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THE POPULAR
HISTORY OF ENGLAND:
An Illustrated History
OF SOCIETY AND GOVERNMENT FROM THE EARLIEST PERIOD TO OUR OWN TIMES.
BY CHARLES KNIGHT.
VOLUME II.
FROM THE REIGN OF RICHARD II. TO THE REIGN OF EDWARD VI.
ж
BOSTON:
ESTES AND LAURIAT, 143, WASHINGTON STREET.
1874.
[The Right of Translation is reserved by the Author.]
CONTENTS.
PAGE
CHAPTER I.—A.D. 1377 to A.D. 1399.
Constitutional Principles developed in the Reign of Richard II.-Coronation of Richard
11.-Council of Regency-Wars with France and Scotland-Capitation Tax-Poll
Tax-Insurrection of 1381-The Insurgents in London-Suppression of the Insur-
rection-Wycliffe's Opinions coincident with the Insurrection-Preachers of Heresies
-Translation of the Bible into English-Contest with the Pope-English Literature
and Language-Statutes of Wages-Labourers in Husbandry-Games-Sanitary
Laws-State Interference in Social Affairs
1-18
CHAPTER II.-A.D. 1382 to A.D. 1399.
Family Dissensions-The King's Guardians-Conduct of the War with France-Sus-
picions of Lancaster-Scots and Frenchmen cross the Border-War with Scotland-
Projected Invasion of England by France-Disputes of the King and the Parliament
-Commission of Regency-Secret Council of the King-Gloucester and other Nobles
take Arms-The King's advisers declared Traitors-Battle of Otterbourne-Richard
assumes the Government-Truce with France and Scotland- Richard in Ireland-
His Marriage with Isabella of France-The King becomes despotic-Coup d'état-
Murder of Gloucester-Quarrel of Hereford and Norfolk-Their Banishment-
Wretched Condition of the Country-Death of John of Gaunt-Richard seizes his
Possessions-The King goes to Ireland-Richard in Ireland-Henry of Lancaster
lands at Ravenspur-Betrayal of Richard by the Percies-Captivity of Richard—
A Parliament called-Richard's Deposition-Henry claims the Kingdom
CHAPTER III.-A.D. 1399 to A.D. 1413.
19-38
Hereditary pretensions of Henry of Lancaster to the Crown-Edmund Mortimer-Con-
spiracy against Henry defeated-Revolt of the Welsh-Owen Glendower-Alleged
Murder of Richard II.—Doubts as to his Death at Pontefract-Statute against the
Lollards Burnings for Heresy - Hostility of France and Scotland Battle of
Homildon-hill-Revolt of the Percies-Battle of Shrewsbury-Revolt of Archbishop
Scrope, Nottingham, and others-Rival Factions in France-The King's Jealousy
of the Prince of Wales-Henry's Death
-
CHAPTER IV.-A.D. 1413 to A.D. 1415.
39-52
Henry V. proclaimed King-Sir John Oldcastle condemned as a Heretic - Henry's
Demands upon France for large Territories-Resolves to claim the Crown of France
-Conspiracy of Cambridge, Scrope, and Grey - Henry and his Army sail to
Harfleur-Siege of Harfleur-Sickness of the English-March from Harfleur-
Passage of the Somme-The French Army-Agincourt and its locality-The Battle
of Agincourt
VOL. II.-a 2
58-64
iv
CHAPTER V.-A.D. 1415 to A.D. 1428.
News on Agincourt arrives-Entry of Henry into London-State of France-Henry's
Second Expedition-Overthrow of the Armagnacs-Siege and Surrender of Rouen-
Conferences at Meulan between Henry, the Duke of Burgundy, and the Queen-
Henry first sees Katherine-Negotiations ineffectual-Burgundy murdered at Mon-
tereau-Peace of Troyes-Marriage of Henry-Henry and his Queen come to England
-Parliament held-Clarence killed-Henry returns to France-Siege of Meaux-
Katherine and her Infant Son come to Paris-Illness of Henry - His Death-
Difficulty of forming a just Estimate of his Character-Duke of Gloucester Protector
-Death of Charles VI.-Regency of the Duke of Bedford-Feuds of Gloucester
and Beaufort-Tutelage of Henry VI.
CHAPTER VI.-A.D. 1428 to A.D. 1447.
65-80
Defeat of the English before Montargis-Position of Charles VII.-Commencement of
the Siege of Orleans-Salisbury killed-Battle of Herrings-Despair of the Besieged
-Proclamation-The Peasant Girl of Domremy-Joan of Arc travels to the Court
of Charles VII.-Receives Authority to relieve Orleans-English Belief in Witchcraft
-Terrors and Defeats of the English - The Siege of Orleans raised — Defeats of
Jargeau and Patay-Charles crowned at Rheims-Joan captured at Compiegne -
Tried as a Sorceress and burnt at Rouen - French War continued - Henry VI.
crowned in Paris-The English Disgraces and Losses-Henry married to Margaret
of Anjou-Affairs in England-The Duchess of Gloucester accused of Witchcraft-
Arrest of the Duke of Gloucester-Deaths of Gloucester and Beaufort.
81-96
CHAPTER VII.-A.D. 1450 to A.D. 1485.
Social Condition during the Wars of the Roses-Degrees of Rank-Incomes-Forty-
shilling Freeholders-Statutes of Apparel-Distinction of Birth-The Gentleman
and the Roturier-Administrative System-Royal Revenue-Public Functionaries
-Military System - Defence of the Coast and Towns - Forcible Entries upon
Estates-Liveries-Rent-Relations of Landlord and Tenant-Want of Money by
Landowners- Prevalence of Litigation - Occasional Bribery-Petty Law-suits-
Number of Attorneys limited-Offences against Person and Property-Hours of
Labour-Domestic Manufactures-Interference of the State with Industry
CHAPTER VIII.-A.D. 1450 to A.D. 1485.
97-115
Combinations of Masons-Association an English Principle-Domestic Architecture-
Timber Houses-Consumption of Timber-Furniture and Utensils-Dearness and
Scarcity of Clothing- Domestic Servants-Females-Married Life of Females-
Housewifery-The Clergy-Their Intercourse with the Laity-Curates and Chap-
laius Pilgrimages - Wills Difficulties of Communication - Letters-State of
Popular Knowledge-Beginnings of Printing.
---
CHAPTER IX.-A.D. 1450 to A.D. 1461.
116-128
Death-struggle of the Feudal Power-The House of York-Banishment and Murder of
Suffolk-Insurrection of Cade-He enters London-His Death-Spirit of Revolt in
England-York in Arms against Somerset-Incapacity of the King-York Pro-
tector--The King recovers-York superseded-First Battle of St. Alban's-Triumph
of the Yorkists-York's second Protectorate ended - Reconciliation of the Two
Factions-Commencement of the Civil War-Battle of Blore Heath-Parliament of
Coventry Battle of Northampton-The Duke of York claims the Crown-Battle
of Wakefield-Death of York-His son, Edward, wins the Battle of Mortimer's
Cross-Second Battle of St. Alban's - Edward proclaimed King - Edward and
Warwick march from London-Battle of Towton
129-148