height, without such an immense mass of timber-work as was proposed to be employed. By showing his designs, he at length inspired the leading people with such confidence, that the work was committed to him, but on the condition of associating Lorenzo Ghibertini in the execution. This was not agreeable to Brunelleschi, who at length got rid of his associate.

Thenceforth Brunelleschi, now the only master, pushed the work with all the ardour of a great genius occupied in a favourite plan. He lived to finish the dome as far as the lantern; and all Italy was astonished at the vast height to which such a mass was carried in the air, and the beauty with which the design was executed; a beauty which Michael Angelo afterwards said it would be difficult to imitate, impossible to surpass.

Brunelleschi was patronized and employed by Cosmo de Medici, for whom he built the abbey of canons regular at Fesoli. He also made for him a model of a palace of regal grandeur, which the prudence and moderation of Cosmo would not suffer him to execute, and he gave the preference to Michelozzi-Brunelleschi. Enraged at this, he destroyed his model; but Cosmo did him the justice of acknowledging his superiority. He was more fortunate in being allowed to construct the Pitti palace, since the residence of the great dukes of Tuscany, which he carried up to the second story. It was completed after his death by Ammanati. The church of St. Lorenzo in Florence is also almost entirely the work of Brunelleschi. He was skilled likewise in military architecture, and the duke of Milan sent for him to give the plan of a fortress for his capital. The two citadels of Pisa, and other fortifications in that part of Italy, were of his contrivance. He was also an able civil engineer. The marquis of Mantua employed him in 1446, to construct dykes for confining the Po to its bed, which appears to have been the last performance of Brunelleschi. He died in the next year, aged sixty-nine, much regretted by his brother artists, and more so by the poor, to whom he was a great benefactor. Like many other great men, more justice was done to his merits after death, than during his life; for it appears that he had the mortification of seeing several of his undertakings remain imperfect for want of due encouragement.

SCULPTURE.

DONATELLO, or DONATO, one of the principal revivers of sculpture in Italy, was of an obscure family at Florence, and born in 1383. He learned design under Lorenzo de Bicci, and was the first who gave his works the grace and

freedom of the productions of ancient Greece and Rome. He assisted Cosmo de Medici in forming those grand collections, which gave celebrity to Florence, as the parent of modern art. Amongst his performances in that city, are his Judith and Holofernes, in bronze, his Annunciation, his St. George and St. Mark, and his Zuccone. Sensible of the value of his performances, he exclaimed to a Genoese merchant, who had bespoke a head, and estimated it by the number of days it had employed the artist, "this man better knows how to bargain for beans than for statues :-he shall not have my head ;" and then dashed it to pieces; yet no man had a less regard for money than Donatello. Having received an estate from the family of the Cosmos, he soon begged to resign it, as he did not like the trouble of it. He had no notion of hoarding, but deposited what he received in a basket, suspended from a ceiling, from which his friends and work-people supplied themselves at their pleasure. He died in 1566, at the age of eighty-three, and was buried in the church of St. Lorenzo, near his friend Cosmo, that, as he expressed himself, "his soul, having been with him when living, their bodies might be near each other when dead." He left a son, named Simon, who adopted his father's manner, and acquired considerable fame.

BOTANY.

BARTHOLOMEW GRANVILLE, an English botanical author, commonly called Bartholomæus Anglus. He was a Franciscan friar, descended of the noble family of Suffolk, and flourished in the reign of Edward III. He wrote a book on natural history, entitled De Proprietatibus Rerum; which was translated into English by John de Trevisa, in 1398.

MEDICINE.

GUY OF CAULIAC, or GUIDO DE CAULIACO, a physician of the university of Montpellier, and a celebrated writer on surgery. He studied at Paris, under Henry de Hermondavilla, who was first physician to Philip le Bel. Guy was chamberlain, chaplain, and physician to some of the popes, particularly Clement VI. and Urban V. He was a witness to that dreadful plague in 1348, which laid waste a great part of Europe. In that age, good surgery seems to have been almost entirely extinct; whence Guido, who revived the practice of the ancients, derived through the medium of the Arabians, has merited the title of the great restorer of that useful art. His "Chirurgie tractatus septem cum Antidotario," called his

"Greater Surgery," was written at Avignon, in 1363. It has undergone a great number of editions, and various translations, and, for a long time, was considered as a standard of practice in France. It describes a number of the principal operations which the writer himself appears to have practised; but in many points it is defective and barbarous, and partakes of the superstition and ignorance of the age. He also wrote a compilation of anatomy, and a compendium of physic and surgery. The latter is called his "Lesser Surgery.'

JEROME of Saint Faith, a Spanish Jew, named before his conversion to Christianity, Joshua Larchi. He became physician to Benedict XIII., in whose presence, and that of many cardinals and prelates, he disputed with some learned rabbins at Tortosa, in 1414. The result of that conference, and of a Treatise on the errors of the Talmud by him, is said to have been such, that about 15,000 Jews were converted. rome's book was printed at Frankfort, in 1602.

Je

PETER ARQUILLATA, or DE ARQUILLATA, a Bolognese physician, was for many years professor of logic, astronomy, and medicine, and died at Bologna in 1423. He was one of those who contributed to the advancement of the chirurgical art in Italy. His works are replete with sensible observations, and a candour which induces him to acknowledge such errors in his practice or opinions as experience had discovered. His observations on the use of the suture, the cure of the spina ventosa, and on muscular motion, are particularly valuable.

ALEXANDER BENEDICT, one of the early cultivators and restorers of anatomy, was born at Verona. He travelled over various parts of Greece, and returning to Italy, was appointed teacher of anatomy at Padua, where his lectures were numerously attended. In 1497, he published, "Anatomicon, sive Historia Corpus Humani." The first edition was dedicated to the emperor Maximilian, with whom he appears to have been in great favour. It is principally copied from Galen, but with some observations from his own practice. He is the first, Haller says, that described the concretions called gallstones. The language used by Benedict is much purer than is found in any of the earlier anatomical writers.

MUNDINUS, a celebrated anatomist, born in Florence. He was the first modern anatomist who restored the art, and introduced dissection of human bodies. He wrote a Treatise on Anatomy, which was printed at Paris, in 1748.

HUGO BENCIUS, or DE BENCIUS, a native of Sienna, and an eminent physician, to whom his contemporaries gave the appellations of the Second Aristotle and a New Hippocrates. Nicholas, prince of Este, appointed him one of the first professors in his university of Parma, and it is said that

he was also professor of medicine at Ferrara. He died at Rome, in 1438, or, according to another account, not till 1448. His principal writings are Expositions on the works of Hippocrates, Galen, and Avicenna, printed together at Venice, in 2 vols. folio, 1518.

BAALBEKI BEDREDDIN, a Syriac physician, who wrote a book called Mosarreh-al-ness.

ALBUHAZAN-IBUN-HAIDOR, a philosopher, physician, and astrologer, at Fez, in Barbary, physician to several of their kings, died of the plague, in 1415, and left a treatise on the cure of that disease.

ABELLA, a female writer, born at Salerne, in the reign of Charles VI. of France. Among other books on medicine, she wrote a treatise on the bile.

JOHN ARDERIC, an English surgeon, was one of the earliest who practised his art upon any thing like enlightened principles in his native country. He was a man of experience, and an able and honest practitioner, for the time in which he lived. He has left a large Latin volume on physic and surgery, particularly of the last, of which several manuscripts are extant; but no part has been printed, except a treatise, "On the Fiskea in Ano," translated by John Read, in 1588. His practice is chiefly empirical, and not a little infected with the superstition of the age. He abounds in recipes, several of his own invention, which were afterwards received into the dispensatories. He contrived an instrument for the exhibition of clysters, an operation in which he was particularly skilful. His surgery was chiefly derived from Celsus and Paulus.

JOHN OF GADDESDEN, a physician; he was an ecclesiastic, as most of his profession were in those times. His reputation stood very high, and he was the first Englishman who enjoyed the office of royal physician, which office was conferred on him by Edward II. He wrote a book called “Rosa Anglica," which was printed at Venice, in 1502, in folio; and again in quarto, in 2 vols.

WILLIAM GRISAUNT, an English physician, was a member of Merton College, Oxford, where he was suspected of practising magic, on which account he was sent to France, where he died about 1350. His son arrived at the pontificate, by the name of Urban.

JOHN PHREAS, M.D., an English physician, born at London; he was educated at Oxford, and became fellow of Baliol college. He translated from the Greek into Latin, Diodorus Siculus, and other ancient works. He read lectures on medicine at Ferrara, Florence, and Padua, at which last university he was presented with his degree. He died in 1465.