support, any felon or breaker of the law 13; yet this engagement, which we may wonder to see exacted from men of their rank, was never regarded by them. The commons make continual complaints of the multitude of robberies, murders, rapes, and other disorders, which, they say, were become numberless in every part of the kingdom, and which they always ascribe to the protection that the criminals received from the great. The king of Cyprus, who paid a visit to England in this reign, was robbed and stripped on the highway, with his whole retinue 15. Edward himself contributed to this dissolution of law, by his facility in granting pardons to felons from the solicitation of the courtiers. Laws were made to retrench this prerogative 16, and remonstrances of the commons were presented against the abuse of it" but to no purpose. The gratifying of a powerful nobleman continued still to be of more importance than the protection of the people. The king also granted many franchises, which interrupted the course of justice and the execution of the laws 18. Commerce and industry were certainly at a very low ebb during this period. The bad police of the country alone affords a sufficient reason. The only exports were wool, skins, hides, leather, butter, tin, lead, and such unmanufactured goods, of which wool was by far the most considerable. Knyghton has asserted, that one hundred thousand sacks of wool were annually exported, and sold at twenty pounds a sack, money of that age. But he is widely mistaken, both in the quantity exported, and in the value. In 1340, the parliament remonstrate that the king, by an illegal imposition of forty shillings on 13 Cotton, p. 10. 14 Ibid. p. 51. 62. 64. 70. 160. 27 Edw. III. cap. 2. 18 Ibid. p. 54. each sack, exported, had levied sixty thousand pounds a year 19 which reduces the annual exports to thirty thousand sacks. A sack contained twenty-six stone, and each stone fourteen pounds 20; and at a medium was not valued at above five pounds a sack 2, that is, fourteen or fifteen pounds of our present money. Knyghton's computation raises it to sixty pounds, which is near four times the present price of wool in England. According to this reduced computation, the export of wool brought into the kingdom about four hundred and fifty thousand pounds of our present money, instead of six millions, which is an extravagant sum. Even the former sum is so high as to afford suspicion of some mistake in the computation of the parliament with regard to the number of sacks exported. Such mistakes were very usual in those ages. Edward endeavoured to introduce and promote the woollen manufacture, by giving protection and encouragement to foreign weavers 22, and by enacting a law which prohibited every one from wearing any cloth but of English fabric. The parliament prohibited the exportation of woollen goods, which was not so well judged, especially while the exportation of unwrought wool was so much allowed and encouraged. A like injudicious law was made against the exportation of manufactured iron 24. It appears from a record in the exchequer, that in 1354 the exports of England amounted to two hundred and ninety-four thousand one hundred and eighty-four pounds seventeen shillings and twopence: the imports to thirty-eight thousand nine hundred and seventy pounds three shillings and sixpence, 20 34 Edw. III. cap. 5. 19 Cotton, p. 48. 69. p. 88. 23 11 Edw. III. cap. 2. Rymer, vol. iv. p. 723. Murimuth, 24 28 Edw. III. cap. 5, money of that time. This is a great balance, considering that it arose wholly from the exportation of raw wool and other rough materials. The import was chiefly linen and fine cloth, and some wine. England seems to have been extremely drained at this time by Edward's foreign expeditions and foreign subsidies, which probably was the reason why the exports so much exceed the imports. The first toll we read of in England for mending the highways, was imposed in this reign: it was that for repairing the road between St. Giles's and Temple Bar 25 In the first of Richard II. the parliament complain extremely of the decay of shipping during the preceding reign, and assert, that one seaport formerly contained more vessels than were then to be found in the whole kingdom. This calamity they ascribe to the arbitrary seizure of ships by Edward for the service of his frequent expeditions. The parliament in the fifth of Richard renew the same complaint"; and we likewise find it made in the forty-sixth of Edward III. So false is the common opinion, that this reign was favourable to commerce. There is an order of this king directed to the mayor and sheriffs of London, to take up all ships of forty ton and upwards, to be converted into ships of war 28 The parliament attempted the impracticable scheme of reducing the price of labour after the pestilence, and also that of poultry29. A reaper, in the first week of August, was not allowed above twopence a day, or near sixpence of our present money; in the second week, a third more. A master carpenter was limited through the whole year to threepence a day, a common carpenter to twopence, money of that p. 520. 26 Cotton, p. 153, 154. 28 Rymer, vol. iv. p. 664, 25 Rymer, vol. v. 27 Cap. 3. age 30. It is remarkable, that in the same reign, the pay of a common soldier, an archer, was sixpence a day; which by the change both in denomination and value, would be equivalent to near five shillings of our present money". Soldiers were then enlisted only for a very short time: they lived idle all the rest of the year, and commonly all the rest of their `lives: one successful campaign, by pay and plunder, and the ransom of prisoners, was supposed to be a small fortune to a man; which was a great allurement to enter into the service 32. The staple of wool, wool fells, leather, and lead, was fixed by act of parliament in particular towns of England 33. Afterwards it was removed by law to Calais: but Edward, who commonly deemed his prerogative above law, paid little regard to these statutes; and when the parliament remonstrated with him on account of those acts of power, he plainly told them, that he would proceed in that matter as he thought proper. It is not easy to assign the reason of this great anxiety for fixing a staple; unless perhaps it invited foreigners to a mar 30 25 Edw. III. cap. 1. 3. 31 Dugdale's Baronetage, vol. i. p. 784. Brady's Hist. vol. ii. App. No. 92. The pay of a man at arms was quadruple. We may therefore conclude that the numerous armies, mentioned by historians in those times, consisted chiefly of ragamuffins, who followed the camp, and lived by plunder. Edward's army before Calais consisted of thirty-one thousand and ninety-four men; yet its pay for sixteen months was only one hundred and twentyseven thousand two hundred and one pounds. Brady, ibid. 32 Commodities seem to have risen since the conquest. Instead of being ten times cheaper than at present, they were, in the age of Edward III. only three or four times. This change seems to have taken place in a great measure since Edward I. The allowance granted by Edward III. to the earl of Murray, then a prisoner in Nottingham Castle, is one pound a week; whereas the bishop of St. Andrew's, the primate of Scotland, had only sixpence a day allowed him by Edward I. 33 27 Edw. III. 34 Cotton, p. 117. ket, when they knew beforehand that they should there meet with great choice of any particular species of commodity. This policy of inviting foreigners to Calais was carried so far, that all English merchants were prohibited by law from exporting any English goods from the staple; which was in a manner the total abandoning of all foreign navigation, except that to Calais : a contrivance seemingly extraordinary. It was not till the middle of this century that the English began to extend their navigation even to the Baltic; nor till the middle of the subsequent, that they sailed to the Mediterranean 37. Luxury was complained of in that age, as well as in others of more refinement; and attempts were made by parliament to restrain it, particularly on the head of apparel, where surely it is the most obviously innocent and inoffensive. No man under a hundred a year was allowed to wear gold, silver, or silk in his clothes: servants also were prohibited from eating flesh meat or fish above once a day. By another law it was ordained, that no one should be allowed, either for dinner or supper, above three dishes in each course, and not above two courses: and it is likewise expressly declared, that soused meat is to count as one of these dishes 39. It was easy to foresee that such ridiculous laws must prove ineffectual, and could never be executed. The use of the French language in pleadings and public deeds was abolished. It may appear strange that the nation should so long have worn this badge of conquest: but the king and nobility seem never to have become thoroughly English, or to have forgotten their French extraction, till Edward's wars 36 Anderson, vol. i. p. 151. 35 27 Edw. III. cap. 7. 39 10 Edw. III. |