RULE XXXV.-The definite article, or distinguishing adjective, is used in speaking of a special object or class of objects; the indefinite, of any object of a class; as, The scorner is to be avoided. The dog is the most faithful of all animals. A man of honour is respected.

(1) Before proper nouns, the article is not generally used; as, It was John. Sometimes, however, when we want to distinguish one individual from another of the same name, we use the definite article; as, It was not the John whom I

meant.

(2) The indefinite article is also sometimes used before a proper noun, when we mean not so much the person whose name we use as any one like him; as, Know what thou canst work at; and work at it like a Hercules!

(3) The above are also applicable to abstract nouns, the names of the arts and sciences, etc.; as. Astronomy is a very interesting science. The astronomy of the ancients was different from that of the present time.

(4) When several nouns come together, some requiring a and others an, the article is generally repeated; as, An apple, a pear, or an orange will suffice.* Great care must be taken in the use of the articles, as many mistakes arise from their improper use. Take the following as an example :—“And seeing the multitude, he went up into a mountain," should be "the mountain" (TO opos), i.e., some particular mountain, the principal mountain rising from the plain of Galilee, since known as the Mount of Beatitudes, whose modern name is Kurun Hattin (Matt. v. I).

EXERCISE.

Point out the articles, giving reasons for their use, and stating why the one is preferable to the other:

As if an angel spoke, I feel the solemn sound. Poor pensioner on the bounties of an hour. I kiss thee with a most constant heart.

Sweet are the uses of adversity,

Which, like the toad, ugly and venomous,
Wears yet a precious jewel in its head.

Supply appropriate articles :--
My kingdom for ( ) horse!
He was () honourable man.
for many () day.

( ) Seine flows through Paris. I have not seen such () one

COMPOSITION.

Hour.

Science. European. Union.

Star. One. Silver. Corn.

For the ellipsis of the article, see page 132.

QUESTIONS ON THE SYNTAX.

(1) What is syntax? (2) Into how many parts is syntax generally divided? (3) What is concord? (4) What is government? (5) How are syntactical relations sometimes divided? (6) What is qualification? (7) What is limitation? (8) What are contracted sentences?

I. What is the First general rule?

(1) What case is the subject? (2) What is said of an adjective when used as a noun? (3) What of the present participle or an infinitive mood? (4) What of part of a sentence?

II. What is the Second general rule ?

(1) What is said of this rule when the and is not expressed? (2) When the second of two subjects is preceded by not, what number should the verb and pronoun be? (3) What is said of the verb when the two nouns convey the idea of one thing? (4) What when the two nouns are preceded by every or each?

III. What is the Third general rule?

(1) If the or is understood, what are the verb and pronoun? (2) Two singular subjects connected by as well as, should have what?

IV. What is the Fourth general rule?

(1) Where should the plural subject generally be placed?

V. What is the Fifth general rule?

(1) What collective nouns are generally used in the singular? (2) What are generally used in the plural ?

VI. What is the Sixth general rule.

(1) What verbs do news and pains generally take? (2) What is said of the names of sciences? (3) What is said of nouns in the singular form with a plural idea?

VII. What is the Seventh general rule?

(1) When are nouns or pronouns said to be in the nominative absolute?

VIII. What is the Eighth general rule?

(1) What is said of the possessive when nouns are in apposition? (2) How is the force of possession often as well expressed without the possessive form? (3) Is the of ever used with the possessive form? (4) Is the word after the possessive ever omitted?

IX. What is the Ninth general rule?

Does the adjective generally vary for number? (1) What is said of some indefinite adjective pronouns? (2) What is said of others? (3) What of numeral adjectives? (4) Is a plural numeral ever used with a singular noun ?

X. What is the Tenth general rule?

(1) If a plural numeral come between these distributives and their nouns, what then? (2) How is each applied? (3) How every? (5) What do either and neither relate to?

XI. What is the Eleventh general rule?

Give the substance of the note. (1) What is said of this and that, when they refer to two things before mentioned? (2) What of former and latter?

XII. What is the Twelfth general rule?

(1) What does the comparative take after it? (2) What is said of other, otherwise, etc.? (3) What is said of double comparatives and superlatives? XIII. What is the Thirteenth general rule?

What is said of confounding the objects compared? Give examples.

XIV. What is the Fourteenth general rule?

(1) When pronouns of different persons are joined, with what person does the verb agree? Give the substance of the note.

XV. What is the Fifteenth general rule?

(1) Is you ever applied to a single person? (2) What is said of thou? (3) What of ye?

XVI. What is the Sixteenth general rule?

Where should the relative be placed? (1) Is which ever applied to persons? (2) When there is no noun between the relative and the verb, in what case is the relative? (3) When there is a noun between the relative and the verb, what is that noun ?

XVII. What is the Seventeenth general rule?

(1) What relative is used after the superlative degree and the interrogative who? (2) What relative is used when one of the antecedents would require who and the other which? (3) What is said of same and all? (4) Is the antecedent ever understood?

XVIII. What is the Eighteenth general rule?

What is the substance of the note? (1) What is said of as?

XIX. What is the Nineteenth general rule?

Give the note. (1) Do passive verbs ever govern the objective case? (2) What is said of some neuter verbs? (3) What is said of than before the relative?

XX. What is the Twentieth general rule?

(1) What do transitive verbs take after them? What is said of part of a sentence? (2) What of the present participle of an active verb? How does

the present participle always end? Give the substance of the caution and the note (b).

XXI. What is the Twenty-first general rule?

(1) Where is the indicative generally used? Give the substance of the note. (2) What are the conjunctions which generally precede the subjunctive mood? (3) Is the conjunction ever understood?

XXII. What is the Twenty-second general rule?

(1) Does a noun ever govern the infinitive? (2) After what verb is to usually omitted ? Give the note. (3) What is said of the infinitive and imperative moods? Does the infinitive mood ever admit of for before it?

XXIII. What is the Twenty-third general rule?

Give the substance of the note.

XXIV. What is the Twenty-fourth general rule?

(1) What does a past tense generally require the infinitive following to be in? (2) Is the present ever used for the past or future? (3) What form have verbs when they have the same subjects and tenses? (4) What is said of some verbs denoting motion?

XXV. What is the Twenty-fifth general rule?

(1) What are these called? (2) What is it convenient to call them in parsing? (3) Give a list of preposition-verbs.

XXVI. What is the Twenty-sixth general rule?

(1) When a noun or pronoun comes before the present participle, in what case should it be put? (2) Is the present participle ever used as an adjective? (3) How is the present participle made into an adverb? (4) When the present participle comes before an adverb ending in ly, what then?

XXVII. What is the Twenty-seventh general rule?
Give the substance of the explanation and the note.

XXVIII. What is the Twenty-eighth general rule?

Give the substance of the observation. What is said of the adjective in poetry, and even in prose?

XXIX. What is the Twenty-ninth general rule?

Give the substance of the note. (1) What is said of the adverbs, hither, thither, and whither? (2) What is said of the adverbs, hence, thence, and whence? (3) What is said of the sentence, "Where do you come from?"

XXX. What is the Thirtieth general rule?

When the preposition is only understood, what case is used? (1) What is said of some nouns and adjectives? (2) Give a list of nouns and adjectives requiring special prepositions.

XXXI. What is the Thirty-first general rule ?

What is the note? (1) Where is in generally used? (2) Where is at used? (3) Do two prepositions ever come together? (4) Do adverbs ever qualify prepositions?

XXXII. What is the Thirty-second general rule?

What is the note? (1) Give a list of correlative conjunctions. (2) Do these correlatives always go together? (3) What is said of some of these conjunctions?

XXXIII. What is the Thirty-third general rule?

Give the substance of the note.

XXXIV. What is the Thirty-fourth general rule?

When is the indefinite article used before a plural? What is the form of the indefinite article before consonants, the long sound of u, and before o in one? What is it before a vowel or silent h?

XXXV. What is the Thirty-fifth general rule ?

Give the substance of the special rules.

FIGURES OF SYNTAX.

The following are called Figures of Syntax :

(1) Ellipsis (Greek, a leaving out) is the leaving out of some word or words in a sentence: as, Either thou or he has done it either thou hast done it, or he has done it. Words thus omitted are understood, and still belong to the grammatical construction.

(2) Enallage (Gr., a change) is the use of one part of speech for another; as, Plough deep while sluggards sleep=deep deeply.

(3) Pleonasm (Gr., fulness) is a redundancy of expression; as, He saw it with his own eyes.

(4) Hyperbaton (Gr., transgression) denotes a transposition; as, Paul I know, but who art thou?

(5) Zeugma (Gr., a joining) is that form by which a verb belonging to two or more nouns in construction, is applicable in meaning only to one; as, They wear a garment like the Scythians, but a language peculiar to themselves. This figure is seldom used by good writers or speakers.