command of Minerva; and on the other a fountain of falt water, said to have been produced by the ftroke of Neptune's trident. Thefe alluded to the conteft recorded in fable between these two divinities, about giving name to the city, Hygin. 164. and this common temple, to the joint homage which the Athenians afterwards paid to both, Herodot. viii. 55.; Paufan. i. 26. In this temple, before the flatue of Minerva, was fufpended a famous golden lamp, the work of Calimachus, who hurt his performances by ftriving too much to make them perfect, Paulan. ibid. & Plin. xxxiv. 8. f. 19. fin. The numerous temples, ftatues, and other monuments in the citadel, have been defcribed by various authors, particularly by Paufanias, i. 22. 23. &c. Of the temples in the lower city, the most remarkable, and indeed one of the most magnificent in the ancient world, was that of Jupiter Olympius, Liv. xli. 20. It was fupported on marble columns, the firft that were built in Athens, and which Sylla afterwards carried to Rome, Plin. xxxvi. 6. f. 5. The temple was four fadia, or half a mile, in circuit. It was founded by Pififtratus; fome fay, by Deucalion, Paufan. i. 18. but not finished till the time of Adrian, about seven hundred years after. That emperor, who greatly favoured Athens, completed it, and added to it a library and gymnafium, in which laft were one hundred columns of Lybian marble. He also adorned the city with feveral other works, Ib. Some veftiges of the temple of Jupiter Olympius are fuppofed to remain, but antiquarians differ about their fituation; Thucydides fays it flood on the fouth of the citadel, ii. 15. Among the principal edifices in Athens was the temple of Thefeus, built by Cimon, fome years after the battle of Salămis, of the Doric order, in the form of an oblong fquare, with a beautiful portico around it. Its ornaments are described, Pauf. i. 17. It is fill ftanding entire; fo alfo, in a great meafure, is the Pantheon or temple dedicated to all the gods; a magnificent building, fupported by one hundred and twenty marble pillars on the outfide was engraved the hiftory of the gods, and above the principal gate flood two horfes, carved by Praxitěles. Near the citadel was the temple of Caftor and Pollux, where flaves were expofed to fale; and just at the bottom of the citadel was the temple of Apollo and Tan, Paufan, i. 23.--In the · fame fame quarter were the Prytaneum *, a place where those who had merited well of the ftate were fupported at the public expence, Cic. Orat. i. 54.; fee alfo Liv. xli. 20. the Odeum, or mufical theatre, built by Pericles, where the competitions. between the different performers for pre-eminence were held, Paufan. i. 20. and the Theatre of Bacchus, at the fouth-eaft angle of the citadel, in which tragedies and comedies were represented. The ruins of it still exift. It stood at the termination of what was called the Street of the Tripods, from brazen tripods dedicated there by the victors, each with an infcription, Paufan. i. 20. Near the citadel was a fountain called Callirrhoe, the water of which they used before marriage, and in other facred rites, Thucydid. ii. 13. On an eminence, at a small diftance from the citadel, was the place of meeting of the Areopagus, Herodot. viii, 52. the most ancient tribunal of judges at Athens, famous for its upright decifions, Cic. Att. i. 9. & 13.. 14. faid to be fo called, because Mars was the firft criminal tried before it t. It was inftituted by Cecrops, and its power enlarged by Solon. Pericles leffened its authority, to the great hurt of the state, Plutarch. in vita cjus. Oppofite to the Areopagus, or the hill of Mars, was another eminence called PNYX, where the affemblies of the people used fometimes to meet. But the divifion of Athens moft frequently mentioned was that called CERAMICUS, from the pottery work or earthen ware made in that place, Plin. xxxv. 12. S. 45. faid to have been invented by Coræcus, Ib. vii. 56. or from Ceramicus, the fon of Bacchus and Ariadne, Paufan. i. 3. but there was ano▾ ther place of this name without the city. In the Ceramicus was the Forum or market-place, a large fquare where the people ufed to affemble, and where commodities were expofed to fale. It was furrounded with temples and various public buildings. Of the porticoes, two were remarkable; the one called the portico of the Herme, from three ftatues of Hermes or Mercury; and the other POECILE, (Toxinn, fc. oTx, varia porticus,) from the various engravings (ποικιλή, στία, and pictures on it. In the latter, Zeno, the philofopher, ufed to teach, whence his followers were ftyled Stoics. (Quafi zupy Taμle ov, tritici promptuarium.) (Aptos ayos,) called by Juvenil, CURIA MARTIS, ix. 1or. and by Tacia tus, AREUM JUDICIUM, Annal. ii. 55. the judges, Areopagita, C. Balb. 12. divin. i. 25. Collectors Collectors attended in the forum to receive the duties laid on every thing that was fold, and magiftrates to fuperintend what paffed. If any one reproached another with the meannefs of his trade, or ufed falfehood for the purpose of exaction, he was punishable by law. A certain part of the city, from its wetnefs, was called the Marshes, (urai,) where was a temple of Bacchus, Thucydid. ii. 13. on the eaft fide, oppofite to that part where the river Iliffus ran near the walls. On the weft of the city, at some distance, ran the Cephiffus v. Cephifus, or Eridanus, Pausan i.. 19. Both these streams united below the city. HARBOURS of ATHENS. ATHENS had three harbours, the Piraus, Munichia, and Phalerum*. The first, PIRAEUS, was fortified by the advice of Themistocles, with a wall inclosing both the town and harbour, fixty ftadia, or feven miles and a half in length; and forty cubits, or fixty feet in height. Themistocles wished to make it eighty cubits high, Thucydid. i. 93. Its thickness was greater than the space occupied by two waggons. It was built of huge fquare ftones, faftened on the outfide by iron and leaden cramps. This harbour confifted of three parts, called Cantharus, Aphrodifium, and Zea; the firft, from an ancient hero; the fecond, from the goddefs Venus, who had there two temples; and the third, from bread-corn. This work Themiftocles effected with great addrefs, contrary to the inclination of the Lacedæmonians, as he did that of furrounding the city with walls, and with confiderable hazard to himfelf, Nep. in vit. 6. & 7.; Plutarch. There were in this port five porticoes, which, communicating with one another, formed one great one, called Macra Stoa, or the long portico. MUNICHIA, or Portus Munichius, lay a little east of Athens, forming a kind of promontory or peninfula, Strab. ix. 395. and naturally a place of great ftrength; for which reason the Lacedæmonians, when they reduced Athens, placed a garrifon in it. The Piræus, Piræum or Piraa, -orum, Cic. Att. vii. 3. quafi Tepan Tas ourne, ultra littus, as having been anciently an ifland, Strab. i. 59. five miles from the Ghore, Plin. ii. 85. PHALERUM, PHALERUM, v. -a, -orum, or Portus Phalèrëus, was anciently the only port of Athens. It was nearer the city than the other two, but fmall and incommodious, Nep. Them. 6. These harbours were joined to the city by two walls, called the long walls; the one, extending from the Piraus, on the north-weft, to the gates of the city, forty ftadia, about five miles; planned by Themiftocles, and executed under the adminiftration of CĊimon and Pericles, Thucydid. i. 107. ii. 13. the other, on the fouth-eaft, from the city to the Portus Phalereus, not quite fo long, only thirty-five ftadia, Ib. On these walls were a number of towers, which, after the city came to be crowded with inhabitants, were converted into dwelling houses. Lyfander, when he took Athens, demolished these walls, Plutarch.; but they were afterwards rebuilt, Nep. in Timoth. 4& Plutarch. in Cimon. They were not, however, ftanding in the days of Strabo, when, he informs us, the Piræus was reduced to a contemptible village *, ix. 395. Principal GYMNASIA near ATHENS A Gymnafium was a large edifice, confifting of various parts, fit to contain many thoufands of people at once, with proper places for the youth to perform their different exercifes; and apartments for philofophers, rhetoricians, and all the profeffors of the liberal arts to deliver their lectures; furrounded with a garden and facred grove. There were feveral Gymnafia, or places of exercife, in and near Athens; the chief were, the Academia, Lyceum, and Cynofarges. The circumference of the walls of Athens, built by the advice of Themif tocles, was, according to Thucydides, ii. 13. and his fcholiaft, only fixty ftadia, or feven miles and a half, which is not more than that of the Piræus and Munichia; whence probably, as well as for other reafons, it is, that Nepos, fpeaking of the Piraus, fays, that it equalled the city in dignity, and furpaffed it in utility, Themift. 6. The circumference of the city, including the Piraus and Munichia, is commonly computed at one hundred and feventy-eight fladia, or twenty-two miles and a quarter, whence Ariftides makes it a day's journey. But upon an attentive perufal of Thucydides, this computation appears not to be quite correct; for by it allowance is indeed made for the distance between the two points, where the wall of Piræus on the one fide, and that of Phalerum on the other, terminated in the city-wall, which the fcholiaft on Thucydides makes to be feventeen ftadia, but no allowance is made for the diftance between the points where thefe walls joined the wall of Piraus. The The ACADEMIA was only about fix ftadia north-west from the gate of the city called Dipylon, in a tract of ground called Ceramicus *. It was named from one Academus, whose property it had formerly been, Paufan. i. 29.; Hefych. & Suid. It contained a gymnafium, a garden, and a grove, furrounded with walls, and adorned with delightful covered walks. The plane-trees here were remarkable for their height, Plin. xii. 1. 5. Near this Plato had his refidence, on a farm belonging to himfelf. In the academy he taught his fcholars, whence his followers were called Academics. Such decorum was obferved in this place, that it is faid to have been forbidden even to laugh in it †, Ælian. iii. 35. The LYCEUM lay on the oppofite fide of the city, along the banks of the Iliffus. It is faid to have been fo named from LYCIUS or Lycus, the fon of Pandion, who gave name to Lycia in Afia, from his fettling there, Paufan. i. 19.; Strab. xii. 573. xiv. 667.; Herodot. i. 173. vii. 77. Here was a temple of Apollo, whence that god was called LYCIUS, Paufan. ibid. The Lyceum was thought more healthful than the Academia. On which account Plato, being advised by the physicians to remove to it, faid, that he would not remove, even to the top of mount Athos, to procure the greatest longevity, Elian. ix. 10. Ariftotle, the fcholar of Plato, after his return to Athens from the tuition of Alexander, finding the academy occupied by Xenocrates, chofe the Lyceum as the place for his fchool; and because he taught those who attended him walking, (TepiaTv,) or in the Peripatos or walking place of the Lyceum, hence he was called the PERIPATETIC, Diogen. Laert. v. i. and his followers PERIPATETICS, Cic. Acad. i. 4.; Fin. iii. 2. 12. &c. In the part of Ceramicus next the city there were a great many tombs, particularly of fuch as had fallen in battle, Paufan. i. 29; Thucydid. i. 34.; Cic. Fam. iv. 12.; Fin. v. I. The academy lay near the river Cephiffus and Colo nos. + Plato was fucceeded in the academy, first by his nephew SPEUSIPPUs, and then by his fcholar XENOCRATES, a native of Chalcedon, who was fo remarkable for his veracity, that when he was called before a court of justice, to give his evidence upon oath, all the judges declined exacting it, and declared they would be fatisfied with his fimple aflirmation, Laert. iv. 7.; Cic. Att. i. 16.; Balb. 5.; Val. Max. ii. 10. fin. When the ambaffadors of Alexander brought him a prefent of fifty talents, he rejected it; but, that he might not feem to defpife the liberality of the king, he accepted thirty minæ, Cic. Tufc. v. 32. Xenocrates was of unpolifhed manners, fo that Plato ufed to exhort him to facrifice to the graces, Plutarch. in Mario. Ariftotle |