this little foundling boy. "We entered one day a cottage in a suburb of Cork: designed to proceed as soon as he had inducted the Oh, merciful Jesus, I would gladly sacrifice the wealth a woman was knitting stockings at the door; it was few people of the place. The news, however, of his and power of this wide world, to secure to myself the as neat and comfortable as any in the most prosperous being there spread in the country around. Multitudes glorious welcome that awaits this poor blind waterdistricts of England. We tell her brief story in her threw aside the implements of their labour, and hur- carrier on the great accounting day! Oh, what, own words, as nearly as we can recall them. My hus- ried to the town to enlist themselves under his banner. compared to charity like this, the ermined robe, the band is a wheelwright, and always earned his guinea As each group was dispatched, he prepared to hurry ivory sceptre, the golden throne, the jewelled diadem !" a-week he was a good workman, and neither a bad away; but still another approached. "Fatigued and The collection at this sermon amounted to the extraman nor a bad husband; but the love for the drink breathless, men, women, and children hurried forward ordinary sum of L.350. was strong in him, and it wasn't often he brought me indiscriminately to take the pledge. Mr Mathew home more than five shillings out of his one-pound- could not bring himself to disappoint such eagerness one on a Saturday night; and it broke my heart to or damp such ardour. He was consequently obliged see the poor childre too ragged to send to school, to to remain; and standing on a stone seat under a venesay nothing of the starved look they had out of the rable ash tree-now more venerable than ever-he little I could give them. Well, God be praised, he received in this small town, without any previous took the pledge; and the next Saturday he laid notice having been given, seven or eight thousand twenty-one shillings upon the chair you sit upon. Oh! souls." didn't I give thanks on my bended knees that night! Still, I was fearful it wouldn't last, and I spent no more than the five shillings I was used to, saying to myself, Maybe the money will be more wanted than it is now. Well, the next week he brought me the same, and the next, and the next, until eight weeks passed; and, glory be to God! there was no change for the bad in my husband; and all the while he never asked me why there was nothing better for him out of Lis hard earnings: so I felt there was no fear of him; and the ninth week when he came home to me, I had this table bought, and these six chairs, one for myself, four for the children, and one for himself. And I was dressed in a new gown, and the children all had new clothes and shoes and stockings, and upon his own chair I put a bran-new suit; and upon his plate I put the bill and resate for them all-just the eight sixteen shillings they cost that I'd saved out of his wages, not knowing what might happen, and that always before went for drink. And he cried, good lady and good gentleman-he cried like a babby; but 'twas with thanks to God: and now where's the healthier man than my husband in the county Cork, or a happier wife than myself, or dacenter or better-fed children than our own four?' It is most unlikely that such a family will again sink into poverty and wretchedness." The documents forwarded by our correspondent are chiefly placards, issued by humble advocates of the cause, for the purpose of keeping up the feeling in its behalf. Though rude in form and style, and often sadly illogical, they breathe the spirit of enthusiasm, and we have no doubt must conduce to the object in view. One is in the form of a dialogue between a teetotaller and a publican, the latter of whom is beaten out of all his objections to the cause in grand style. Another contains a song evidently designed as an imitation of the well-known one of "St Patrick;" the following are the two concluding stanzas: "How long these man-traps* kept it up No, Mr Malt, I hate your hog-wash, Success to Reverend Father Matt, But as for whisky, ale, and beer, The placard, of which this song forms the conclusion, is headed with the words "SOLEMN FACTS," in large letters! Ă "Life of Mr Mathew,"+ by the Rev. Mr Birmingham, a brother of the same priesthood, supplies some particulars of the late proceedings of the Apostle of Temperance. In external features they have been sufficiently remarkable. The public is generally aware that the movement for the first time attracted notice in August 1839, till which time Mr Mathew had confined his exertions to Cork. In December he visited Limerick, where thousands upon thousands of the country people assembled to pay their vows of abstinence before him. The streets became so densely crowded on this occasion, that several of the Scots Greys were lifted horse and man from the ground, and many persons, eager to approach the reverend father, ran, for that purpose, "quietly and securely on the heads and shoulders of the vast assemblage." A scene which soon after took place at Parsonstown was not less striking. "In front of the chapel was stationed a large body of police, presenting a very fine and well-disciplined Mr Birmingham speaks strongly of the mild and affectionate character of this singular man. Amongst those who came before him at Borrisokane, was one Paddy Hayes, a man noted for intemperance, his drunken moments greatly exceeding his moments of soberness. "I intimated this man's approach to Mr Mathew. In a moment the advocate of temperance ordered a passage to be cleared, and Paddy Hayes to be admitted. With a smile in which benignity and confidence were mingled, he extended his hand to the penitent drunkard, saying-Come forward, my poor fellow, you are worth waiting for. The postulant cast himself on his knees, with a Heavens bless you, Father Mathew,' took the pledge, and received the blessing. This man is now an industrious and exemplary character." At Nenagh, there was the usual parade of military force to ensure order. "With the sound of trumpet, each batch was admitted through a street or lane into an open area, where having taken the pledge, they withdrew by another way, and were succeeded by a fresh batch of applicants. On the day of Mr Mathew's ministry in Nenagh, about twenty thousand persons ranged themselves under the peaceful standard of temperance." At Galway, where he soon after preached, "his labours in administering the pledge were much obstructed, notwithstanding all efforts to the contrary, by the ungovernable impatience of the countless postulants. They could scarcely be restrained from using towards him what might be called a holy violence." Notwithstanding these disorders, he here received about a hundred thousand converts in two days! In a progress which he made from Galway, by Loughrea, Portumna, Borrisokane, and Roscrea, the neighbouring population might be said to pour themselves en masse upon his way. The towns were in succession filled with vast multitudes waiting to be received by him, and already proving the steadfastness of their intentions, by abstaining from liquor and from every kind of excitement. In two days, he administered the pledge to eighty thousand persons in the barrackyard of Loughrea. As many more received it in the course of his journey between Galway and Portumna, at which last place the number was thirty thousand. On all these occasions, "he admonished the people on the nature of the promise they were about to make, and the inviolability with which it should be observed. He said to them that, when casting off the yoke of intemperance, they should also abandon every other vice, such as rioting, factionfighting, private combinations, illegal oaths, taking of fire-arms, serving threatening notices, &c. He exhorted them to forget religious animosities, to live in peace with all, to observe the laws of God and man, and to respect the powers that be, not from fear, but for con science' sake." These events occurred so lately as last March. At the close of the month, he arrived in Dublin, in order to preach a sermon in behalf of a female orphan institution. The whole of the tickets of admission to a church capable of containing six thousand persons were engaged two days beforehand. Vast multitudes filled the neighbouring streets during the whole time of the sermon. As he pronounced the text, "Whence shall we buy bread that these may eat," he looked down affectionately on the orphans ranged beneath him. The sermon contained many passages of the purest eloquence. "If I were to pause," said he, "to enumerate but the hundredth part of the many generous deeds of mercy performed even by the poorest of the poor, of which I myself have been witness, I course should last. Permit me, however, to state one would occupy the whole of the time which this dissimple case of facts:-A poor woman found in the streets a male infant, which she brought to me, and asked imploringly what she was to do with it. Influenced, unhappily, by cold caution, I advised her to † Dublin, Milliken and Son; Lendon, Longman and Co. 1840. | give it to the churchwardens. It was then evening; * Publicans. A twelvemonth ago, Mr Mathew did not dream of ever moving beyond his own pastoral bounds; but, being induced to go to Limerick, and finding success there, he was tempted to visit other places, till at length, during this year, he might be considered as, for the time at least, an itinerant advocate of the cause. His course through Ireland has every where been attended by the same moral phenomena-an almost universal prostration of the Catholic people in his path, to signify before him their resolution henceforward to live a sober life. We find him, in September,* at Sandyford near Dublin, speaking of having then added two and a half millions to the Cork Total Abstinence Society !-and these every where remarked as the most moral and peaceable of the community. On this occasion, he made some remarks on the consequences which naturally arise from an application of money to the production of real instead of delusive comforts. The people, he said, in the parishes where the society had existed for two years, were astonished at the increase of their wealth. "The men have always something to clothe their children, and to make their wives happy, and they have always, besides, a little to put into the savings' bank. When I now travel through the country on Saturday evening, I am quite proud to see the working man walking home quietly from market, with his basket or handkerchief under his arm, containing bread, and tea and sugar, for the use of his family at home, instead of returning, as he formerly did, in a fit of beastly intoxication, with his big stick in his hand, ready to lay it on every person he met, or on his wife and children when he got home. The people are, besides, no longer afraid of the magistrates and the police, and they now look upon them as their friends and protectors, instead of their persecutors. When a policeman will now enter any of your dwellings in search of a culprit, you will have only to say I am a teetotaller,' and he will at once wish you good morning, and go in search of the offender elsewhere." At a previous visit to Dublin (in June), he was received with great honour at the seminary of Maynooth. For thirty miles round, the people flocked to that little town, to make sacrifice of their former habits in his presence. "The chariot, the gig, the jaunt, the dray, the humble donkey-car, and the couch of sickness, attested the universality of the movement. In the immense multitude, not one man was intoxicated, not one word of anger or levity was heard; and though infants, cripples, and infirm old people, were wedged together in dense confusion, not one accident occurred. All was deep devotion, faith sufficient to work miracles, and a sense of awful and imposing solemnity. The gentry as well as the poor, the priesthood as well as the people, knelt before him in humility, with bared heads, under the canopy of heaven." In about twelve hours, 35,000 had taken the pledge on the streets. Eight professors in the college, and 250 students, joined the society on this occasion. The scene at their induction in the great hall is described as having been grand and impressive in an extraordinary degree.† Such are the last accounts we have of the proceedings of Father Mathew. There can be no doubt, we think, that he has succeeded in spreading a great moral epidemic through his native country. The whole symptoms, including the eagerness manifested in many instances to be touched by him for disease, lead to this conclusion. It naturally seems strange that, where many zealous men formerly succeeded with difficulty in converting tens or twenties to temperance, this man should in a single day bring his twenty or forty thousand into the fold, and seem to require nothing but time and continued health and strength, to reform a whole nation. But this wonder is entirely owing to * Supplement to Weekly Freeman's Journal, September 5, 1640Tribute to Father Mathew, 4 pages. the limited ideas we as yet have of MORAL INFLUENCE. Exalted sentiments of benevolence, unmixed by a single particle of sordidness and selfishness, and conjoined with fair intellectual endowments and the gift of fluent oratory, form a power compared with which all others sink into insignificance. Men have all of them sorrows to be sympathised with, aspirations to be directed and encouraged, consciousness of error to be awakened and stimulated into good resolution: when the man possessing the above power comes before his fellows and addresses them on these points, not merely by the words of his mouth, but by the example of his own conduct, and by well-timed allusions to the things which form their religious faith, the effect is overpowering. Theobald Mathew seems one of those rare individuals whom nature has qualified to work such wonders. We are told that, ever since his becoming a clergyman, he has devoted himself to tasks of benevolence for his flock. Not only did he show that untiring zeal, for which the humble Catholic clergy are remarkable, in visiting the sick and comforting the afflicted, but he entered into the temporal concerns of his people, was noted for his willingness to become the executor of wills in behalf of widows and orphans, and was resorted to on all hands as an arbiter in disputes of every kind. His charities were far beyond his means. He also acquired fame for a magnificent church which he built, and for obtaining a burial-ground for the Catholic inhabitants of Cork. It is evident that the veneration to which these acts had entitled him, would give him a great advantage in addressing the people on the subject of a vice which they could not but be sensible was most detrimental to all their best interests. The penetration of a superior understanding gave him other advantages. Former temperance preachers had caused their converts to sign the pledge. He saw that this was a dilatory process, inconsistent with great results. He adopted the mode of repeating the pledge before a great number at once, who all said it after him: thus he obtained for his cause the benefit of that mutual support and mutual fomentation which attends the bringing together of great multitudes entertaining a common object. In the very form of his pledge there was something emphatic and impressive-I promise, with the Divine assistance, as long as I shall continue a member of the Total Temperance Society, to abstain from all intoxicating drinks, except for medicinal and sacramental purposes; and to prevent, as much as possible, by advice and example, drunkenness in others." When this has been said by the crowd of postulants, he extends his hand over them, and pronounces a short prayer - -May God Almighty bless you, and grant you strength and grace to keep this promise!" Then ho descends from his place, and signs each kneeling votary with the cross, in which sign alone, he adds, can they hope to persevere and conquer. It may easily be imagined that the first successes which Mr Mathew gained by these means would be followed by greater and greater, until, even in his own limited district, something like supernatural influence would be attributed to him. This notion once established amongst a people notedly excitable, and universally under strong religious feeling, it is easy to see how his simple bodily presence in any district would be suffi cient to prepare the inhabitants for abandoning drunkenness. The first steps are in this, as in most other cases, difficult; but when a certain power has been attained, it can be easily exercised. Portumna sinks before the influence which has already reduced Loughrea; and, after Portumna has fallen, Roscrea can no more hold out, than it could have resisted the troops of General Ginkle after the surrender of Limerick. frenzy, to call it so, which Father Mathew has ex- LOUIS-PHILIP-HIS LIFE AND ADVENTURES. CONCLUDED. AT the termination of the previous paper, we left the At Chilocothe, the duke found a public house kept From Pittsburg the party travelled to Erie, and thence down the lake shore to Buffalo. At Cattaraugus, they found a band of Seneca Indians, to whom they were indebted for a night's hospitality; for there were then few habitations but Indian wigwams upon the borders of our internal seas, and still fewer vessels, except birch canoes, which sailed over their waves. Among this band was an old woman, taken prisoner many a long year before, and now habituated to her fate, and contented with it. She was a native of Germany, and yet retained some recollection of her native language and country; and the faint, though still abiding, feeling which connected her present with her past condition, led her to take an interest in the three young strangers who talked to her in that language and of that country, and she exerted herself to render their short residence among her friends as comfortable as possible. The chief assured the travellers that he would be personally responsible for every article they might intrust to his care; but that he would not answer for his people unless this precaution was used. Accordingly, every thing was deposited with the chief, saddles, bridles, blankets, clothes, and money; all which being faithfully produced in the morning, the day's journey was commenced. But the party had not proceeded far upon their route, when they missed a favourite dog, which they had not supposed to be included in the list of contraband articles, requiring a deposit in this aboriginal custom-house, and had therefore left it at liberty. He was a singularly beautiful animal; and having been the companion in imprisonment of the two younger brothers at the Castle of St Jean, they returned to seek and reclaim the dog, and the chief, were much attached to him. The duke immediately without the slightest embarrassment, said to him, in answer to his representations, "If you had intrusted the dog to me last night, he would have been ready for you this morning, but we will find him." And board; and on his removing this, the faithful animal he immediately went to a kind of closet, shut in by a leaped out upon his masters. The travellers pursued their way to Buffalo, and there crossed to Fort Eric, and then repaired to the Fall of Niagara on the Canadian side, the state of the country on the American side intercepting all direct communication between Buffalo and the cataract. Where a conversion has been so sudden, and conducted in so wholesale a fashion, doubts naturally arise as to its permanency. On this point we shall adduce the evidence of Mr Birmingham. During the two years that the society had existed up to April last, "few, very few-I might say none, comparatively speaking-have violated the pledge; and these, for the most part, touched with sorrow and remorse, have returned to renew their promise. Our people," he adds, *have never been known to swerve on matters regarding general religious discipline or doctrine, and they look upon their pledge as a religious engagement, in the observance of which they believe their honour, their national character, and [the good of] their souls to be deeply involved. Again, the multitudes will sustain each other by their example. Experience, also, has made them taste the bitter fruits of intemperance: it will now make them feel and appreciate the comforts, the happiness of temperance; and this will be another powerful inducement to their perseverance." We are not sufficiently sanguine to hazard a prediction on this point, but of course hope the best, and feel in the mean time able to say that the history of "revivals" is not unfavourable to the prospect of the reform being permanent, at least to a considerable extent. Of the five hundred persons at the Kirk of they procured a boat and embarked upon the Seneca They now continued their route to Geneva, where Shotts in Scotland, and the thousand at a particular Lake, which they ascended to its head; and from here place in the north of Ireland. whom the celebrated they made their way to Tioga Point, upon the SusJohn Livingstone converted respectively by a single quehannah each of the travellers carrying his bagsermon, it is on record that many continued all their gage, for the last twenty-five miles, upon his back. days under steadfast religious impressions. The same The load was no doubt heavy, and the task laborious, fact was remarked with regard to the Cambuslang but I am strongly inclined to believe, that the burconverts of the succeeding century, and indeed of almost every other set of persons brought under religious convictions in similar circumstances. We can scarcely, then, reasonably doubt that much of the through a country almost in a state of nature, and by * *It is necessary to remind the reader that the bulk of this den which Louis-Philip now bears is more oppressive than the weight which the Duke of Orleans carried through the forest and over the hills of the Susquehannah. From Tioga, the party descended the river in a boat to Wilkesbarre, and thence they crossed the country to Philadelphia. I have found in a French publication a letter dated from Philadelphia, the 14th of August 1797, written by the Duke de Montpensier to his sister, the Princess Adelaide of Orleans, in which he describes the incidents and impressions of this journey. Having ascertained from the proper quarter that this letter is a genuine oro, I have thought that an extract from it would not be unacceptable; and here it follows: "I hope you received the letter which we wrote you from Pittsburg two months since. We were then in the midst of a great journey, that we finished fifteen days ago. It took us four months. We travelled, during that time, a thousand leagues, and always upon the same horses, except the last hundred leagues, which we performed partly by water, partly stage, or public conveyance. We have seen many on foot, partly upon hired horses, and partly by the Indians, and we remained several days in their country. They received us with great kindness, and our national character contributed not a little to this good reception, for they love the French. After them, we found the Falls of Niagara, which I wrote you from Pittsburg we were about to visit, the most interesting object upon our journey. It is the most surprising and majestic spectacle I have ever seen. It is a hundred and thirty-seven (French) feet high; and the volume of water is immense, since it is the whole river St Lawrence which precipitates itself at this place. I have taken a sketch of it, and I intend to paint a gouache from it, which my dear little sister will certainly see at our tender mother's; but it is not yet commenced, and will take me much time, for truly it is no small work. To give you an idea of the agreeable manner in which they travel in this country, I will tell you, my dear sister, that we passed fourteen nights in the woods, devoured by all kinds of insects, after being wet to the bone, without being able to dry ourselves; and eating pork, and sometimes a little salt beef, and corn bread." On their return to Philadelphia, the brothers found their finances so exhausted, that they could not quit the city during the prevalence of the yellow fever. But their mother having recovered a part of the property of the family, hastened to send them the necessary resources; and in September they undertook another excursion, which this time led them to the eastern part of the United States. They proceeded to New York, and thence by the Sound to Providence and Boston. In this metropolis of New England they remained some time, greatly satisfied with the hospitality and kindness of the inhabitants. LouisPhilip yet speaks of General Knox, Colonel Pickering, Mr Otis, and others, whom he met here. They continued their journey by the way of Newburyport and Portsmouth, to Portland; and from this last place they returned to Boston, and thence took the route by Hartford, New Haven, and New London, to New York. Governor Clinton, Judge Jay, Colonel Burr, and Colonel Hamilton, appear to have been well known to Louis-Philip. While at New York, the brothers learned from the public papers that a new law had just decreed the expulsion of all the members of the Bourbon family yet remaining in France from that country; and that their mother had been deported to Spain. Their object was now to join her; but, owing to their peculiar circumstances, and to the war between England and Spain, this object was not easily attained. To mined to repair to New Orleans, and there to find a avoid the French cruisers upon the coast, they deterconveyance for Havana, whence they thought they could reach the mother country. They set out, therefore, for Pittsburg on the 10th of December 1797; and upon the road, fatigued with travelling on horsehorses to it, and placing their luggage within, they back, they purchased a waggon, and, harnessing their continued their route more comfortably. They arrived at Carlisle on Saturday, when the inhabitants of the neighbouring country appeared to have entered the town for some purpose of business or pleasure, and drove up to a public-house, near which was a trough for the reception of the oats which travellers might into the stable. A quantity of oats was procured by be disposed to give their horses, without putting them the party, and poured into the trough; and the bits were taken from the horses' mouths, to enable them waggon, looking round him; when the horses being to eat freely. The duke took his position in the suddenly frightened, ran away with the waggon, which, passing over a stump, was upset and broken. The duke was thrown out, and somewhat injured. In early and, among other acquirements, he was able to open life, he had luckily been taught a little of every thing; with him in all his excursions, and an incident of a vein quite surgically. He is said to carry a lancet recent occurrence shows that this precaution is a wise and humane one. tion required he should be bled; and making his way, Louis-Philip immediately perceived that his situaas he best could, to the tavern, he requested permission of the landlord to perform the operation in his house, and to be furnished with linen and water. The family was kind, and supplied him with every thing |