eloquent way of preaching, and much esteemed for his piety and integrity. He was chosen provincial of his order throughout England, in which station he behaved in a very commendable manner. He flourished about the year 1380, in the reign of Richard II. Several of his works are extant in manuscript. JOHN FREVISA, a native of Cornwall, and vicar of Berkely in the county of Gloucester. He translated the Polychronicon, by the direction of Thomas lord Berkely, in 1387.

RICHARD FLEMMING, or FLEMMYNGE, an English prelate, born at Chroston in Yorkshire. He received his education at University college, Oxford, and in 1408 obtained a prebend of York. He was for a time a zealous defender of the doctrines of Wickliffe, but he afterwards became a determined opponent of them. In 1442, he was promoted to the bishopric of Lincoln, and soon after was sent deputy to the council of Constance, where he greatly distinguished himself by his eloquence. Upon his return to England, he executed the decree of that assembly, in digging up the bones of Wickliffe, and causing them to be burned. After this he was nominated by the pope to the see of York, but the king refusing his consent, he was obliged to remain at Lincoln. He founded Lincoln college, and died in 1431.

THOMAS ARUNDEL, archbishop of Canterbury in the reigns of Richard II., Henry IV., and Henry V. He was the second son of Robert earl of Arundel, who was beheaded. In 1375, at 22 years of age, from being archdeacon of Taunton he was raised to the bishopric of Ely, in the reign of Edward III. He was a great benefactor to the church and palace of that see; among other donations he gave a curious table of massy gold, adorned with precious stones, which had been given to prince Edward by the king of Spain, and sold by the latter to Bishop Arundel. In 1386, he was appointed lord chancellor of England; in 1388, he was translated to the archiepiscopal see of York; and, in 1396, to that of Canterbury, when he resigned the chancellorship. This was the first instance of the translation of an archbishop of York to the see of Canterbury. Scarcely was he fixed in this see, when he had a contest with the University of Oxford about the right of visitation. The affair was referred to king Richard, who determined in favour of the archbishop. At his visitation in London, he revived an old constitution, by which the inhabitants of the respective parishes were obliged to pay to their rector one half-penny in the pound out of the rent of their houses. In the second year of his translation, a parliament being held at London, the commons, with the king's leave, impeached the archbishop, together with his brother the earl of Arundel, and the duke of Gloucester, of high treason.

The archbishop was sentenced to be banished, and within forty days to depart the kingdom on pain of death. He retired first to France, and then to the court of Rome, where pope Boniface IX. gave him a kind reception. About this time the duke of Lancaster, afterwards Henry IV., was in France, having been banished by king Richard. The nobility and others, tired with the oppressions of Richard, solicited the duke to take the crown. This their request they drew up in a letter, and sent it over by faithful messengers to archbishop Arundel, desiring him to be their advocate on this occasion with the duke. The archbishop being a fellowsufferer, gladly accepted the office; and went with the messengers to the duke at Paris, where they delivered the letters from the nobles and commons of England, and the archbishop seconded them with the best arguments he could invent. The inviting offer, after some objections which were easily obviated, the duke accepted; and upon his accession to the throne, Arundel, who had returned with him to England, was restored to his see. In the first year of this prince's reign, Arundel summoned a synod which sat at St. Paul's. The next year the commons moved that the revenues of the church might be applied to the service of the public; but Arundel opposed the motion with such vigour, that it was thrown aside. In 1408, Arundel began to exert himself against the Lollards, or Wickliffites; and his zeal for suppressing that sect carried him to several unjustifiable severities against the heads of it, particularly against Sir John Oldcastle, or Lord Cobham. He procured a synodical constitution, which forbade the translation of the Scriptures into the vulgar tongue. He died at Canterbury, in 1413, of an inflammation in his throat, with which he was seized whilst he was pronouncing sentence upon Lord Cobham. The Lollards asserted this to be a judgment from God; and indeed Bishop Goodwin speaks in the same manner, saying, " He who had withheld from the people the word of God, the food of the soul, by the just judgment of God had his throat so closed, that he could not speak a single word, nor swallow meat or drink, and was so starved to death." He was buried in the cathedral church of Canterbury, under a monument erected by himself. To this church he was a considerable benefactor; for he built the lantern-tower and a part of the nave; gave a ring of five bells, called from him Arundel's ring; several rich vestments, a mitre enchased with jewels, a silver gilt crosier, and two golden chalices.

HENRY CHICHELE, archbishop of Canterbury, was born in 1362, at Higham Ferrars in Northamptonshire. He was educated at Winchester school, from whence he removed to New college, Oxford, where he studied the civil and canon law. His reputation was such, that Henry IV. sent him as

ambassador to the pope, and likewise to France. In 1408 he was promoted to the see of St. David's, and the next year was sent to the council of Pisa. In 1414, he was elected archbishop of Canterbury, in which situation he promoted a contribution to enable Henry V., to carry on the war with France, whither he was accompanied by the archbishop. The archbishop endeavoured to check the principles of reformation propagated by Wickliffe, but at the same time he as strenuously opposed the encroachments of the pope, for which he was much annoyed by Martin V. He died April 12, 1443, and was interred in his cathedral under a noble monument which he himself had prepared. His character is not without a portion of the barbarous persecution, which obstructed the reformation, but on every occasion where he dared to exert his native talents and superior powers of thinking, we discover the measures of an enlightened statesman, and that liberal and benevolent disposition which would confer celebrity on the brightest periods of our history. In 1442 archbishop Chichele founded a collegiate church at Higham Ferrars, to which he attached a hospital for the poor. He also adorned Canterbury cathedral, and improved Lambeth palace, but his noblest work was the foundation of All Souls College, Oxford, in 1437; but it was not till within a few days of his death that he gave a body of statutes for the regulation of this institution.

THOMAS WALDENSIS, an English Carmelite, whose real name was Netter, was a native of Walden, in Essex, and born 1367. He studied at Oxford, and in 1409 Henry IV. sent him to the council of Pisa. Henry V. reposed entire confidence in him, and died in his arms. Waldensis was also a great favourite with the young monarch, whom he attended to France, where he died in 1430. He was the author of "Doctrinal Antiquum Fidei ecclesiæ Catholicæ," printed at Paris in 1521, in 3 vols. folio.

THOMAS RUDBORNE, a bishop, was born in Hertfordshire. He studied at Merton college, Oxford, after which he became chaplain to Henry V., and accompanied that king to France. In 1426 he was chosen warden of his college, and in 1433 was promoted to the see of St. David's. He died about 1442. He was an excellent architect, and built the gateway and tower of Merton college.

WILLIAM BERTON, an English divine, who lived in the reign of Richard II., and was for some time chancellor of Oxford, where he wrote several controversial pieces against Wickliffe, of whom he was a bitter enemy.

JOHN BATE, prior of the monastery of Carmelites, at York, was born in Northumberland, and educated at York in the study of the liberal arts; in which he was greatly encouraged by the favour of some persons his patrons, who were at

the expense of sending him to Oxford, to finish his studies in that university. Bate abundantly answered the hopes conceived of him, and became an eminent philosopher and divine, and was particularly remarkable for his skill in the Greek tongue. He took the degree of D.D. at Oxford, and afterwards distinguished himself as an author. The Carmelites of York were so sensible of his merit, that upon a vacancy they offered him the government of their house; which he accepted, and discharged that office with great prudence and success. He died in 1429, in the beginning of the reign of Henry IV. He wrote a compendium of logic, and other works.

JOHN LYDGATE, called the Monk of Bury; not, as Cibber conjectures, because he was a native of that place, for he was born about 1380, in the village of Lydgate, but because he was a monk of the Benedictine convent at St. Edmund'sBury. After studying some time in the English universities, he travelled to France and Italy; and having acquired a competent knowledge of the languages of those countries, he returned to London, where he opened a school, in which he instructed the sons of the nobility in polite literature. At what time he returned to the convent of St. Edmund's-Bury does not appear; but he was there in 1415, and was living in 1446, aged about sixty-six; but when he died is not known. Pitts says, he was an elegant poet, a persuasive rhetorician, an expert mathematician, an acute philosopher, and a tolerable divine. He was a voluminous writer, and his language is less obsolete, and his versification much more harmonious, than that of Chaucer, who wrote about fifty years before him. Of his works, which are numerous, that on "The History of Troy," was the most popular. It was printed in 1513, and again in 1555.

GEORGE BROWN, bishop of Dunkeld. He studied grammar at Dundee, and philosophy at St. Andrew's; and was afterwards appointed chancellor of Aberdeen. Being sent to Rome by king James III., on some business relative to the see of Glasgow, he became acquainted with the college of cardinals, and particularly the vice-chancellor Roderick Borga, who, by his interest with pope Sixtus IV., got Brown raised to the see of Dunkeld. He was a man of learning and public spirit, but has been accused of ambition and rapacity. He got his diocese greatly enlarged, built Clunie castle, and began the stone bridge across the Tay at Dunkeld; but only lived to see one arch completed. He died Jan. 14, 1514, and was succeeded in his bishopric by the celebrated Gavin Douglas, the translator of Virgil.

REGINALD PEACOCK, a worthy prelate, was born in 1390, and promoted to the bishopric of St. Asaph, and afterwards to Chichester, by favour of Humphrey, the good duke

of Gloucester; but he was deposed for resisting the authority of the pope, and denying the doctrine of transubstantiation, with other articles of the Roman Catholic faith. He was not equal to suffering in a righteous cause, but made a recantation of his notions, and his books were publicly burnt. He then retired to an abbey, probably mortified and ashamed of his timidity, where he died, about 1460. He left many writings in MS., none of which have been published except his "Treatise of Faith," by Wharton, in 1688, 4to.

HISTORY, BIOGRAPHY, AND ANTIQUITIES.

CALLISTUS NICEPHORUS, a Greek historian, who flourished under the emperor Andronicus II., and wrote an ecclesiastical history, in twenty-three books, eighteen of which are still extant, containing the transactions of the church from the birth of Christ to the death of Phocas, in 610. We have nothing else but the arguments of the other five books, from the commencement of the reign of Heraclius to the end of that of Leo the philosopher, who died in 911. Nicephorus dedicated his history to Andronicus II. It was translated into Latin by John Langius, and has gone through several editions, the best of which is that of Paris, in 1630.

LEWIS MONALDESCHI, a gentleman of Orvietta, was born in 1326. He lived at Rome, where he wrote in Italian, Roman Annals, from 1228 to 1340. He died about 1380.

ENQUERAND DE MONSTRELET, a French historian, was, first, collector of taxes, next, governor of Cambrey, and, lastly, bailiff of Wallaincourt. He died in 1453. His Chronicles begin where Froissart ends, and have been printed in 8 vols. folio. There is an English translation by the late Mr. Johnes, of Hafod, with a biographical preface.

JOHN ANAGNOSTA, a Byzantine historian, flourished in the reign of the emperor John Palæologus, and was present in Thessalonica, when, in the year 1430, that city was besieged by sultan Morad, and brought under the Turkish yoke. He relates affairs which happened two or three years after that siege, and therefore lived at least to the year 1433. His work "De Rebus Constantinopolitanorum Macedonicis" relates the particulars of the siege of Thessalonica, and its surrender to the Turks. This history was published in Greek, with a Latin translation, by Allatius, in 8vo. at Cologne, in 1653.

MICHAEL DUCAS, a learned Greek, who wrote a history of what passed under the last emperors of Constantinople, till the ruin of that city. This work, which is esteemed, was