rian, a native of Somersetshire. He manifested an early propensity for learning, which continued to increase with his years. He is supposed to have been educated at Oxford. He became a monk of Malmsbury, and was chosen librarian to that abbey. He studied logic, physic, and ethics, but history was his favourite pursuit. After studying the history of other countries, he made himself acquainted with the memorable transactions of his own nation. He resolved, as he says, to write a history, not to display his learning, "which is no great matter, but to bring to light things that are covered with the rubbish of antiquity." He produced a valuable work, "De Regibus Anglorum," a general History of England in five books, from the arrival of the Saxons, in the year 449 to the 26th of Henry I. in 1126; and a modern history, in two books, from that year to the escape of the empress Maud out of Oxford in 1143; with a church history of England, in four books, published in Sir H. Saville's collection, 1596. In all his works he displays diligence and good sense, with a sacred regard to truth, united with becoming modesty. He observes that he hopes to obtain from posterity the character of an industrious, though not of an eloquent historian. Besides the above, Gale has printed his "Antiquities of Glastonbury," and Wharton his "Life of St. Adhelm." He also wrote many pieces of Latin poetry. William of Malmsbury died in that abbey in 1143. SIMEON of DURHAM, an English historian, the cotemporary of William of Malmsbury, who took great pains in collecting the monuments of the history of England, especially in the north, after they had been scattered by the Danes. From these he composed a history of the kings of England, from A.D. 616 to 1113; with some smaller historical pieces. Simeon both studied and taught the sciences, and particularly the mathematics at Oxford; and became precentor of the church at Durham, where he died. His history was continued by John, prior of Hexham, to 1156. Simeon's history was printed in the "Decem Scriptores," and separately in 1732, 8vo. MARIANUS SCOTUS, a learned Scotch monk, who died iu 1086, aged fifty-eight. He was a relation to the venerable Bede, and wrote a chronicle from Jesus Christ to 1083. It was continued by another hand to 1200. TURGOT, an historian, a native of Lincolnshire. He was one of the hostages delivered by the inhabitants of Lindsay to William the Conqueror; and was imprisoned in the castle of Lincoln; but escaped from thence, and went to Norway. On his return to England, he was shipwrecked. He afterwards turned monk; and was chosen prior of Durham. In 1107 he was elected to the bishopric of St. Andrew's in Scotland. In 1115 he resigned that see, and returned to Durham, where he died the same year. He wrote the history of the church of Durham, which passes under the name of Simeon Dunelmensis. Turgot composed several other works, particularly the lives of Malcolm Canmore, king of Scotland, and of his pious consort queen Margaret, which is often quoted by Fordun and others, but is not now in existence. CALENIUS, a Welshman, archdeacon of Oxford in 1120. He added above four centuries to the history of his country, which has been since epitomised and translated into Latin, it is called "Auctuarium Annalium Britanniæ." MUSIC. MAGISTER FRANCO, scholastic of the cathedral of Cologne, a very important personage in the history of music whose merit had laid dormant for many ages buried in MSS. which had never entered the press, nor would it have been known to modern musicians that he ever existed, but for the general research in the principal libraries of Europe after materials for a general history of music. Master Franco is by some called a native, or at least an inhabitant of Paris; by others a scholastic of Liege; but if we may believe Franco himself, he was of Cologne, for, seeming to foresee the disputes which would arise concerning his locality, he begins his "Compendium de Discantu," one of his musical tracts which has been preserved, in the following manner: "Ego Franco de Colonia, &c." which, if the authors of the "Histoire Literaire de la France," had seen, they doubtless would not have fixed him at Liege, nor would those who have implicitly followed them have been led into this mistake. Sigebert tells us that Franco supported the functions of his office of scholastic, or preceptor, by a great fund of religion and knowledge; and acquired as much celebrity by his virtue as science. "Scientia literarum et morum probitate clarus." He ventured, say the Benedictines, to study prophane science as well as ecclesiastic, and had the courage to attempt squaring the circle. Christian philosophers generally regard a man for lost, who addicts himself to such pursuits as squaring the circle, the multiplication of the cube, perpetual motion, the philosopher's stone, judicial astrology, or magic. But Franco is said to have exercised his faculties in these studies with such discretion, that he never neglected his more important concerns. By the testimony of Sigebert, his cotemporary, he had acquired great reputation for his learning in 1047. At least it is certain that he had written concerning the square of the circle before the month of February 1055, at which time Hermann, archbishop of Cologne, to whom he dedicated his work, died. Franco lived at least till August 1083, for he at that time filled the charge of scholastic of the cathedral at Liege. GUIDO ARETINO, or GUIDO D'AREZZO, a monk of the order of St. Benedict, and distinguished himself by framing a new method of teaching boys to sing and laying the foundation of the present system of music. Guido, in the prologue to his Antiphonarium, speaks of singers with great bitterness, as in the following lines: Between a singer and musician, Wide is the distance and condition; The nightingale his strains can shame. MATHEMATICS, &c. ARZACHEL, or ARZCHAEL, a Spanish mathematician. He wrote an astronomical work entitled, "Observationes de Obliquitate Zodiaca." ABOU-RIHAN, a geographer and astronomer who employed forty years of his life in travelling through the Indies. ARCHITECTURE. GUNDULPHUS, a celebrated architect, who flourished in England in this century. Vertue says, it was this artist who built the tower of London, together with the cathedral of Rochester. MEDICINE. BOTHLAN, a Christian physician of Bagdad, and the rival of Ibu Rodhwan. Their disputes were carried on with much animosity. Rodhwan had an ill-looking countenance, on which Bothlan called him the crocodile of the devil; and Rodhwan wrote a book, to prove that beauty was not a necessary quality for a physician. Bothlan died at Constantinople about 1084. He was author of some medical tracts. CONSTANTINE, a native of Carthage. He resided thirty years at Babylon and Bagdad, where he improved himself in the medical art, and also studied the oriental languages, and then returned to Carthage. He then travelled to Apulia, and lived at Reggio, and finally became a monk of Monte Cassino. He was the first who brought back the Greek and Arabian physic into Italy. He was author of several works, and also translated Isaac Israelite, on fevers, from Arabic to Latin; and another work, called "Lois Communes," which contains the theory and practice of physic. He by some means fell into disgrace with his countrymen, whom he suspected of an intention to destroy him; he therefore went to Salernum, where duke Robert proposed to have him as his physician, but preferring a life of ease and solitude, he entered a monastery where he died. in 1087. ABU MERWAN ABDALMALEC, AVENZOAR, or EBN-ZOAR, an eminent Arabian physician. He was of noble descent, and born at Seville, where he practised with great reputation. His grandfather and father were both physicians, who left him large estates. Being rich he took no fees of the poor. His liberality was extended even to his enemies. It is said that he lived to the age of one hundred and thirty-five; and had the advantage of a longer experience than almost any other ever possessed as he enjoyed perfect health to his last hour. Averroes was his cotemporary, and it is said attended his lectures, and studied physic under him. Averroes certainly passes on Avenzoar a very high encomium, calling him " admirable, glorious, the treasure of all knowledge, and the most supreme in physic, from the time of Galen to his own." Avenzoar wrote a book entitled, "Tayassir fi lmadâwât w' ab tadbir;" i, e. The method of preparing medicines and diet; which is much esteemed. This work was translated into Hebrew, A.D. 1280, and thence into Latin by Paravicius, whose version has had several editions. The author added a supplement to it, under the title of Jame, or a collection. ALBUCASA or ALBUCASIS, an Arabian physician. He composed many excellent works, and excelled in surgery, and describes many instruments and operations. PERIOD XXVII. FROM MANUEL COMNENUS TO ROBERT DE COURTNEY. [CENT. XII.] REMARKABLE FACTS, EVENTS, AND DISCOVERIES. A.D. 1110 Learning revived at Cambridge. Writing on paper made of cotton becomes common. 1119 Bobemia erected into a kingdom. 1132 The kingdom of Portugal began. 1137 The pandects of Justinian found in the ruins of Amalphi. 1141 The Guelphs and the Ghibellines fill Italy with carnage. 1143 The Koran translated into Latin. 1144 The Peripatetic philosophy introduced into Germany. 1151 The canon law collected by Gratian, a monk of Bologna. 1154 Christianity introduced into Finland. 1156 The city of Moscow founded. 1160 The order of Carmelites instituted. 1164 The Teutonic order of religious knights begins in Germany. 1171 The dynasty of Fatemites ended in Egypt, and the sovereigns henceforth called Sultans. 1172 Henry II., king of England, takes possession of Ireland. 1176 England divided into six circuits, and justice dispensed by itinerant judges. 1179 The university of Padua founded. 1181 The laws of England digested by Glanville, 1182 Pope Alexander III., compelled the kings of England and France to hold the stirrups, while he mounted his horse. 1183 The inhabitants of Berry massacre 7000 Albigenses. 1187 Jerusalem taken by Saladin. 1192 The battle of Ascalon, in which Richard I., king of England, defeated Saladin's army, of 300,000 men. 1194 Dieu et mon Droit, first used as a motto by Richard I., on a gaining victory over the French. DURING this period the work of crusading was still carried on. Vast numbers took the cross, and repaired to the Holy Land; which they polluted by the most abominable massacres and treacheries, and from which very few of them returned. In the third crusade Richard I., of England was embarked, who seems to have been the best general that ever went into the east; but even his valour and skill were not suffi |