the Empire, from 811 to 1081. It was printed in Greek and Latin, at Paris, with the History of Cedrenus, in 1647.

JOHN ZONARAS, a learned Greek historian, who was employed in state affairs at the court of Constantinople. He wrote "A Chronicle, or Annals from the Creation to A.D. 1118," in Greek, which were printed at Paris, in 2 vols. fol. in 1686. He turned monk in his old days, and wrote "Commentaries on the Apostolic Canons."

SIGEBERT SIGEBERTUS, a monk of Gemblonis, in the diocese of Namur, in Brabant, who passed in his time for a man of wit, universal learning, and a good poet. In the younger part of his life he embraced the monastic state in the abbey of Geurblours, under the abbot Otbertus, who died in 1048. During his noviciate he went to Metz, where he studied in the school of the monastery of St. Vincent, and acquired great consideration by his learning, in which he was superior to most of the other writers who flourished at the same period. He was acquainted with the Greek and Hebrew languages, and in consequence of the progress he had made in the latter, was much esteemed by the Jews at Metz, where he resided a considerable time, and from which he was with difficulty suffered to depart, in order to return to his former monastery. His celebrity accompanied him thither: he gained many scholars, who did honour to their instructor; and he was chosen by the clergy of Liege to manage their defence in a controversy which they had with the pope, and which he conducted with great talent and moderation. He took a part in the quarrel of Gregory VII., Urban II., and Paschal II., with the emperor Henry IV.; and he wrote against these pontiffs without the least ceremony. Sigebert is author of a chronicle, the best edition of which was published at Antwerp in 1608, in 4to. It is carelessly written, and in a vulgar style; but contains curious and well authenticated facts.

NESTOR, a native of Russia, one of the earliest historians of the north, was born in 1056 at Bielozero; and, in his nineteenth year, assumed the monastic habit in the convent of Petcherski at Kiof. He is said to have died about A. D. 1115. His great work is his chronicle, to which he has prefixed an introduction, which, after a short sketch of the early state of the world, from the Byzantine writers, contains a geographical description of Russia and the adjacent regions; an account of the Sclavonian nations, their manners, their emigrations from the banks of the Danube, their dispersion, and settlement in the several countries wherein their descendants are now established. He then enters upon a chronological series of the Russian annals, from A. D. 858 to about 1113.

HUGH, abbot of Flavigny, and an estimable ecclesiastical historian, was of an illustrious family, which reckoned empe

rors among its ancestors, and born in 1065. He embraced the monastic life when young in the abbey of St. Vannes at Verdun; and in 1085, when the partisans of the antipope Guibert and the emperor dispersed the members of that community, together with other monks, he took refuge at the monastery of Flavigny, in the diocese of Autun. Here he was so highly esteemed, that, the abbot dying in 1097, he was elected to that dignity, though only thirty two-years of age. He was excommunicated two years after, in consequence of a quarrel with his diocesan, and deprived of his abbacy, upon which he retired to an abbey at Dijon, where he continued despoiled of his dignity till the year 1111. In that year, when the abbot Laurence was expelled from the abbey of St Vannes, he was appointed to succeed him, though under circumstances which lost him the regard of his old friends. The time of his death is not known. He wrote the Chronicle of Verdun, which is extant.

MICHAEL GLYCAS, a Byzantine historian, of whose age no authentic account is recorded. He was a native of Constantinople, and lived many years in Sicily. He wrote Annals from the beginning of the world to the year 1118; which Lennelavius translated into Latin; and the whole was published by L'abbe, in 1660, folio. Some of his letters also are

extant.

ALI FRODE, the first historiographer of the north, was a native of Iceland, and one of the most learned men of his age. He was born in 1068, and wrote several books of history, the greater part of which have been lost, and all that now remain are the Schedæ and Sandnamabok, the latter of which was continued by some learned men after his death. For another Icelandic historian see Islief, bishop of Skielholt.

HUGH DE FLEURY, or DE ST. MARIE, a monk of the abbey of Fleury. His works are-1. De la Puissance Royale, et de la Dignité Sacerdotale. 2. A Chronicle or History from the Creation to 840. 3. Another from 996 to 1109, printed at Munster in 1638, 4to.

ODORAN, a French monk, born at Sens, who flourished about 1035. He wrote a Chronicle entitled "Chronica Rerum in orbe gestarum ;" which comes down from A. D. 875 to 1032.

ADAM of Bremen, an ecclesiastic, who obtained that name from his being a canon of the cathedral church of Bremen, to which situation, as well as the mastership of the public school, he was appointed in 1067, by Adalbert, the archbishop. He wrote-1. Historia Ecclesiastica Ecclesiarum Hamburgensis et Bremensis ab Anno 788, ad Ann. 1072. Printed at Copenhagen in 1579, 4to. ; and at Helmstadt in 1670, 4to. This last is the best edition. 2. Chronographia Scandinaviæ, 1615, 8vo. This description of Denmark was reprinted at Leyden in 1629,

with the title "De Situ Daniæ et reliquarum trans Daniam Re gionum natura." When this writer died is uncertain.

LAMBERT, a Benedictine monk of Aschaffenburg, who wrote several works; among which is a History of Germany, from 1050 to 1077, which is esteemed. It was printed at Basil, in 1660, folio.

INGULPHUS, abbot of Croyland, and author of the history of that abbey, was born in London, about A.D. 1030. He was educated at Westminster; and when he visited his father, who belonged to the court of Edward the Confessor, he engaged the attention of queen Edgitha. That amiable and learned princess took a pleasure in examining him in his progress in grammar and logic; nor did she ever dismiss him without some present. From Westminster he went to Oxford, where he studied rhetoric, and the Aristotelian philosophy, in which he made a greater proficiency than any of his cotemporaries. When he was about 21, he was introduced to William duke of Normandy, who visited the court of England in 1051, appointed him his secretary, and carried him with him into his own dominions. He soon became the chief favourite, and the dispenser of all preferments; in which station, he owns, he did not behave with a proper degree of modesty and prudence. This excited the envy and hatred of the courtiers; to avoid the effects of which, he obtained leave to go in pilgrimage to the Holy Land. With a company of fifty horsemen he joined Sigifred duke of Mentz, who, with many German nobles, clergy, &c. was preparing for a pilgrimage to Jerusalem. When all united they formed a company of seven thousand pilgrims. In their way they spent some time at Constantinople, performing their devotions in several churches. In their passage through Lycia, they were attacked by a tribe of Arabs, who killed and wounded many of them, and plundered them of a prodigious mass of money. Those who escaped at length reached Jerusalem, visited all the holy places, and bedewed the ruins of many churches with their tears, giving money for their reparation. They intended to have bathed in the Jordan; but being prevented by the roving Arabs, they embarked on board a Genoese fleet at Joppa, and landed at Brundusium, whence they travelled through Apulia to Rome, where, after the usual devotions, they separated, and returned each to his own country. When Ingulph and his company reached Normandy, they were reduced to twenty halfstarved wretches, without money, cloaths, or horses. Ingulph was now so much disgusted with the world, that he resolved to forsake it, and become a monk in the abbey of Fontesnelle in Normandy; in which, after some years, he was advanced to the office of prior. When William was preparing for his expedition into England, in 1066, he was met by the abbot, with 100 marks of money, and twelve young men, nobly mounted, and VOL. III. H

completely armed, as a present from his abbey. Ingulph presented his men and money to his prince, who received him very graciously, and made him governor of the rich abbey of Croyland in Lincolnshire, in 1076; in which he spent the last thirtyfour years of his life, governing that society with great prudence, and protecting their possessions from the rapacity of the neighbouring barons by the royal favour. The lovers of English history and antiquities are much indebted to this learned abbot, for his excellent history of the abbey of Croyland, from its foundation, A. D. 664 to 1091, into which he has introduced much of the general history of the kingdom, with many curious anecdotes no where else to be found. Ingulph died of the gout, at his abbey, in 1109, aged 79. His work was printed by Sir Henry Saville in 1596; and by Gale in his Scriptores. There was also another edition at Oxford in 1684.

ALREDUS or ALUREDUS, of Beverley, one of the best ancient English historians. He wrote in the reign of Henry I. It is said that he was educated at Cambridge, and that he afterwards became one of the canons and treasurer of St. John's at Beverley. He travelled through France and Italy for improvement, and at Rome became domestic chaplain to Cardinal Othoboni. He died in 1128 or 1129; leaving behind him the following works: 1. The Annals of Alured of Beverley, Oxford, 1726; published by Mr. Hearne, from a manuscript belonging to Thomas Rawlinson, Esq. It contains an abridgment of our history, from Brutus to Henry I. written in good Latin, and with great accuracy. 2. Libertates ecclesiæ S. Johannis de Beverlac, &c. a MS. in the Cotton library. It is a collection of records relative to the church at Beverley, translated from the Saxon language.

EADMER or EADMERUS, an ancient English historian, much esteemed, but whose parentage and birth-place are not well known. He received a learned education, and very early discovered a taste for history, by recording every remarkable event that came to his knowledge. Being a monk in the cathedral of Canterbury, he became the bosom friend and companion of two archbishops, viz. St. Anselm and Ralph. To the former he was appointed spiritual director by the pope. In 1120, he was sent for by king Alexander I. of Scotland, to be raised to the primacy of that kingdom, and having obtained leave of king Henry and the archbishop of Canterbury, he departed for Scotland, where he was kindly received by the king; and on the third day of his arrival he was elected bishop of St. Andrew's with much unanimity. But on the day after his election, a dispute arose between the king and him, in a private conference about his consecration. Eadmer was a violent stickler for the prerogatives of the see of Canterbury and told the king, that he was determined to be consecrated by none but the archbishop who

he believed to be the primate of all Britain. Alexander who was equally zealous for the independency of his kingdom, was so much offended, that he broke off the conference in a violent passion, declaring that the see of Canterbury had no pre-eminency over that of St. Andrew's. This breach between the king and the bishop-elect became daily wider, till at length Eadmer despairing of recovering the royal favour, sent his pastoral ring to the king, and laid his pastoral staff on the high altar, from whence he had taken it; and abandoning his bishopric returned to England. He was kindly received by the archbishop and clergy of Canterbury, though they disapproved of his stiffness, and thought him too hasty in forsaking the honourable station to which he had been called. Nor was it long before Eadmer became sensible of his error, and desirous of correcting it. With this view he wrote a long submissive letter to the king of Scotland, intreating his leave to return to his bishopric, and promising compliance with his royal pleasure in every thing respecting his consecration; which was accompanied by an epistle to the same purpose from the archbishop, A.D. 1122; these letters, however, did not produce the desired effect. But Eadmer is most worthy of our regard for his historical works, particularly for his excellent history of the affairs of England in his own time from A. D. 1166 to A. D. 1122, in which he has inserted many original papers and preserved many important facts, no where else to be found. This work has been highly commended, both by ancient and modern writers, for its authenticity, as well as regularity of composition and purity of style. It is indeed more free from legendary tales than any other work of this period; and it is impossible to peruse it with attention, without conceiving a favourable opinion of the learning, good sense, sincerity, and candour of its author.

VITAL ORDERIC, an ecclesiastical historian of French extraction, but born in England about the year 1075. When he was eleven years old he was sent to Normandy, where he took the religious habit in the abbey of Ouche, and in 1091, he was ordained subdeacon. It was not till 1108 when he was in his thirty-third year, that he received priest's orders from the hands of the archbishop of Rouen. He passed his life wholly occupied in study and devotion, without filling any of the posts belonging to his order. He died in 1143. As an author he is known by a work entitled "Historiæ Ecclesiasticæ, lib. xiii." containing the History of the Christian Church, from the birth of Christ to the year 1142. The work is said to furnish many interesting facts, not to be met with elsewhere, which relate to the histories of Normandy, of France, and England. It was first edited by Duchesne, among his "Historia Normannorum Scriptores,"

WILLIAM of MALMSBURY, an ancient English histo