boot one part of it is now called BASILICATA, from the Greek Emperor Bafil II. and the other CALABRIA CITRA, which name was given it by the Greck Emperors, to perpetuate the memory of ancient Calabria, which they had lost.

Lucania extended on the Tuscan fea, from the river Silărus to the Laus, and on the Tarentine gulf, from the river Bradanus to the Sibaris, or to the town THURII, Strab. vi. 254.5 Plin. iii. 5. Some extend it farther.

The chief towns on the Tarentine gulf were, first, after crosfing the river Bradanus, fouth-weft, METAPONTUM v. -us, faid to have been founded by the Pylians that failed from Troy with Neftor, Strab. vi. 264. the abode of Pythagoras, during the laft years of his life, Liv. i. 18.; Juftin. xx. 4. near the mouth of the river Cafuentum, Plin. iii. 11. f. 15. now Bafiento, where Auguftus and Antony had an interview, which was brought about through the mediation of Octavia, Appian. civ. bell. v. 726.; Dio. xlviii. fin. Some pillars of coarfe marble of the ancient Doric order, in two rows at the distance of eighty feet, ten in one row, and fix in the other, are all the veftiges which now remain of Metapontum. It flood on the fkirts of a plain twenty-five miles long, anciently remarkable for its fertility, now covered with marshes, and almoft uninhabited. Hannibal made this city his head-quarters for feveral winters; on which account, after the retreat of the Carthagenians, it was punished by the Romans with the lofs of its liberty.

Between the rivers Aciris, now Agri, and Siris, now Sinno, a little from the fea, ftood Heraclea or Heraclia, founded by the Tarentines, Strab. vi. 264.; Liv. viii. 24.; Diodor. xii. 36. the place where the deputies of the Grecian ftates in that country ufed to affemble, to confult about their common interests, Strab. vi. 280. as thofe of the ftates of Gracia Propria did at Delphi.

As the citizens of Heraclea enjoyed all the privileges of Roman citizens, (cum civitas effet aquiffimo jure et fædere,) Archias the præceptor of Cicero got himfelf inrolled a citizen of it, Cic. Arch. 4.

At the mouth of the Siris was a town of the fame name, the port of Heraclea, Strab. vi. 264. which Pliny makes the fame with Heraclea, iii. 11. Some heaps of rubbish near the banks of the Agri, about three miles from the fea, are fuppofed to fix the fituation of Heraclea.

On a peninfula formed by the rivers Siburis, now Cofcile, and Crathis, now Crater, flood the city SIBARIS, Plin. iii. 11. founded by the Achæans, Strab. vi. 263. one of the most an

cient Græcian fettlements in Italy. It became fo powerful that it ruled over four neighbouring nations, and twenty-five cities, and could bring into the field 300,000 men. The walls of the capital enclofed a space of fix miles and a half, and its fuburbs extended near feven miles along the Crathis, Ibid. The Sybarites were remarkable for their luxury and effeminacy, Elian. i. 19. ix. 24. xiv. 20. hence Sybaratica menfa, a fumptuous table, which proved their ruin, Ibid. iii. 43.; for the people of Croton, under Milo, having defeated them with great flaughter, b. C. 572.; Diodor. xii. 9. overwhelmed their city by turning the river upon it, which they effected in feventy days. This deftruction was foretold by the prieftefs of the temple of Apollo at Delphi, and afcribed to their having violated the temple of Juno, Elian. iii. 43. A few who escaped the flaughter, and attempted to restore their city, were cut to pieces by a colony of Athenians and other Greeks, who, having removed the city to another place at a fmall diftance, called it THURII, v. -IUM, from a fountain of that name, Diodor. xii. 10. The Thurians flourished long as an independent state; but being fubjected by the Lucanians, and oppreffed by the Tarentines, they applied to the Romans for protection, who fent thither a colony, and called the town COPIA, Ibid. but the ancient name prevailed, Cic. Att. iii. 15. ix. 19. Thurii was the laft city to which CHARONDAS of Catana, Elian. iii. 17. the famous legiflator, prefcribed laws, and where he died. Having made it capital for any citizen to appear in the affembly of the people with a fword, and being reminded one day that he had inadvertently brought one, he immediately plunged it into his breaft, and thus fealed his decree with his own blood, Val. Max. vi. 5. ext. 4. Diodorus makes Charondas a native of Thurii, and recounts his laws, ii. 11.-20. At Thurii HERODOTUS refided during the laft years of his life, Strab. xiv. p. 656. and alfo for fome time Lyfas the orator. Auguftus Cæfar was nicknamed THURINUS, in his childhood, either from the origin of his family, or from his father's having performed fome fuccefsful exploits in that country, Suet. Aug. 7.

The plains where thefe illuftrious cities ftood are now defolate. The rivers not being properly confined overflow their banks, and, inftead of fertilifing the fields as formerly, leave behind them black pools and ftinking fwamps, which poifon the whole circumjacent region. The ancients believed that the Crathis made the hair of thofe that drank of it white and soft; the Sibaris, black, hard, and curled, Plin. xxxi. 2. S. 19. Y 2 Strabo

Strabo fays, the Crathis made the hair of those that bathed in it yellow or white; and that the Sibaris made those horses that drank of it apt to be frightened, vi. p. 263. The Sibarites are faid to have taught their horfes to dance to a particular tune.

The first town of Lucania on the Tuscan sea, fouth of the SILARUS, Virg. G. iii. 146.; Sil. viii. 581. or SILER, Lucan, ii. 426. was PÆSTUM, called by the Greeks Pofidonia, Plin. iii. 5. f. 10. thirty miles from Salernum, founded by a colony of Dorians, afterwards augmented by the Sibarites, on the Sinus Pafianus, now the gulf of Salerno, famous for its rofe-bushes, which produce roses twice a-year, in spring and autumn, hence biferique rofaria Pafti, Virg. G. iv. 119.; Ovid. Pont. ii. 4. 28. The ancient walls of Pæftum are still standing, almost entire, about three miles in circumference, and parts of feveral temples and public buildings, much admited by judges in architecture. Eaft from Pæftum is mount ALBURNUS, a chain of very high mountains; through a huge chafm in which flows the river Tanager or Tanagrus, now Negro. This river rifes among the Appenines, and having paffed the fertile vale of Diano, near twenty miles in length, lofes itself in the ground by feveral horizontal apertures, and oozes through the ground as through a fieve, whence the place is called La Criva, a fieve. After running below a hill for two miles, (Pliny fays twenty, ii. 103.) it breaks forth again in a fpacious cavern, called la Pertofa, with dreadful noife, rolling before it huge ftones and broken trunks of trees. From being a limpid ftream its colour is changed to a muddy white. Then it winds charmingly through thickets of trees and open meadows, under lofty rocks and impending groves of oak, (per Alburnum ilicibus virentem, Virg. G. iii. 146.) This beautiful vale attends it to the gulf of Pesto. In fummer its waters are greatly diminished, hence called ficcus by Virgil, Ib. 151.

South of this is the river HALES, -etis, v. Heles, Cic. Fam. vii. 20.; Att. xvi. 7.; and near it, the town VELIA, ELEA or Helia, founded by part of the fame colony of Phocæenfes, that built Marseilles, Strab. vi. princ. the city of ZENO, the philofopher, called Eleates, Cic. Tufc. ii, 22.; Nat. D. iii. 33. to diftinguish him from Zeno the founder of the Stoics, born at Citt um or Citium, a town in the island Cyprus.

Near Velia was a lake, (lacus VELINUS,) Cic. Att. iv. 15.; its harbour (portus Velinus), Virg. Æn. vi. 366. was on a fmall bay of the fame name, oppofite to two islands called O-NOTRIPES, from the Oenotri, the ancient inhabitants of this

part

part of Italy, namely, Pontia and Ifciá; and fouth of these Pandateria, v. -taria, places of banishment for illuftrious Romans, Suet. Tib. 53. & 54.; Cal. 15.; Tacit. Annal. 1. 53. xiv. 63. On the fouth extremity of the bay was the harbour and promontory of Palinurus, faid to have been named from the pilot of Æneas, Virg. Æn. vi. 380. who was drowned near it, Ib. v. fin.

South of the prom. Palinurus was the bay called LAUS SINUS, now the gulf of Policaftro, or Scalea, from two adjoining towns. Into the top of it runs the MELPES, now Melfa, near which was the town Buxentum, called by the Greeks Prxus, Strab. vi. init, a Roman colony, Liv. xxxiv. 45. xxxix. 23. and ten miles fouth of it, BLANDA, Id. xxiv. 20. Then the river LAUS, the southern boundary of Lucania, on which, a little above the sea, stood a town of the fame name, a colony from Sibaris, Strab. vi. init.

The interior towns of Lucania were, -Atinum, on the river Tanager, v. -grus, now Negro, near the place where that river finks under ground, (in Atinate campo, Plin. ii. 103. f. 106.); Aternum, on the Silărus; Bucino or Bulcino, on the fame river; not far from it, Marfico; north of it, Potentia, now Potenza.-Towards the Tarentine gulf, GRUMENTUM, Liv. xxiii. 27. Nerulum, Id ix. 20. Lagaria, faid to have been founded by Epeus, the framer of the Trojan horfe, and a colony of Phocenfes, Strab. vi. 263.

X. BRUTTII.—The part of Italy south of the rivers Sibăris and Laus was called, from the name of the people that inhabited it, BRUTTII, Liv. xxvii. 16. 25. & 53. or ager BRUTTIUS, Salluft. Cat. 42. and Bruttia tellus, Sil. xvi. i. but not Bruttium; now CALABRIA CITRA.

The towns near the Tufcan sea, south of the river Laus, were,——Cerilla, v. -i, Sil. viii. 580. Several miles fouth of this, and at fome distance from the fea, PANDOSIA, on the river Achĕron; in which river Alexander king of Epire, who came to the affiftance of the Tarentines, perished, b. C. 324, and fo fulfilled the prediction of the oracle of Jupiter at Dodona (fortes Dodonai Jovis eventu affirmavit,) by which he had been deceived, Liv. viii. 24.; Strab. v. 256. Near Pandofia, on the fouth, was CONSENTIA, which Strabo calls the capital of Bruttii, Ib. and where the body of Alexander, after being dreadfully mangled by the enemy, was buried, Liv. ibid. now Cofenza; the inhabitants were called Confentini, Cic. Fin. i. 3.

South

South-weft of this was Terina on the Terinxan gulf, now the gulf of St Euphemia, about forty miles fquare, Strab. ib. Plin. iii. 5. near the river Ocinărus. South of it Temefa, or Temfa, a Roman colony, Liv. xxxiv. 45. and Lametia on the fmail river Lametus, whence the fame bay is called Sinus Lametinus; alfo Vibonenfis, Cic. Att. xvi. 6. from VIBO, a town on the fouth fide of it, Ib. iii. 3. anciently called Hippo, firnamed Valentia, by the Romans, Strab. vi. 256.; Plin. iii. 5. now Monte Leone.

In this bay are three fmall islands called ITHACESIÆ, from Ulyffes having built a watch tower in one of them, Plin. ¡¡¡. 7. f. 13. At the bottom of the bay, on the fouth, was Portus Herculis, and a place called ad Tropea, Strab. ibid. now Tropea. South of this promontory is the river Metaurus, now Marro, at the mouth of which was Portus Oreftis, and Medema or Medma.

South of this was the promontory, or, according to Pliny, the town SCYLLÆUM, and near it the river Cratais, idis, faid to have been the mother of SCYLLA, Plin. iii. 5. a female monfler, fuppofed by the poets to be confined in a dark cave under this promontory, as it is thought, and to draw thips upon the rocks, that the might devour thofe on board. This monfler, in the upmost part, exhibited the appearance of a beautiful virgin down to the waift; in the loweit part, a Priftis er huge fish with a forked tail, (cauda bifida,) like that of a dolphin; and from the middle (cx utero) the heads of dogs or wolves burst forth howling, Virg. Æn. iii. 424. the noife of which animals, Juftin fays, the frightened mariners imagined they heard amidst the dafhing of the waves at the foot of the rock, iv. 1.

Modern Travellers inform us, that here, when a tempest rages, the noife of the billows driven into the broken cavities is truly dreadful.

On both fides of this rock ftood the town of SCILLA, which was deftroyed in the terrible earthquake on the 5th of February 1783. A confiderable part of the inhabitants, who, to fave themfelves from the falling houfes at night, repaired to the beach, were in a moment fwept into eternity by an inundation of the fea, to the number of 2743. This earthquake proved fatal almoft to the whole province. Near 40,000 perfons perifhed in the fouthern part of Italy and oppofite coaft of Sicily, by repeated flecks on different days of the months of Tebruary and March. Swinburne ii. fect, 65.

Next to Scylleum is the promontory CANYS, oppofite to the Sicilian promontory PELORUS, at the diftance of twelve