where CASSANDER confined OLYMPIAS, the mother of Alexander the Great, and afterwards put her to death, Diodor. xix. 49.; Juftin. xiv. 6. North of this was METHŌNE, at the fiege of which Philip loft his right eye *, Diodor. xvi. 34. and ALORUS.

The country north of Pieria, and along the Axius, was called PEONIA or EMATHIA, Liv. xl. 3. xlv. 29.; Julin. vii. I.-- Its chief towns were PELLA, the birth-place of Philip, who greatly enlarged it, Strab. vii. 330. xvi. 752. and of Alexander, Mel. ii. 3. hence he is called Pellaus juvenis, Juvenal. x. 168. fituate on the river Ludias or Lydias, which is navigable to this place, one hundred and twenty ftadia from the fea, Strab. fragm. vii. 330. a town of great ftrength, defcribed by Livy, xliv. 46. The country round it is called by Herodotus BOTTIAIS, -idis, vii. 123. Pella continued to be the capital of the kingdom, till it fell under the Romans, Liv. xxxvii. 7. xlii. 51. The refidence of the kings before Philip, and afterwards their burying place, Plin. iv. 10.; Diodor. xix. 52. was EDESSA, called alfo Ege, Ega, or Egea, from a flock of goats, by following which Caranus, the first king of Macedonia, was led to take poffeffion of the place, Jufiin. vii. 1. It lay west of Pella. -South of E

deffa ftood BERÆA, at the foot of mount BERMIUS, Strab. ib. mentioned in the Acts of the roles, xvii. --South of it CYRRHUS, the people called Cyrrhea, and the country Cyrrheftis. Near this, Idomene and Gortynia, or Gordynia, Thucydid. ii. 100.

That part of Paeonia which lies above the conflux of the rivers Axius and Erigon, or Erigonus, was called Deuriopus, Liv. xxxix. 53. extending to mount Bora.

Near the mouth of the Axius and Chidōrus ftood THERMA, which gave name to the Thermaan or Thermaic gulph, (Sinus Thermaus, Thermaicus vel Macedonicus,) afterwards called THESSALONICA, by Caffander, in honour of his wife Theffalonica, the daughter of Philip, and greatly increafed by Caffander, Strab. vii. 330. & 323. now SALONICHI, the chief town in that country; the place of Cicero's refidence

During the fiege one ASTER, a dexterous archer, came to offer Philip his fervice, and as a proof of his skill, told the king that he could hit a bird in its moft rapid flight. Then fays Philip, I will employ you when I make war on the birds. After, provoked at this anfwer, joined the townfmen; and having one day fpied the king from the walls, fhot an arrow at him, with this intcription, To the right eye of Philip. The king ordered the arrow to be returned, with this infcription, Philip will bang After when be takes the town; and was as good as his word, Lucan, de conferib, bifor, c. 38.; Justin. vii, 6.

while in banishment, Cie. Planc. 41. To the Chriftians of this city the Apostle Paul wrote his two epiftles infcribed to the Theffalonians. The country around the mouth of the Axius is called Amphaxītis, -idis, Polyb. v. 97. That north of this river, MYGDONIA, Plin. iv. 10. to which Thucydides joins Greftonia and Anthemus, ii. 99. & 100.; fo Herodotus, vii. 124.

The chief towns on the north-eaft fide of the Thermaic gulph were Ainea, faid to have been built by Eneas, Liv. xl. 4. fifteen miles from Theffalonica, Id. xliv. 10. Herodotus mentions Simila, Campfa, Gigonus, Lifa, Combrea, Lipaxus, vii. 123. The chief towns in later times were ANTIGONIA, Liv. xliv. 10. and POTIDEA, afterwards called CASSANDRIA, Ib. 11.; Plin. iv. 10. founded by a colony from Corinth, Thucyd. i. 56. This town having revolted from the Athenians on account of ill treatment, and being befieged by them, gave the firft oftenfible reason for the beginning of the Peloponnefian war t, Ib. 66. &c.

The country between the Thermaic or Macedonian and Toronaic gulphs was called PALLENE (ager Pallenenfis, Liv. xliv. 11.) from a town of the fame name, Plin. ib. anciently PHLEGRA, Herodot. vii. 23. fuppofed to be the country of the giants, Strab. vii. 330. where they fought with the gods, Propert. iii. 9. 47.

On the top of the Toronæan gulph ftood OLYNTHUS, the largest city in that part of the country, Diodor. xvi. 53. oppofite to Potidæa, only fixty ftadia diftant, and visible from it, Thucyd. i. 63. The isthmus between them ufed fometimes to be fortified with a wall, Ib. 64. Olynthus was long either fubject to Athens or in alliance with it. Being taken by treachery by Philip, it was deftroyed, and the inhabitants reduced to fervitude, Diodor. xvi. 63.; Justin. viii. 3.; Strab. ii. 121. This gave occafion to the fatal war between the Athenians and that prince, Ib.

At fome diflance from Olynthus ftood TORONE, which gave name to the gulph. This town was called Torone CHACIDICE, Thucyd. iv. 110. because the country around was so named,

The Mygdones are faid to have emigrated from Macedonia aud Thrace to Phrygia, or a country adjoining to it in Afia Minor, Strab. vii. 295. x. 575. xii. 564. whence Mygdonia opes, the wealth of Phrygia, or of Mygdonia, a part of Phrygia, Horat. od. ii. 12. 22.; So Mygdonii campi, the plains of Phrygia, Id. iii. 16. 41, Mygdonium marmor, Ovid. ep. xv. 142. From the fame people, that part of Mefopotamia where Nisibis stood was called Mydonia, Strab. xi. 527. xvi. 747.

It held out above two years, and did not submit till reduced to the greateft extremity; fome even fed on human flesh, Thucydid, ii. 70.

1b. 9. from CHALCIS, an inland town near Olynthus. Herodotus calls this country SITHONIA, vii. 122.

The SINGITIC gulph was named from SINGUS, a town on the top of it. Between the Singitic and Strymonic gulphs is mount ATHOS, or Athon, which projects into the fea from the plain seventy-five miles; its circumference is one hundred and fifty miles. There were on it several towns; one on its top called Acrothoon, v. -oum, v. -oos, or Ouranopolis, i. e. the city of heaven, from the falubrity of its air: the other towns were, Dium, Olophyxus, Thyfus, Palæorium, Cleōna; and Appollonia, the inhabitants of which were called Macrobii, from their longevity, Mel. ii. 2. which explains the faying of Plato, p. 294. The two gulphs approach each other fo near towards the west fide of mount Athos, or towards the continent, that they leave an ifthmus only of a mile and a half, or twelve ftadia over. Through this Xerxes dug a navigable ditch or canal, fo broad and deep that two fhips could pafs one another, Herodot. vii. 21. 22. 23. & 121.; Plin. iv. 10. hence Athos is faid to have. been failed over, velificatos Athos, Juvenal. x. 174. The canal began near ACANTHUS *, on the Strymonic or Pierean gulph, where Xerxes pitched his ftanding camp, Herodot. vii. 117. and ended at SANE on the Singitic gulph, Thucydid. iv. 109. The pretext of Xerxes for this work was, to avoid the danger of failing round mount Athos with his fleet, where three hundred Perfian fhips had formerly been wrecked in a storm, and near twenty thousand men perifhed, Herodot. vi. 44. but the true reason was, the vanity of leaving a monument of his power, Id. vii. 24.

Between Acanthus and the mouth of the Strymon ftood STAGIRA, the native place of Ariftotle, whence he is called the Stagirite. Both these cities were founded by colonies from the ifland Andros, Thucyd. iv. 84. & 88.

On the Strymon, near the place where it divides into two branches, ftood AMPHIPOLIS, built by a colony of Athenians, Thucydid. iv. 102. called anciently Novem viæ, (Enea ödor,) Id. 1. 100.; Herodot. vii. 114.

The country above this, on both fides of the Strymon, was called BISALTICA, Thuc. iv. 109. or BISALTIA, Herodot vii. 115. the people BISALTE, Virg. G. iii. 461.; Liv. xlv. 30. A fmall port fouth of the Strymon was called Heraclea SINTICA, Ib. 29.; Cas. b. civ. iii. 79. and the country around, SINTICE, Liv. xliv. 46.

Strabo places Acanthus on the Singitic gulph, vii. fr. contrary to the exprefs aflertion of Herodotus, vi. 44.

The

The country between the Strymon and Neffus used anciently to be confidered as a part of Thrace, but was by Philip annexed to Macedonia. It was called EDONICA, or EDONIS, -idis, and the inhabitants EDŌNES or EDONI*, Herodot. vii. 114.; Thucyd. i. 100. ii. 99. iv. 102. & 109.

About thirty miles north-east from Amphipŏlis ftood NEAPOLIS, and above it PHILIPPI, &s, xv. 11. 12. built by Philip king of Macedon, as a defence against the Thracians, Appian. bell. civ. iv. 650, near Symbolum, where mount Pangaus joins mount Hemus, Dis. xlvii. 35. In the adjoining plain Brutus and Callius were defeated by Antony and Auguftus t.

The EDONES are often put for the Thracians in general, who, it feems, were fond of drinking to excels; hence, Non ego fanius bacchabor EDONIS, Ho rat. od. ii. 7. 27. Matres Edōnides, Thracian matrons, i. e. bacchanal, Ovid. Met. xi. 69. fing. Edonis, a bacchanal, Propert. i. 3 5. Lucan fhorteus it, i. 675. fo Silius Italicus, iv. 778. Edonus vel -ius Boreas, the north wind blowing from Thrace over the Egean fea, Virg. Æn. xii. 365. Edōna biemes, cold winters, as thofe in Thrace commonly are, Stat. Theb. v. 78. Edōnus Bacebus, wothipped in Thrace, Ovid. Rem. Am. 593.

In this battle Brutus, who was opposed to Auguftus, gained the victory, and took the camp of Auguftus. But Antony on his part was victorious, and took the camp of Caffius Caffius, having retreated to some rifing grounds adjoining, fent a centurion to inquire what Butus was doing, for the dust intercepted his view. This centurion fell in with a body of cavalry, whom Brutus had fent in queft of Caffius, and returned flowly with them, as if there was no danger. Caflius feeing thefe cavalry approach, and taking them for the enemy, ordered Pindarus, his freedman, to kill him. The centurion, feeing the Confequences of his delay, alfo flew himfel.

Brutus, who now became commander of both armies, wifhed to decline battle, and if he had done fo, Auguftus and Antony must have yielded, as they were in want of provifions and every thing. But fearing the defertion of his men, whom Antony and Auguftus used every method to seduce, he was led to risk a general engagement; in which, after an obftinate contest, he was completely defeated. Hearing that a number of his troops had joined the conquerors, and feeing no hopes of fafety, he fell on his fword, which one of his friends prefented to him, repeating this faying of Hercules: "O Virtue! thou "art an empty name! I have worshipped thee as a goddess, but thou art the flave of "Fortune." Liv. epit. 124.; Dio. xlvii. 42.-1d. fin.; Vell. ii. 70.; Flor. iv. 7. To this faying Horace alludes, ep. i 6. 32 & 7. 41.

It is remarkable that Brutus and Caffius fell by the fwords with which they flew Cæfar, Dio. xlviii. 1. Most of the other confpirators likewife perished by 3 violent death, 1b. &. Suet. Cas 89., Vell. ii. 88. A great many of them after this defeat, and alfo of the principal nobility, laid violent hands on themselves; or being taken, perifhed by the cruelty of Auguftus and Antony, Dro. 47. 49-; Eutrop. vii 2.

This battle, a Dio Caffius obferves, was the most important of all that were fought during the civil wars, as it determined the fate of Roman liberty. Henceforth the conteft was not for freedom, but what mafter the Romans thould ferve, Dio. xlvii. 39. The army being how moltly compofed of mercenaries, fided with that party which they thought would pay them beit; hence Lucan fays, Nulla fides piet vfque viris, qui cafira fequuntur, Venalefque manus: ibi far, ubi maxima merces, X. 407.

Philippi

Philippi is fometimes confounded by the poets with Pharfalia, Virg. G. i. 490. fee p. 323.

The western or inland part of Macedonia, called Macedonia Superior, was poffeffed by various tribes; the Lyncefte, Heliminta, Eordi vel Eordai, &c. Thucyd. ii. 99., Strab. vii. 325. This part of the country was cold, rough, and mountainous, Liv. xlv. 30. One of these ridges was called CANDAVIA, Cic. Att. iii. 7.; Caf. b. civ. iii. 79.; Senec. ep. 31. seventy-eight miles from Dyrrachium, Plin. iii. 23. Strabo makes Candavia a mountain of Illyricum, vii. 327.

The country north of the Ceraunian mountains in Epire, along the bottom of the Hadriatic fea to LISSUS, on the river Drilo or Drinus vel Drinius, was anciently reckoned a part of Illyricum, Strab. vii. 316. but was afterwards included in Macedonia, Dio. xli. 49. As it was moftly poffeffed by Greek colonies, it was called ILLYRIS GRACA. The barbarian inhabitants, as they were called, were the Taulantia, Bulliones, Parthini, Daffarětæ, &c. Strab. vii. 326.; Plin. iii. 22. & 23. Thucyd. i. 24.; Mel. ii. 3. This country is now called Alba

nia.

The chief towns were, APOLLONIA, built by the Corinthians and Corcyræans, ten ftadia north of the river Aous or AEAS or Eas, and fixty ftadia from the fea, Strab. vii. 316.; Plin. iii. 23. regulated by good laws, Ib. & Cic. Phil. xi. 11. a city in which learning was much cultivated; whither Auguftus was fent to study by Julius Cæfar, his great-uncle, when the latter was about to fet out on an expedition against the Parthians, Vell. ii. 59.; Suet. Aug. 8. and where he was when he heard of Cæfar's death, Ib. The inhabitants were called Apolloniāta, vel -ātes; the country, ager Apollinas, Liv. xlii. 36.Near Apollonia was a rock, called Nymphæum, which emitted. flames, and below it, fprings which fent forth hot bitumen, Strab. vii. 316.; Ælian. xiii. 16.; Plutarch. in Syll. p. 468.; Plin. ii. 106. where was an oracle, Dia. xli. 45. Near this Cæfar first landed with his army in Greece, Cas. bell. civ. iii. 26.; Lucan. v. 720.

North from Apollonia was the river APSUS, where Cæfar, having got poffeflion of Oricum and Apollonia, pitched his camp, Cas. civ. b. iii. 12. & 13. Over against him was the camp of Pompey, at a place called Afparagium, Ib. 30. & 76. where Lucan fays these two commanders firft were encamped in fight of each other, v. 461.

At a confiderable distance north from Apollonia was DYRRACHIUM, now Durazzo, the common landing place from Brunaufium,

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