1. 86. Argyll, the State's whole thunder born to wield. John, second Duke of Argyll, born 1678. He perhaps owed this commemoration at Pope's hands to his desertion of Sir R. Walpole and the Whig party, which was impending at this date. Warton, however, has preserved a tradition that he declared in the House of Lords, on occasion of one of Pope's satires, that if any man dared to use his name in an invective, he would run him through the body, and throw himself on the mercy of his peers, who, he trusted, would weigh the provocation. Argyll is apostrophised by Thomson, Autumn, 929, in the style of hyperbolical panegyric, which was then thought proper for poetry:

Her every virtue, every grace combin'd,

Her genius, wisdom, her engaging turn,' &c., &c.

The omitted stanza in Shenstone's Schoolmistress was a compliment to this Duke of Argyll. He died 1743.

1. 87. And shake alike the senate and the field. Alluding to his gallantry in Marlborough's campaign, especially at Malplaquet, where (Smollett, Hist. of England, 10) 'he distinguished himself by extraordinary feats of valour; several musket-balls penetrated his clothes, his hat, and periwig.'

1. 89. The master of our passions, and his own. According to Lord Hervey's caustic, but just, appreciation (Memoirs, 1. 28), temper was the one point in which Sir W. Wyndham had a superiority over Pulteney.

1. 92. And if yet higher the proud list should end. A graceful allusion to his acquaintance with the Prince of Wales. See Sat. and Ep., Epilog. 1. 46,

note.

a

1. 93. Pope to Swift, 17 May, 1739: The Prince shews me distinction beyond any merit or pretence on my part; and I have received a present from him of some marble heads of poets for my library, and urns for my garden.'

1. III. The number. A classicism; Gr. åpeμòs, Lat. numerus, those who count as population and nothing beyond; the proletariate. See passages collected by Orelli, Hor. 1 Ep. 2. 27.

1. 116. What Richelieu wanted, Louis scarce could gain, i.e. a poet to celebrate their actions.

1. 120. To Cato, Virgil paid one honest line: viz. Æn. 8. 670:

'Secretosque pios, his dantem jura Catonem.'

The younger Cato, singularly called 'of Utica' from the place of his death. The force of the words honest line lies in the consideration that Virgil ventured on this allusion to a republican, in the court of Augustus.

1. 129. Spirit of Arnall! aid me while I lie. A hack writer for Sir R. Walpole. He is said (Pope, Dunciad, 2, 315, note) to have received 11,000l. in four years for his political articles in the Free Briton and other papers.

Stanhope, Hist. of England, ch. 18: 'Sir R. Walpole hired his writers as he would his ditchers, holding no personal communication with them, but placing them under Paxton, Solicitor to the Treasury, or other ministerial subalterns; persons who in general have more ignorance of, and contempt for, literature, than any other class of gentlemen.'

1. 130. Polwarth is a slave. Hugh, Lord Polwarth, third son of Lord Marchmont, came into Parliament in 1734 for Berwick. He was one of the best speakers of the Opposition. Sir Robert used to say, 'When I have answered Sir John Barnard and Lord Polwarth, I think I have concluded the debate.'

1. 133. Sir Robert's mighty dull. Ironical; see above, Sat. and Ep., Epil. 1. 34, note.

143. To break my windows if I treat a friend. Warton has recorded that this actually happened when Lords Bathurst and Bolingbroke were one day dining with Pope at Twickenham.

1. 150. Turenne. See Essay on Man, 4. 100, note.

1. 158. S-k. Thomas Sherlock, Bishop of Salisbury.

1. 159. P-e. Judge Page. Sat. and Ep. 1. 82, note.

1. 160. the bard whose distich all commend. Bubb Dodington again, in a Poetical Epistle to Sir R. Walpole.

1. 164. be-dropt. Milton, P. L. 10. 527:

The soil be-dropt with blood of Gorgon.'

The priest whose flattery be-dropt the crown. Pope's own note is, 'Spoken not of any particular priest, but of many priests.' But Warton affirms it to have been aimed at Dr. Alured Clarke, afterwards Dean of Exeter, who published in this year (1738) an Essay on the Character of Queen Caroline.

1. 166. florid youth; ironical allusion to the unnatural paleness of Lord Hervey's complexion.

1. 167. Whose speech you took, and gave it to a friend. See Sat. and Ep., Epil. 1. 71.

1. 172. As hog to hog in huts of Westphaly. Westphalia is to this day celebrated for the breeding of swine. The hogs, however, no longer occupy a part of the one room which formed the primitive model of the farm-house. Crabb Robinson, Diary, 1. 70: 'At one corner the fire, here the beds, there the piggery, and a good carriage-way all through' (1800).

1. 209. Men not afraid of God, afraid of me. Wakefield compares Boileau, Discours au Roi, 99: 'Leur cœur. . S'il se moque de Dieu, craint Tartuffe et Molière.' But Épître 3 seems more likely to have been Pope's original:

'Mais de ses faux amis il craint la raillerie

Et ne brave ainsi Dieu que par poltronnerie.'

The original of Boileau is Montaigne, Essais, 2. 18: 'Que peult on imaginer plus vilain, que d'estre couart à l'endroict des hommes, et brave à l'endroict de Dieu ?' Montaigne refers to 'un ancien' as having said that to lie 'c'est donner tesmoignage de méspriser Dieu, et quand et quand de craindre des hommes.' The reference is to Plutarch, Lysander, c. 4.

1. 223. them. Warburton and all editions, you; perhaps an error of the

press.
1. 228.

When black ambition stains a public cause,

A monarch's sword when mad vain-glory draws. Pope in a note tells us that these lines were meant of Cromwell and Louis XIV. The note is confirmatory of the conjecture that even in remarks which are general in form, Pope always had some particular case in mind.

1. 230. Waller's wreath, i. e. Waller's 'Panegyric to my Lord Protector,' 1654. In 1660 he addressed a poem 'To the King upon his majesty's happy return.' The congratulation was considered inferior to the panegyric. When Charles told Waller of the disparity, he replied, 'Poets, Sir, succeed better in fiction than in truth.'

1. 231. Nor Boileau turn the feather to a star. In his ode on the taking of Namur, Boileau, too ready to prostitute his pen to flattery, had made the white plume worn by Louis XIV. into a star, 'et qui est en effet une espèce de comète, fatale à nos ennemis.'

1. 234. And opes the temple of eternity. Wakefield compares Milton, Comus, 13:

.... that golden key

That opes the palace of eternity.'

1. 238. Bennet filled up the blanks in this line with the names Kent and Grafton, on what authority I know not. But if Lord Marchmont had written in his copy George and Frederick, as Mr. Carruthers says, it may be considered as Pope's own interpretation of his blanks.

1. 240. Hough's unsully'd mitre. Dr. John Hough, who as President of Magdalen resisted James II., survived till 1743, when he died, aged 92, after an episcopate of 53 years.

1. 249. When truth stands trembling on the edge of law. The allusion is to the censorship of the Press, which the Opposition affected to believe was designed to be introduced by the Government. Wakefield explains: 'When truth is in danger of being cut by the edge of legal resentment sharply whetted against the satirist, who has the boldness to assert her cause.'

1. 254. end what you began. The Essay on Man, as it now stands, is only a fragment of a much larger work, of which the four Epistles were to have formed the First Book.

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