terations as appeared to be warranted, on an examination and comparison of the different materials

The upper part of the Gulf, between Suez and Yambo, is, however, preserved entire, as Captain White drew it. The position of the Gulf is thus adjusted :

Captain White, by two observations of eclipses of Jupiter's first satellite, found the longitude of Suez to be 30o 28* 30" east of Greenwich; and a mean of 76 lunar observations differed less than a minute from the former.

The difference of longitude between Suez and Mocha, near the entrance of the Gulf, is, by the mean of five different accounts, 11° 4' which added to 32° 28' gives 43° 32′ for the longitude of Mocha; and which is nearly a mean between the different results by time-keepers. But until a greater number of celestial observations are taken at the mouth of the Gulf, its position cannot be deemed exact.

Cape Guardafui is placed by time-keeper observations in 31° 12′ longitude, 11° 43′ of latitude.

The adjustment of the lower part of the course of the Nile, to the shores of the Red Sea, differs very much from M. D'Anvill's map. He supposed that the Nile, in its course from the lower cataract (near Syene) to Cairo, gradually approached towards the Arabian Gulf; but late observations shew that it runs nearly parallel to it, throughout that extent, which is about seven degrees of latitude Hence the distance across, between the port of Kosire and Ghinna on the Nile, is much less than M D'Anville supposed, he having allowed about 110 G. miles, although 90 is about the truth

* Mr. Bruce reckoned 444 hours of the caravan (with camels) beween Kosire and Kuft (that is Coptos) near Ghinna; Mr. Irwin 46 from Kosire to Banute, situated at the Nile, at five hours above Ghinna. The camel's rate is 2 British miles by the road; consequently less than two G. miles in direct distance.

M. Savary had much the same idea of the distance, for he reckons it 33 French leagues. (Vol. ii. letter ii.) But his map has 70 G. miles only; Pocock's 90.

Mr. Irwin reckons the bearing WNW from Kosire to Ghinna; doubtless by compass. The variation might be 13 to 14 degrees; whence Ghinna would bear W 9° N from Kosire; Banute, which is stated to be about five hours to the south of Ghinna, will therefore by this account bear 13° N of W from Kosire. Mr. Irwin was certainly very near the mark, though a little too much northerly. It appears

It may be proper to state, that the line between Kosire and Ghinna is by no means the shortest that can be drawn between the Nile and the Red Sea, because it runs obliquely between them The distance appears to be no greater than 72 miles on an ENE course, from Ghinna to the nearest part of the coast.

Cairo, by the means of several accounts, is about 59 G. miles to the west of Suez, equal to 1 8' of longitude."--w So that Cairo should stand in 31° 20′. The Con. de Temps has 31° 29'; but it is probable that Suez is the best determined of the two places.

Mr. Bruce had observations of longitude at Kosire and Sayene, or Assuan. The first he gives at 34° 4'; and capt. White at 34° 3'. But as capt. White gives its latitude at 26° 18', whilst Mr. Bruce found it only 26° 8', we may suppose that the former did not approach the coast near enough to discriminate particulars. Mr. Bruce's parallel intersects

that Banute is in lat. 25° 47′ 30′′ in D'Anville, and is 8 min. N of Negada; at which place Mr Bruce observed the latitude to be 25° 53' 30". Consequently D'Anville is 14 min. too far south in this part.Apply this to Banute, and we have 26° 1' 30". Kosire lies in 26° 8', and Banute is then to the south of it, in reality, by several minutes. At Syene, Mr. Bruce's latitude is 11 min. north of D'Anville's. Not to go into extremes, I have taken Banute at 5 min. S of Kosire, Chinna 3 min. N of it, or 26° 11′ D'Anville places Ghinna in 26o 1'. It was of importance that these parallels of the places should be adjusted.

* The principal authorities are the following:

M. Niebuhr reckoned between Suez and the lake of the pilgrims sitnated at 6,9 G. miles E 38 N from Cairo,

M. Volney,

Dr. Pocock,

28h 40m 29

29 15

mean 28 58 3

Add from the Lake to Cairo, as it is usually reckoned,

or say 32 hours 31 58

But as there are (besides the just mentioned 3 hours, in a direction of about 400 from the general line of direction) 34h more between Suez and Ajerud, at much the same angle, a considerable reduction of the direct distance must take place, probably about 1 hour; whence there remains 30 And as Dr. Shaw states the general report of the distance to be 30 hours, it may be conceived that this is the actual distance by the shortest route, which leaves the lake and Ajerud to the north. And for these, 59 G. miles direct may be allowed. M. D'Anville allowed 60.

the coast in capt. White's chart, in long. 34o 8′; and I have adopted that for the place of Kosire. Capt. White may perhaps have mistaken the old for new Kosire.

Syene is given at 33° 30' by Mr. Bruce, making 2° 10′ E from Cairo; whereas M. D'Anville has no more than 41 minutes of easting. Hence arises a difference of 12 degrees in the bearing; M. D'Anville's being about N 9 W; Bruce's N 21 W; or nearly parallel to the shore of the Red Sea.

The longitude of Sennar is 33° 30' 30", according to Mr. Bruce. In this particular is found the widest difference between D'Anville and Bruce; the former placing it no less than 3° 50′ more to the west: that is, D'Anville has it 1° 41' west of Cairo, Bruce 2° 9' east of it.

In effect, then, the general course of the Nile below Sennar lies to the west of north, instead of the contrary, as described in the imperfect materials offered to M. D'Anville. For we cannot doubt the general truth of Mr. Bruce's geographical positions. although we may not be inclined to allow them every point of accuracy. In the observation of longitude at Kosire, we have seen that he comes very near to capt. White; and his longitude of Cairo, is more exact, or more in harmony with capt. White's observations at Suez than the longitude recorded in the Con. de Temps. We have, moreover, another observation of longitude taken by Mr. Bruce at the eastern source of the Nile, 36o 55′ 30′′ (lat. 10° 59′) from whence one route leads eastward to the shore of the Red Sea at Masua, another westward to Sennar. Admitting his observations to be ever so coarsely made, these routes must have afforded so considerable a check to the distance between Masua and Sennar as to have precluded any very great error in a difference of longitude of about 6 degrees only; so that there is a little question but that M. D'Anville's statement is wrong.

From Sennar, Mr. Bruce has a new and interesting route northward to Syene. Dongola lay wide to the west of this route and he has not informed us on what authority it is placed in his map Still, however, the change in the position of the Nile, must carry Dongola to the eastward with it of course; and in Bruce's map it is found at 1° 18' diff. long. to the east of D'Anville's ;* equal to 73 G. miles.—

That is M. D. places it 36 min. west of Cairo; Mr. B. 42 min. E of it.

The latitude of Dongola is also half a degree to the south of the parallel assigned by D'Anville, that is, 19 instead of With respect to that of Sennar, D'Anville was right. In describing the western head of the Nile (and which has no existence in Mr. Bruce's map) it may be thought that I have advanced into the regions of conjecture; but I trust that I have not gone beyond the limits implied by the authorities. To enter into a detail of these, together with the deductions and combinations arising from them, would occupy too much room here; especially as they are designed for another place. It may be sufficient to state, that the branch in question, called the White River, or Abiad* is admitted by Mr. Bruce himself, to be a more bulky stream than the Abyssinian branch. That M. Maillet was told, that it holds a course which is distant from 12 to 20 journeys from the eastern branch. That Ledyard was told at Cairo, by certain persons from Darfoor, that the Nile has its fountains in their country, situated 55 journies to the westward of Sennar ; and whose frontier province, Kordofan, is placed by Bruce adjoining to the west of the country of Sennar. And finally, that Ptolemy, Edrisi, and Abulfeda, all place the head of the Nile in a quarter far remote from Abyssinia. Ptolemy, in particular, has described the eastern source in such a way, as that it cannot be taken for any other than the Abyssinian branch, i. e. Bruce's Nile; and yet he, at the same time, describes a larger and more distant source, to proceed from SW, answering to the White River. His Coloe lake is clearly the Tzana of Bruce: and may possibly have been meant to express Galla, the name of the southern division of Abyssinia.‡

*This must not be confounded with the Neel Abeed, the name ap-. plied by the Arabs to the Niger.

†See Mr. Ledyard's communication in African Association, for 1790 -91. He says 55 journies, or four or five hundred miles. There must of course be an error, either in the number of the journies, or of the miles.

Mr. Bruce has fallen into an error, which may mislead those who do not attend to his map. He says, vol. iii. p. 720, that "the ground declines southward from the parallel of five degrees north;" but in the map at the end of vol. v. the waters, as we have just said, begin to flow southward, from the latitude of 8° north. I believe, with him, that farther to the west, the southern slope may not begin short of the 5th degree of latitude.

E e

Having completed this part of the subject, I proceed to the inland positions in the western and central parts of the continent.

M. D'Anville has been followed in the geography of Barbary and Morocco, with the exception of an adjustment of the interior of the latter, to the coasts; which are drawn from the charts in the Atlas of Don Tosino, in which the capes of Cantin, Geer, &c are placed more to the east, in respect of the strait, than in D'Anville.

The lower parts of the Senegal, Gambia, and Rio Grande, are from M. D'Anville's and Dr Wadstrom's maps.

Of Mr. Park's route and discoveries it is needless to say more than that the particular map which contains them, has been copied into this; forming a most important member of it.

The routes and positions formerly introduced from materials collected by the African Association, in the northern part of the continent, are revised and re-constructed; perhaps with more effect, as our knowledge and experience of the subject increases.

Fezzan is placed, as before, due south from Mesurata; its capital, Mourzouk, being 17 journies of the caravan, distant. Edrisi affords a slight check to the bearing, as well as to the distance by means of Wadan, which lies nearly midway, and is five journies west of Sort, a known position on the coast; and also eight journies of his scale from Zuela, a known position in Fezzan *

A description of the caravan routes from Tripoli to Mourzouk, Egypt and the Niger, will be found in the Proceedings of the Association, published in 1890, and 1791, chapters x. and xii.

The point on which the central and eartern positions depend, is Ghinny, or Ghana, as Edrisi and Abulfeda call it, a city, and capital of a kingdom, situated nearly midway between the Indian Sea, and the Atlantic, on the E and W; and between the Mediterranean and the Ethiopic Seas, on the N and S. Fortunately, this point, on which so many others depend, can be satisfactorily approximated; though

The day's journey of Edrisi is taken at 18 Arabic miles, or about 19 G. miles in direct distance. Strictly speaking, it should be 19,06, as 564 Arabic miles are equal to a degree