Eastlake, C. L.: A History of the Gothic Revival Millar, J. H.: A Literary History of Scotland (London, Longmans, 1872). Edinburgh, Quarterly, and Blackwood Reviews, ed. by W. H. Griffin (Belles Lettres ed.: Boston, Heath, in preparation). (London, Unwin, 1903; New York, Scribner). Millar, J. H.: The Mid-Eighteenth Century (Edinburgh, Blackwood, 1902; New York, Scribner). (Edinburgh, Blackwood, 1894). Neilson, W. A.: Essentials of Poetry (Boston, Elton, O.: A Survey of English Literature, 1780- Minto, W.: The Literature of the Georgian Era 1830, 2 vols. (London, Arnold, 1912). Encyclopædia Britannica, The, eleventh ed., 29 vols. (The Encyclopædia Britannica Company, London and New York, 1910-11). Eyre-Todd, G.: Scottish Poetry of the Eighteenth Century (Glasgow, Hodge, 1896). Farley, F. E.: Scandinavian Influence on the English Romantic Movement (Studies and Notes in Philology and Literature, Vol. 9, Harvard Univ. Press, 1903). Ford, J. D. M.: "English Influence upon Spanish Gautier, T.: Histoire du Romantisme (Paris, 1884). vols. (London, Groombridge, 1845-54; New Oliphant, Mrs. Margaret W.: The Literary History of England in the End of the Eighteenth and Beginning of the Nineteenth Century, 2 vols. (London, MacMillan, 1883). Omond, T. S.: The Romantic Triumph (Edinburgh, Palgrave, F. T.: Landscape in Poetry (London and Pater, W.: "Romanticism," Macmillan's Magazine, Pater, W.: Appreciations (London and New York, Pellissier, G.: The Literary Movement in France Perry, T.: English Literature in the Eighteenth Gosse, E.: From Shakespeare to Pope (Cambridge Griswold, Hattie T.: Home Life of Great Authors Hancock, A. E.: The French Revolution and the Pope," Publications of the Modern Language Herford, C. H.: The Age of Wordsworth (London, Literary Associations of the English Lakes, vols. (Glasgow, MacLehose, 1894, 1906). Reed, E. B.: English Lyrical Poetry (Yale Univ. Reynolds, Myra: The Treatment of Nature in Rhys, E.: Lyric Poetry (London, Dent, 1913; New Richardson, G. F.: A Neglected Aspect of the Richter, H.: Geschicte der englischen Romantik Robinson, H. Crabb: Diary, Reminiscences, and Correspondence, 3 vols., ed. by T. Sadler (London, Macmillan, 1869); 2 vols. (1872; Boston, Fields, 1869, 1874). Hutton, R. H.: Brief Literary Criticisms (London, Saintsbury, G.: A History of Criticism and Liter Macmillan, 1906). Jack, A. A.: Poetry and Prose (London, Consta- Johnson, Samuel: The Lives of the English Poets de la Litterature française, 8 vols., Vols. 6 and ary Taste in Europe, 3 vols. (Edinburgh, Blackwood, 1900-04, 1908; New York, Dodd). Saintsbury, G.: A History of English Prose Rhythm (London and New York, Macmillan, 1912). Saintsbury, G.: A History of English Prosody (London and New York, Macmillan, 190610). Saintsbury, G.: A History of Nineteenth Century Literature (London and New York, Macmillan, 1896). Saintsbury, G.: Essays in English Literature, 1780-1860, First Series (London, Percival, 1890); Second Series (London, Dent, 1895; New York, Scribner). Saintsbury, G.: The English Novel (London, Dent, Wernaer, R. M.: 1912; New York, Dutton). Schelling, F. E.: The English Lyric (Boston, Houghton, 1913). Scherer, W.: A History of German Literature (Berlin, 1883); English translation by Mrs. F. C. Conybeare (London, Clarendon Press, 1886; New York, Scribner, 1886, 1912). Schiller, F.: "Ueber naive und sentimentalische Dichtung," Sämmtliche Werke, Vol. 12 (Stuttgart, 1862). Schlegel, A. W. von: Lectures on Dramatic Art and Literature; English translation by J. Black and A. J. W. Morrison (London, Bohn, 1846). Scudder, Vida D.: The Life of the Spirit in the Seccombe, T.: The Age of Johnson (London, Bell, (Edinburgh, Douglas, 1877; New York, Hurd, ton, 1875, 1887). Stephen, L.: English Literature and Society in the Eighteenth Century (London, Duckworth, 1904; New York, Putnam). Stephen, L.: History of English Thought in the Eighteenth Century, 2 vols. (London, Stephen, L.: Hours in a Library, 3 vols. (London, Studies of a Biographer, 4 vols. (London, Duckworth, 1898-1902; New York, Putnam). Symons, A.: The Romantic Movement in English Taine, H. A.: Histoire de la Littérature Anglaise, Texte, J. J. J. Rousseau et les origines du cos- Walker, H.: Three Centuries of Scottish Litera- Romanticism and the Romantic Essays and Reviews, 2 vols. (Bos- Wright, C. H. C.: A History of French Literature (London and New York, Oxford Univ. Press, 1912). MARK AKENSIDE (1721-1770), p. 44 EDITIONS Poetical Works, ed., with a Life, by A. Dyce (Aldine Poetical Works, with Dyer, ed. by R. A. Willmott Poetical Works, ed., with a Life, by G. Gilfillan (Edinburgh, 1857). BIOGRAPHY AND CRITICISM Dowden, E.: in Ward's The English Poets, Vol. 3 Johnson, Samuel: The Lives of the English Poets (London, 1779-81); 3 vols., ed. by G. B. Hill (London, Clarendon Press, 1905). 44. THE PLEASURES OF THE IMAGINATION The title and much of the thought of this poem were suggested by Addison's essays on the same subject (Spectator, 411-421). The selections here printed are taken from the enlarged version of the poem published in three Books (and a fragment of a fourth) in 1757. The poem originally was published anonymously in three Books in 1744. It was the parent of a number of similarly named poems, among which are Warton's The Pleasures of Melancholy (p. 75), Campbell's The Pleasures of Hope (p. 417), and Rogers's The Pleasures of Memory (p. 207). 45a. 227ff. This passage should be compared with Addison's Spectator, 412. ANNE, COUNTESS OF WINCHILSEA 474. (See WINCHILSEA) JOANNA BAILLIE (1762-1851), p. 474 EDITIONS Dramatic and Poetical Works (London, Longmans, 1851). BIOGRAPHY AND CRITICISM Hamilton, Catharine J.: Women Writers, 2 vols. (London, Ward and Lock, 1892). Jeffrey, F.: "Miss Baillie's Plays on the Passions," The Edinburgh Review, July, 1803 (2:269). Mitford, Mary R.: Recollections of a Literary Life, 3 vols. (London, Bentley, 1852, 1888). Plarr, G.: "Walter Scott and Joanna Baillie," The Edinburgh Review, Oct., 1912; Jan., 1913 (216:355; 217:170). Wilson, J. G.: The Poets and Poetry of Scotland, 2 vols. (Glasgow, Blackie, 1876; New York, Harper). CRITICAL NOTES "In reading Joanna Baillie's poetry we find her to possess a quickness of observation that nearly supplies the place of insight; a strongly moralized temperament delighting in natural things; a vigorous, simple style. These are not especially dramatic qualities, and although she won her reputation through her plays, the poetry by which she is remembered is chiefly of a pastoral kind. Her country songs, written in the language of her early home, have the best qualities of Scottish national poetry; their simplicity, their cautious humor, endeared them at once to the national heart; they have the shrewdness and the freshness of the morning airs, the homeliness of unsophisticated feeling. Such songs as Woo'd and Married and A' The Weary Pund o' Tow, My Nanny 0, and the lovely trysting song beginning "The gowan glitters on the sward,' are among the treasures of Scottish minstrelsy."-A. Mary F. Robinson, in Ward's The English Poets, 4. "Or, if to touch such chord be thine, Till twice an hundred years roll'd o'er; These lines are quoted as if they were spoken to Scott by his chief literary counsellor, William Erskine, Esq., to whom the Introduction is addressed. Montfort and Basil are characters in Joanna Baillie's dramas Basil and De Montfort, respectively. In contemporary criticism Miss Baillie was frequently declared equal to Shakspere. THE BEACON In the sub-title, this play is characterized as "a serious musical drama"; it contains a number of songs. The one printed here, found in Act II, sc. 1, is sung at night by a fisherman to his mate as they keep a beacon burning on the cliff to guide an expected boat to shore. JAMES BEATTIE (1735-1803), p. 119 EDITIONS Poetical Works, ed., with a Life, by A. Dyce (Aldine ed.; Edinburgh, Bell, 1831; New York, Macmillan, 1871). Poetical Works, with Collins, ed., with a Memoir, by T. Miller (1846). Poetical Works, with Akenside (British Poets ed.: Boston, Houghton, 1854, 1880). Poetical Works, with Blair and Falconer, ed., with Lives, by G. Gilfillan (Edinburgh, 1854; London, Cassell, 1879). Letters, ed. by A. Mackie (Aberdeen, 1908). BIOGRAPHY AND CRITICISM Bower, A.: An Account of the Life of James Beattie (1804). Forbes, Margaret: Beattie and his Friends (London, Constable, 1904). Forbes, W.: An Account of the Life and Writings of James Beattie, including many of his Origi nal Letters, 2 vols. (Edinburgh and London, 1806); 3 vols. (1807); 2. vols. (London, Roper, 1824). Graham, H. G.: Scottish Men of Letters in the Eighteenth Century (London, Black, 1901; New York, Macmillan). Jeffrey, F.: "Sir William Forbes's Life of Dr. Beattie," The Edinburgh Review, April, 1807 (10:171). McCosh, J.: The Scottish Philosophy (London, Macmillan, 1874; New York, Carter, 1875). Perry, T. S.: "Gray, Collins, and Beattle," The Atlantic Monthly, Dec., 1880 (46:810). Walker, H.: Three Centuries of Scottish Literature, 2 vols. (Glasgow, MacLehose, 1893; New York, Macmillan). CRITICAL NOTES "I thanked you in my last for Johnson; I now thank you, with more emphasis, for Beattie, the most agreeable and amiable writer I ever met with; the only author I have seen whose critical and philosophical researches are diversified and embellished by a poetical imagination, that makes even the driest subject, and the leanest, a feast for an epicure in books. He is so much at his ease too, that his own character appears in every page, and which is very rare, we see not only the writer but the man: and that man so gentle, so well-tempered, so happy in his religion, and so humane in his philosophy, that it is necessary to love him, if one has the least sense of what is lovely. If you have not his poem called The Minstrel, and cannot borrow it, I must beg you to buy it for me; for though I cannot afford to deal largely in so expensive a BIOGRAPHY commodity as books, I must afford to purchase at Benjamin, L. S. ("L. Melville"): The Life and least the poetical works of Beattie."-Cowper, in Letter to the Rev. William Unwin, April 5, 1784. "The design was to trace the progress of a poetical genius, born in a rude age, from the first dawning of fancy and reason, till that period at which he may be supposed capable of appearing in the world as a minstrel, that is, as an itinerant poet and musician; a character which, according to the notions of our forefathers, was not only respectable, but sacred. "I have endeavored to imitate Spenser in the measure of his verse, and in the harmony, simplicity, and variety of his composition. Antique expressions I have avoided, admitting, however, some old words, where they seemed to suit the subject; but I hope none will be found that are now obsolete, or in any degree not intelligible to a reader of English poetry. "To those who may be disposed to ask what could induce me to write in so difficult a measure, I can only answer that it pleases my ear, and seems, from its Gothic structure and original, to bear some relation to the subject and spirit of the poem. It admits both simplicity and magnificence of sound and of language, beyond any other stanza I am acquainted with. It allows the sententiousness of the couplet, as well as the more complex modulation of blank verse. What some critics have remarked of its uniformity growing at last tiresome to the ear, will be found to hold true only when the poetry is faulty in other respects."-Beattie's Preface. 121. 50. Eighteenth century writers idealized America as a land of gold and precious stones. WILLIAM BECKFORD (1759-1844), p. 134 EDITIONS The History of the Caliph Vathek, with an Introduction by H. Morley (London and New York, Cassell, 1887). The History of the Caliph Vathek; and European Travels, ed., with a Biographical Introduction, by G. T. Bettany (London and New York, Ward and Lock, 1891). Vathek; an Arabian Tale, ed., with an Introduction, by R. Garnett (London, Lawrence, 1893, 1900; Philadelphia, Lippincott, 1901). The History of the Caliph Vathek, printed with the original Prefaces and Notes by Henley (Gem Classics ed. New York, Pott, 1900). The History of the Caliph Vathek, ed., with an Introduction, by E. D. Ross (London, Methuen, 1901). The Episodes of Vathek, French texts with English translation by F. T. Marzials, and with an Introduction by L. Melville (London, Swift, 1912; Philadelphia, Lippincott). Letters of William Beckford of Fonthill (New Gregory, W.: The Beckford Family (Bath, Simpkin, 1898). Redding, C.: Memoirs of William Beckford of Fonthill, 2 vols. (London, Skeet, 1859). CRITICISM Benjamin, L. S. ("L. Melville"): "William Beckford of Fonthill Abbey," The Fortnightly Review, Nov., 1909 (86:1011). Hazlitt, W.: "Fonthill Abbey," Essays on the Fine Arts (London, 1838); Collected Works, ed. by Waller and Glover (London, Dent, 1902-06; New York, McClure), 9, 348. More, P. E.: The Drift of Romanticism (Shelburne Essays, Eighth Series: Boston, Houghton, 1913). New Monthly Magazine, The: "Conversations with the late W. Beckford, Esq.," 1845 (72:18). Poole, S. L.: "The Author of Vathek," The Quarterly Review, Oct., 1910 (213:377). Redding, C.: "Recollections of the Author of Vathek," The New Monthly Magazine, June, July, 1844 (71:143, 302). Tiffany, O.: The North American Review, April, 1860 (90:297). This story originally was written in French. A surreptitious English translation by S. Henley, one of Beckford's friends, was published in 1786; in the Preface, Henley stated that the story was translated from the Arabic. Beckford published the original French text, in both Paris and Lausanne, in 1787. "I do not know from what source the author of that singular volume may have drawn his materials; some of the incidents are to be found in the Bibliotheque Orientale; but for correctness of costume, beauty of description, and power of imagination, it far surpasses all European imitations, and bears such marks of originality that those who have visited the East will find some difficulty in believing it to be more than a translation. As an Eastern tale, even Rasselas must bow before it; his 'Happy Valley' will not bear a comparison with the 'Hall of Eblis.'"-Byron, in note on The Giaour, 1. 1328 (1813). "European literature has no Oriental fiction which impresses the imagination so powerfully and permanently as Vathek. Portions of the story may be tedious or repulsive, but the whole combines two things most difficult of alliance the fantastic and the sublime."— Garnett, in Dictionary of National Biography (1885). 135a. 56. "In this heaven the paradise of Ma homet is supposed to be placed contiguous to the throne of Alla. Hagi Khalfah relates that Ben Iatmaiah, a celebrated Doctor of Damascus, had the temerity to assert that, when the Most High erected his throne, he reserved a vacant place for Mahomet upon it."-Henley's note in first ed. 138a. 37. "This is an apparent anachronism, but And first behold this cordial Julep here, Not that Nepenthes, which the wife of Thone 48. "The expedition of the Afrit in fetching Carathis is characteristic of this order of dives. We read in the Koran that another of the fraternity offered to bring the Queen of Saba's throne to Solomon before he could rise from his place, ch. 27."-Henley. THOMAS LOVELL BEDDOES (1803-1849), p. 1129 EDITIONS Poetical Works, 2 vols., ed., with a Memoir, by E. Gosse (London, Dent, 1890; New York, Macmillan); reprinted in Temple Library ed. Poems, ed. by R. Colles (Muses' Library ed. London, Dent, 1906; New York, Dutton, 1907). Letters, ed. by E. Gosse (London, Mathews, 1894). BIOGRAPHY AND CRITICISM Gosse, E.: Critical Kit-Kats (New York, Dodd, Stoddard, R. H.: Under the Evening Lamp (New CRITICAL NOTES "Beddoes has sometimes been treated as a mainly bookish poet deriving from the Elizabethans and Shelley. I cannot agree with this. His very ear liest work, written when he could not know much either of Shelley or Keats, shows, as they do, technique caught from Leigh Hunt. But this is quite dropped later; and his Elizabethanism is not imitation but inspiration. In this inspiration he does not follow but shares with his greater contemporaries. He is a younger and tragic counterpart to Charles Lamb in the intensity with which he has imbibed the Elizabethan spirit, rather from the night-shade of Webster and Tourneur than from the vine of Shakespeare. As wholes, his works are naught, or naught but nightshade. But they contain passages, espe cially lyrics, of the most exquisite fancy and music, such as since the seventeenth century none but Blake and Coleridge had given."-Saintsbury, in A History of Nineteenth Century Literature 56. In the portion omitted, the Indian, kicked from the palace because of his insolence, forms himself into a ball, rolls through the streets of the city and across the valley, and plunges over the precipice into the gulf beneath. After many days and nights he reappears to Vathek, who has been waiting on the precipice, and promises to lead him to the palace of subterranean fire if he will abjure Mahomet. The promise is given, but before the journey can be begun, the Indian's thirst must be satisfied with the blood of fifty of the most beautiful sons of prominent men. Vathek treacherously makes the sacrifice, but the Indian immediately disappears. Endangered by the hostile attitude of the distracted parents of the sacrificed children, Vathek is advised by his mother to set out with a magnifi cent train in search of the region of wonders and delight. After numerous adventures, in which many of his company are lost, he comes to the happy valley of the Emir Fakreddin and is royally entertained in his beautiful palace. Vathek at once becomes enamored of Nouronihar, the Emir's daughter, and, contrary to the wishes of her father, induces her to accompany him to the subterranean kingdom. Various (1896). beneficent Genii warn Vathek, on the way, to abandon his purpose, with the result that 1129. nearly all of his attendants desert him. (At this point the concluding selection begins.) 143b. 41. In the third French edition of Vathek, Beckford inserted here the titles of three of these stories. They have been published as The Episodes of Vathek (1912). ... POOR OLD PILGRIM MISERY This song is found in Act I, sc. 1, of The Bride's Tragedy. Hesperus sings it to his bride Floribel, after she has related a dream in which she was told to beware "of love, of fickleness, and woe, and mad despair." |