considered as wisely calculated to form the which was settled at the Scottish union. basis of a complete and entire union of the The right reserved for Irish peers to sit in two legislatures; that by those propositions the house of commons, as representatives they had been guided in their proceedings; for Great Britain, would render them fitter and that the resolutions now offered were to serve their country when called to a higher those articles, which, if approved by the assembly. The permission of creating new lords and commons of Great Britain, they peers for Ireland he also justified; for, were ready to confirm and ratify, in order though in Scotland the peerage might long that the same might be established for ever maintain itself without any accession, from by the mutual consent of both parliaments. the great extent of inheritance allowed by This address, being agreed to by the two the patents, there was a risk of the Irish houses, was immediately transmitted to Eng-peerage fast diminishing, on account of the land by lord Cornwallis.

UNION OF IRELAND COMPLETED.

very limited nature of the successions. In the article respecting the church, he noticed On the second of April the joint address the clause introduced by the parliament of of the Irish legislature was the subject of a Ireland, providing for the presence of the message from his majesty to both houses of clergy of that country at convocations which the British parliament. The measure was might be held in this island, and the proopposed, in the house of peers, by lord Hol- priety of leaving to the imperial legislature land; but, on a division, only the earl of the discussion of the claims of the Catholics Derby, and the lords Holland and King, voted to future emancipation. The next article, against the motion, whilst eighty-two sup- he observed, would grant a general freedom ported it. In the commons Pitt discussed of trade, with only such exceptions as might the particular manner of carrying the mea- secure vested capital, and prevent a great sure into effect. As to the propriety of al- shock to any particular manufacture, or to lowing one hundred Irish members to sit in popular fears and prejudices: almost all prothe imperial parliament, though the particu- hibitions would be repealed, and only prolar number might not be of the first import- tecting duties to a small amount imposed on ance, he thought it sufficiently suited to the some few articles.

proportional contribution of the two coun- Grey strenuously opposed the plan of the tries to the public exigencies of the empire, union. His principal objections were foundand the selection was rather calculated to ed on its unpopularity among the Irish peofavor the popular interest. The members ple; on the means of corruption and intimifor counties and principal cities would be dation which had been used to accomplish sixty-eight; the rest would be deputed by the measure; and the great dissimilarity betowns the most considerable in population tween the case of Ireland and that of Scotand wealth, thus providing at once for the land, with respect to incorporating with security of the landed interest, and for the England. He concluded by moving that convenience of local information; and, as the number of Irish placemen who should the proposed addition would make no change sit in the united parliament be limited to in the internal form of British representa- nineteen, instead of twenty, which was tion, it would not expose us to the dangers negatived without a division. Early in May, of political experiments, under the specious the remaining articles having been severally name of reform; experiments which, what- investigated and approved by decisive maever his opinion respecting reform might jorities, Pitt moved that an humble address once have been, he was now convinced be presented to his majesty, acquainting him would be hazardous in the present circum- that the house had proceeded through the stances. As it might be wished that very great and important measure of a legisla few of the members thus sent from Ireland tive union, which they had the satisfaction should hold places under the crown, he pro- to see was nearly in strict conformity with posed that the number entitled to be place- the principle laid down in his majesty's mesmen should be limited to twenty, and that sage. This was carried without a division; the imperial parliament should afterwards and, the address and resolutions being forthregulate this point as circumstances might with transmitted to the house of peers, the suggest. The number of peers who should assent of that assembly was obtained withrepresent the whole body of the Irish no- out any material alteration. A joint adbility was fixed at thirty-two. Four would dress, as usual on great occasions, was presuffice to inform the parliament of the state sented to the throne; and a bill, grounded of the church; and the rest would form a upon the resolutions, to take effect from the fair proportion, considered with reference to first of January, 1801, the first day of the the case of Scotland, and the number of the nineteenth century, immediately passed Irish commoners. The election of the tem- through both houses. On the second of July poral peers for life he recommended, as inore the royal assent was given to this important conformable to the spirit of nobility than that bill; and on the twenty-ninth the session

was terminated by a speech from the throne, granting of bounties for the encouragement in which his majesty expressed the peculiar of fisheries, and proposed the temporary but satisfaction with which he congratulated entire disuse of corn in the distilleries. To the two houses of parliament on the suc- give effect to the proceedings of the legiscess of the steps they had taken for effect- lature on this important subject, his majesty ing an entire union between the kingdoms issued a proclamation towards the close of of Great Britain and Ireland, declaring that the year, recommending the greatest fruhe should ever consider this measure as the gality in the use of every species of grain, happiest event of his reign. The Irish ses- and exhorting and charging all masters of sion, also, which had been prolonged till the families to reduce the consumption of bread, union bill passed in England, in order to its in their respective families, by at least oneratification with the several alterations and third of the quantity consumed in ordinary additions made by the British parliament, times, and in no case to suffer the same to with other necessary regulations respecting exceed one quartern loaf for each person in the election of the Irish representatives to each week. the imperial legislature, was terminated on the second of August, and with it the existence of the parliament of Ireland.

GREAT SCARCITY.-ATTEMPT ON THE

KING'S LIFE.

Another insane attempt on the life of the king was made this year, from which he providentially escaped. On the fifteenth of May, just at the moment when he had entered the royal box at Drury-lane theatre, and while bowing to the audience with his THE harvest of the two preceding years usual condescension, a person in the pit had been very unproductive; and the evil fired a horse-pistol apparently at his majesty. being enhanced by the consumption and For some seconds the house remained in waste of war, a prodigious rise on every silent suspense; but no sooner had they article of provision took place, the conse- begun to recover from their surprise, than quence of which was very wide-spread and the man who fired the pistol, and who provreal distress. The interference of the legis- ed to be a discharged soldier of the name lature, in attempting to remedy, or at least of Hadfield, was secured. On the twentyto palliate, the public calamity, was judici- sixth of June he was arraigned for high treaously confined to recommendatory, rather son; but it was clearly proved that he had than coercive measures. The committee for some years labored under a degree of appointed to deliberate upon the subject sug-insanity, in consequence of several despegested such methods of relief as appeared rate sabre wounds in his head, which he most effectual for diminishing the consump- had received when acting as a serjeant in tion of corn by economy and substitution, the British army in Holland, in 1794: he and held out encouragement to the extended was therefore pronounced "Not guilty, begrowth of potatoes at home, and the import- ing under the influence of insanity at the ation of corn from foreign countries. The time the act was done;" but he was, of committee at the same time suggested the course, ordered to be kept in custody.

NOTES TO CHAPTER XXXI.

I THE writer of this heard a confirmation of this dreadful massacre, from the lips of chef d' brigade D'Armagnac, an eye-witness.

2 See Buonaparte's remarks on this accusation, as given by Mr. O'Meara and count Las Casas, in their respective works.

CHAPTER XXXII.

Recall of the Russian troops-Genoa evacuated by the French-Buonaparte crosses the Alps, and gains the battle of Marengo-Armistice concluded in Italy-Campaign in Germany, and Armistice-Preliminaries signed-Disavowed by the Emperor-Naval Armistice proposed to England by France, and rejected—Armistice with Austria prolonged Hostilities resumed-Treaty of Peace concluded at Luneville, between Austria and France-Affairs of Egypt-Assassination of General Kleber-Naval operations-Unsuccessful attempt on Ferrol and Cadiz-Reduction of Malta-War with Russia-Confederacy of the Northern Powers-Parliament assembled, on account of the Scarcity of Corn-Population Bill-New Royal Title-Meeting of the Imperial Parliament-King's Speech, and Debates on the Address-Dispute in the Cabinet on the Catholic Question-New Ministry-The King's return of Illness— Parliamentary Proceedings-Prorogation-Embargo on Russian, Danish, and Swedish vessels-Measures of the Northern Powers, and Occupation of Hanover— Nelson's Victory at Copenhagen-Armistice—Death of the Emperor Paul-Final adjustment with the Northern Powers-Invasion of Portugal by Spain, and subsequent Pacification-Madeira occupied by the English-Expedition to Egypt, and final expulsion of the French-Projected Invasion of England-Convention between Buonaparte and the Pope-Naval Actions—Attack on the Boulogne Flotilla—Peace between Great Britain and France.

RENGO.

RECALL OF THE RUSSIAN TROOPS.-GE-effected the passage, although a design so NOA EVACUATED.-BATTLE OF MA- vast had not been attempted since the days of Hannibal, he pursued his march into ItaTHE Russian emperor, Paul, little inclin- ly, and, clearing all obstacles, obtained posed to listen to a calm investigation of facts, session of Milan and Pavia. Crossing the and easily led away by the hasty impulses Po, he defeated the Austrians at Montobelof passion, conceived an insuperable disgust lo; and on the sixteenth of June, on the at the unexpected disasters which had be- plain between Alessandria and Tortona, was fallen his troops in Switzerland and in Hol- fought the famous battle of Marengo. Here land, at the close of the last campaign, and the vigor of the Austrians seemed long to recalled his whole army from the scene of promise victory to their efforts. They turned action. The archduke Charles, too, who the wings of the French, and forced the cengave fair promise of emulating the example tre to fall back; and Melas even flattered of the most renowned warriors, had, by the himself with the hope of cutting off the recrooked policy and ruinous influence of the treat of the disordered troops. But when Aulic council, which had controlled his op- the chief consul, who was in the heat of acerations and thwarted his views, been de- tion, almost despaired of success, general prived of the command of the Austrian Desaix appeared with a corps de reserve, troops; and they were now led by the vete- and changed the fortune of the day; he fell, ran general Kray in Germany, while Melas however, in the attempt. A new line was continued to command the imperial force formed; the Austrians were checked in their employed in Italy. The first operation of career; and, though they still exhibited any consequence was the siege of Genoa by marks of obstinate courage, they were at the Austrians, who were assisted by an Eng-length totally routed. In this memorable lish squadron under the command of lord battle, which might well decide the fate of Keith. Massena defended the city with a Italy, about ten thousand of their number vigor and resolution which have seldom were killed, wounded, or taken prisoners, been surpassed; and, after the loss of many but not without a loss equally severe on the thousand lives on both sides, famine alone part of the conquerors. This defeat ruined induced him to enter into a treaty, which the hopes of the emperor, and was followed was concluded on terms honorable to the de- by a proposal from the vanquished general fenders, and, on the fourth of June, Genoa for an armistice, which he purchased by the was evacuated. In the mean time Buona- restitution of Genoa, and the surrender of parte collected a powerful army of reserve the citadels of Milan, Turin, Tortona, and in the plains of Burgundy, of which he took other fortresses. Buonaparte then went to the command early in May, and immediate- Milan to re-establish the Cisalpine republic, ly prepared for crossing that formidable which he declared a free and independent mountain the Great St. Bernard. Having nation.

The French army under Moreau had en-ninth of February, 1801, by which France tered Suabia at the latter end of April, obtained a cession of all the German terriwhere it was opposed by general Kray, and, tories on the left bank of the Rhine, making after various movements of little importance, that river, from the place where it leaves they at length compelled the Austrians to Switzerland to that where it enters Holretire, took possession of Munich, levied land, the boundary of the new republic; contributions on the elector of Bavaria, and thus realizing the original projects of the threatened the hereditary states of the em- first revolutionists. The acquisition of this peror. Thus pressed, the Austrians deemed territory destroyed one of the chief barriers it expedient to consent to an armistice (that against the encroachments of France in the in Italy not extending to Germany), which north of Europe. But, that no doubt might was concluded with Moreau on the fifteenth be left of the determination of France to of July. Count St. Julien was sent to Paris overawe the empire, by the continual fear by the Austrian court, where he signed pre- of hostile incursions into Germany, the resliminaries of peace with France on the basis titution of Dusseldorf, Ehrenbreitstein, Phiof the treaty of Campo Formio; but the em- lipsburgh, Cassel, Kehl, and Brisac, on the peror, having entered into a new compact right bank of the Rhine, were rendered of with Great Britain, by which it was agreed little value, by a stipulation that they should that neither party should conclude a peace remain in the same state in which they which did not comprehend the other, formal- were at the moment of their evacuation, ly disavowed it, and refused to conclude any that is, in ruins. France, therefore, retaintreaty, unless England was included in it. ed the power of interposition in the affairs At the beginning of September a proposal of Germany, by the right which she had rewas made through M. Otto, the French com- served to herself, by this treaty, to settle the missary, residing in London, to the British indemnities to be secured to the German ministers, for concluding a naval armistice, princes, who were proprietors of the territoon which condition alone the first consul ry ceded to her on the left bank of the would consent to prolong the one with Aus- Rhine, and by her ability, in consequence tria, and a long correspondence took place of these cessions, to make sudden irruptions on the subject; but it evidently appearing into the heart of the hereditary states of that the only object of Buonaparte was to Austria. Istria, Dalmatia, and the Venetian obtain an opportunity of sending supplies to isles in the Adriatic, were secured to AusMalta and Alexandria, both of which were tria, together with Venice, the Bocca di Catstrictly blockaded by an English squadron, taro, the canals and the country included and as a new armistice was, during the ne- between the hereditary states of Austria, gotiation, concluded with Austria, on condi- the Adriatic sea, and the Adige, from the tion of the surrender of the three important Tyrol to the mouth of that sea; the towingfortresses of Philipsburgh, Ulm, and Ingold-path of the Adige to form the line of limitstadt, by which the French secured an open-ation. France took to herself, and for her ing into the hereditary states of Austria, vassal, the Italian republic, or kingdom, as the proposal was ultimately rejected on the it was soon destined to be, the dominions of ninth of October. This armistice termi- the grand duke of Tuscany, and the Modennated on the twenty-ninth of November, ese, whose sovereigns were to be indemniwhen Moreau resumed offensive operations, fied, for the territory thus wrested from and the archduke John at first obtained some them, by other territories, to be wrested, in advantage; but in a general attack on the like manner, from the sovereign princes of lines at Hohenlinden, on the third of De- Germany. cember, the Austrians were entirely defeatAFFAIRS OF EGYPT.-NAVAL OPERAed, and in consequence the French gained TIONS.-MALTA TAKEN. possession of Saltzburg. In the space of AFTER Buonaparte's flight from Egypt, twenty days from the recommencement of general Kleber entered into a convention, at hostilities, the Austrians lost forty thousand El Arish, with the commander of the Turkmen, killed, wounded, and prisoners, while ish forces, by which he agreed to evacuate that of the French was comparatively small. that country, on the condition of the unmoPEACE BETWEEN AUSTRIA AND FRANCE.

lested return of the French troops to Europe. This convention, which was signed on the THE archduke Charles, who now took the twenty-fourth of January, having been resupreme command, seeing no hope of an ferred to Sir Sidney Smith by the Turks, it effectual resistance, proposed another armis- received his sanction; but the British cabitice, which was agreed to; and, the alarm- net, without being aware of Sir Sidney's ing situation of the emperor having induced share in the transaction, considered that it the British government to release him from would be highly impolitic to suffer such a the terms of his alliance, a definitive treaty French force to arrive in Europe, to act of peace was signed at Luneville on the against the emperor, their ally, and there

fore instructed lord Keith, the commander less than eight times. At length, all hopes of the British fleet in the Mediterranean, not of receiving supplies from France having to ratify it. That admiral accordingly sent vanished, a part of the garrison left the port a letter to Kleber, acquainting him that he with two French frigates, one of which was had received positive orders not to agree to taken, but the other escaped the vigilance of any capitulation with the troops under his the British squadron. A few days after this, command, unless they should consent to sur-the magazines of provisions being exhausted, render themselves prisoners of war, not to general Vaubois assembled a council of war, go to France until exchanged, and to deliver when it was determined to capitulate, and on up all the ships and stores in the port of Al- the fifth of September the island was surexandria. Kleber, indignant at this unex- rendered into the hands of the British. pected turn of affairs, apprized the Turks In April the island of Goree, on the coast that there was an end to the convention; of Africa, surrendered to commodore Sir after which hostilities were renewed, and Charles Hamilton, without resistance; and some considerable advantages were gained by in September the island of Curaçoa, in the the French. After dispersing the army of West Indies, one of the few remaining colthe grand vizier, and quelling an insurrec- onies of the Batavian republic, voluntarily tion in Cairo, he was assassinated by a Turkish placed itself under the protection of his emissary, and was succeeded in his authority Britannic majesty. by_general Menou.

WAR WITH RUSSIA.-NORTHERN CON-
FEDERACY.

In the course of the summer, the western departments of France were frequently men- NOTWITHSTANDING these successes, the aced by the appearance of hostile arma- close of the eighteenth century was marked ments. Sir Edward Pellew, in the Impe- by circumstances of a gloomy and discourag tueux, with a flying squadron, and three ing nature to England. France had reduced troop-ships, made an attack on Quiberon on the continent of Europe to that situation the fourth of June, in which some batteries which enabled her, almost without the fear were destroyed, but Fort Penthievre proved of opposition, to parcel out its various states too strong to be reduced. The same com- at her pleasure, a very large portion of the mander also, in an attempt upon the Morbi- territory included between the Texel and han, seized several sloops and gun-vessels, the Bay of Naples being occupied by her and burnt a corvette. Sir John Borlase tributaries and vassals, or by princes who Warren likewise succeeded in an attack on trembled at her frown. Prussia, indeed, and a convoy at anchor near a fort within the Russia, had not yet bent beneath the weight Penmarks, and in the destruction of fifteen of her arms, nor sunk before the machinasail of merchantmen and four armed vessels tions of her intriguing spirit; but the emwithin the sands of Boverneuf Bay. These peror Paul, forsaking his alliance with Engexploits, combined with many others of a land, had become her enemy, and complainsimilar nature, put an actual stop to the ing of her maritime encroachments, he coasting trade of the enemy, and intercepted stopped all the British vessels in his ports, the supplies intended for the fleet at Brest. on the idle allegation of the detention of In August an expedition was fitted out, Malta, to which he claimed a right, in conunder the command of Sir James Murray sequence of the assumed authority of grandPulteney and Sir John Borlase Warren, master of the order of knights of St. John whose first destination was against the Span- of Jerusalem. He even sent the seamen ish port of Ferrol. After the troops were into confinement, sequestered all British landed, however, the place was found too property on shore, and put seals on all warestrong to be attacked with any prospect of houses containing English goods. The Prussuccess, and the attempt was therefore re-sian monarch, who had for some time held linquished. A more formidable force, both the scale of victory in his hands, indulged naval and military, was sent against Cadiz, his ancient jealousy of the house of Austria, under lord Keith and Sir Ralph Abercrom- contemplated her humiliation with pleasure, bie; but as a pestilent disorder raged in the and passively looked on while France was city, which was nevertheless capable of trampling on the institutions of surrounding making a long resistance; and as the army states, vainly imagining that he possessed had another and more important object in the ability to stop her career whenever her view, the expulsion of the French from efforts should be directed against himself, Egypt, the intention of attacking Cadiz was and, more effectually to favor her views, also abandoned. joined a hostile confederacy of the northern Malta, so unjustly seized by Buonaparte, powers, which had been recently formed in his voyage to Egypt, had now experienced against England.

a blockade of two years both by sea and land, The principles of this compact had been during which time general Vaubois, the adopted and acted upon by Denmark and French governor, had been summoned no Sweden; the right of search had been acVOL. IV.

40