decimo ap'd Rippon in d'co Com Ebor' contra dictam d'nam Reginam supremam D'nam suam ex eor' co'i propo'ito et assensu cum magna multitudine gentium ad numerum quatuor mille homin' et ultra modo guerrino armati et arraiat' seip'os illicite falso et proditorie insimul congre

acerrimam versus dictam d'nam Reginam Elizabeth' supremam d'nam suam apud Rippon predictam dicto xvi die Novembris anno undecimo supradicto falso et proditorie paraver' ordinaver' et levaver', De quibus omnibus et singulis proditionibus rebellionibus et conspirationibus pred' cisdicti Thomas Comes Northumbi' et Anna uxor ejus, Carolus Comes Westmerl' Richardus Norton, et Thomas Markenfelde cum multis aliis dictorum falsorum proditorum et rebellatorum predict' per debit' legis formam legitime indictat' et postea superinde legitime utlagat' et attinct' fuer et adhuc existunt prout per seperal' record' inde in Cur' d'ce d'ne Regine nunc coram ip'a Regina remanen' plene liquet de record' cumque post perpetrationem et commissionem nequissimarum proditionu' predictarum in forma pred'ca per ip'os factaru' et commissarum predicti Thomas Comes Northumbr' et Anna uxor ejus, Carolus Comes Westmerl', Richardus Norton et Thomas Markenfelde, ac quamplures alii falsorum proditorum et rebellatorum predict' 20 die Decembris anno Regni d'ce d'ne Regine nunc undecimo pro proditionibus illis extra hoc regnum Angl' in regnum Scotie fugier' et recesser' et ib'm per quosdam proceres et magnates dicti regni Scotie scil't per Jacobum Ducem Chastle le Roy, Comitem de Huntley, D'num Harris, D'num Hume, D'num de Buclughe et D'num de Fermhurste, et alios Scotos Subditos d'ci Regni Scotie existen'

et conabat sine assensu et agreament' pre- | fat d'ne n're Elizabeth' Regine supreme d'ne sue seip'm conjungere et in Matrimonio copulare cum prefat' Maria nuper Scotorum Regina. Et eisdem de causa et propo'ito ip'e idem Dux pred'co xxiii die Septembris anno undecimo supradicto et diversis aliis die-gaver' et assemblaver' ac guerram publicam et bus et vicibus antea et postea apud Charterhouse pred'cam in Com' Midd' predict' falso subdole et proditorie scripsit diversas literas ad prefatam Mariam nuper Scotorum Reginam et tam easdem l'ras quam diversa signa et pignora voc' Toakens ad illam prefatam Mariam nuper Scotorum Reginam pred'co xxiii. die Septembris anno undecimo supradicto et diversis aliis diebus et vicibus antea et postea falso subdole et proditorie missit. Necnon eodem xxiii. die Septembris anno Regni d'ce Regine xi. supradicto et diversis aliis diebus et vicibus antea et postea apud Charterhouse pred'cam in Com' Midd' predict' falso subdole et proditorie mutuo dedit et accommodavit tam prefat' Marie nuper Scotorum Regine quam amicis et adherentibus suis plures et diversas magnas pecuniarum summas: Necnon a prefat' Maria nuper Scotorum Regina pred'co xxiii. de Septembris anno Regni d'ce d'ne Elizabeth' Regine undecimo supradict' et diversis aliis diebus et vicibus antea et postea apud Charterhouse pred'cam in Com' Midd' predict' diversas literas ac diversa signa et pignora vocat' Toakens falso subdole et proditorie recepit et h'uit licet prefat' Dux tunc antea per prefat' d'oam Elizabeth' Reginam super debit' legianc' sue sp'ialit' probibitus et vetitus fuit quod nullo modo intromittet sive tractaret de maritagio cu' prefat' Maria nuper Scotorum Regina faciend' licet etiam pretatus Dux per diversas litteras et instrument' manu propria ip'ius Ducis script' et per pre-recept' auxiliati et confortati fuer', ac de eadem fat' ducem d'ce d'ne Elizabeth' Regine supreme d'ne sue missa et exhibit' preantea prefat' maritagium penitus recusasset et renuntiasset protestans et affirmans se in eodem maritagio Aunquam intromissurum sive aliqualit' processurum: Et etiam iidem Jur' ulterius super sacr'm suum pred'c'm presentant et dicunt quod cum Thomas Comes Northumbr' nuper de Topclif in Com' Ebor' et Anna uxor ejus, Carolus Comes Westmerl' nuper de Branspeth in Comitatu Dunelm', Richardus Norton nuper de Norton Conyers in Comit' Ebor' armiger, Thomas Markenfeild nuper de Markenfeld in dict' Com' Ebor' armiger, simul cum aliis falsis proditoribus rebellatoribus et inimicis publicis d'ce d'ne Regine Elizabeth' Deum pre oculis suis non habentes nec debitum legiantiar' suarum ponderant' sed Instigatione diabolica seduct' machinantes devisantes et conspirantes d'cam d'nam Reginam Elizabeth' de regali Statu titulo et potestate Regni sui Angl' dejicere et dishereditare, necnon eand❜m d'nam Reginam ad mortem et finalem destructionem adducere et ponere ea intentione ut illas proditiones conspirationes et imaginationes suas perimplerent et ad effectum redigerent decimo sexto die Novembris anno Regni d'ce d'ae Regino nunc un

d'na Regina Elizabeth' detent' in et versus quos proceres et magnates pred'cos d'ci Regni Scotie eadem d'na Elizabeth' Regina postea pro eadem causa per prenobilem Thomam Comitem Sussex ejusdem d'ne Regine in partibus borealibus locu'. tenen' suum generalem cun potenti et forti exercitu armatorum hominum apertam et publicam guèrram proclamavit levavit et fecit, tanquam versus hostes et inimicos suos et regni sui Anglie, rac'one cujus guerre prefat' Carolus Comes Westmerl' Anna uxor dicti Thome Comitis Northumbr' Richardus Norton et Thomas Markenfielde a predicto Regno Scotie usque Antverpia in partibus Brabantie fugier' recesser' et transferaver', ac ib'dem Carolus Comes Westmerl' Anna uxor dicti Thome Comitis Northumbr' Richardus Norton et Thomas Markenfeilde contra legiantiarum suarum, debit' morabant' in manifestum contempt' d'ce domine Regine nunc et legum suarum, Pred'cus tamen Thomas Dux Norf'k premissorum non ignarus sed ea omnia et singula in forma pred'ca bene et perfecte intelligens et sciens 6 die August' anno regni d'ce d'ne Elizabeth' Regine duodecimo supradicto apud Charterhouse pred'cam in Com' Midd' predict' ac diversis aliis diebus et vicibus antea et postea pred'co Carolo Comiti Westmerl' ac pre

d'ce d'ue Elizabeth' Regine xiij supradict' apud | Charterhouse pred'cam in Com' Midd' predict' | falso et proditorie recepit et h'uit et eand'm adtunc et ib'm prefat' Will'mo Barker servienti suo in l'ras cognitas et comm's reducend' et decipherand' Anglic' dict' "To be deciphered" lib'avit et dedit, et eand'm l'ram in co'es cognitas litteras reduct' et decipheratam Anglic' dict' "deciphered" ip'e id'm Dux postea xxv die Aprilis anno regni dicte d'ne Elizabet' nunc tertiodecimo supradicto apud Charterhouse pred'cam in dicto Com' Midd' falso et proditorie recepit inspexit et perlexit et penes se adtunc et ib'm falso et proditorie retinuit et servavit, per quam quidem l'ram predictus Robartus Ridolphie eidem Thome Duci Norf'k inter alia significavit eumque certiorum fecit de benigna audientia sua quam ip'e id'm Robartus h'uit apud prefat' Ducea de Alva in nequissimis et proditoriis nuntiis suprad'cis: Et quod id'm Dux de Alva requisivit et voluit amicos et fautores confederationis et p'poit predict' paratos esse quandocunque potentia per dictum Hispaniarum regem mittend' infra hoc Regnu. Anglie applicaret: Et preterea iid'm Jur' super sacr'm suu' pred'cu' presentant et dicunt quod pred'cus Thomas Dux Norf'k xvi die Junii anno regni d'ce d'ne Elizabeth' Regine nunc xii supradict' apud Charterhouse predict' in Com' Midd' predict' a prefat' Pio quinto Romano episcopo unam l'ram eidem Duci dir'cam falso et proditorie recepit per quam id'm Episcopus Romanus promisit eidem Thome Duci Norf'k auxiliu' et supplementum pro adjuvamine predicto Marie nuper Scotorum Regine, ac pro et ad nequissima et proditoria propo'it' et intentiones predict' exequend' et perficiend' contra legiancie sue debitum ac contra pacem dicte d'ne Elizabeth' nunc Regine Anglie coronam et dignitat' suas et in legum hujus Regni Anglie contempt' manifestum. Nec non in pessimu' et pernitiosissimu' exemplum omniu' aliorum in tali casu delinquen' ac contra formam diversorum Statut' in hujusmodi casu editor' et provisor' &c.

Et inodo scil' d'co instantis die Martii, viz. xvj die Januarii anno xiiij supradicto coram

prefat' Georgio Comite Salop preclari ordinis Garterii milite et hac vice Anglie Senescallo apud Westmonaster' in magna aula pl'itorum ib'm ven' predict' Thomas Dux Norf' sub custod' prefati Owini Hopton Milit' locum tenen' d'ne Regine dicte Turris London' in cujus custod' preantea ex causa predicta & allis certis de causis commissus fuit ad barram hic duct' in propr' persona sua, qui committit' prefato locumtenenti, &c. Et statin de omnibus et singulis sep'alibus proditionibus, pred'cis sibi superius seperatim impo'it alloquut' qualiter se velit inde acquietari, dicit quod ipse in nullo est inde culpabil' et inde de bono et malo pon' se super pares suos, &c.

Super quo predicti Reginald' Comes Rand' Will'imus Comes Wigorn' ac ceteri antedicti Comites et Barones, pred'ci Thome Ducis Norf'k pares instant' super corum fidelitatibus et legianciis dicte d'ne Regine debit' per prefatum Senescallum Anglie ab inferiore pare usque ad suprema' par' illorum seperatim publice examinat' quilib't corum seperatim dic' quod predictus Thomas Dux Norf'k de seperalibus p'ditio'b's predictis sibi separatim dic' quod predictis sibi seperatim in forma predicta superius impo'it est inde culpabil' modo et forma prout per seperales indictament' predict' superius suppo', &c.

Super quo instanter Servien' d'ne Regine ad legem, at icsius d'ne Regine Attorn' just' debit' legis formam petunt versus eundem Thomam Ducem Norf'k judicium et executionem superinde pro d'ca d'na Regina h'end' &c.

Et super hoc vis' et per Cur' hic intellect' omnibus et singulis premissis Con' est quod predictus Thomas Dux Norf'k ducat' per prefat' Locumtenen' usque dict' Turrim London' et deinde per mediu' Civitat' London' usque ad furcas de Tiborne trahatur et ib'm suspendat et vivens ad terram prosternat' ac interiora sua extra ventrem suu' capiant' ip'oq' vivente comburent', et caput ejus amputetur quodque corpus ejus in quatuor partes dividat', ac quod caput et quarteria illa pouantur ubi d'na 'Regina ea assignare voluerit, &c.

57. The Trial of Mr. ROBERT HICKFORD, (Servant of the Duke of Norfolk), at the Queen's-Bench, for High Treason: 14 ELIZ.. February 9, A. D. 1571. [MS. Brit. Mus. 1427.]

AFTER the reading of the Indictment, being | asked by the Clerk of the Crown, if he were Guilty or Not Guilty? He answered to this effect; being admonished to speak higher, whereunto be excused himself by the lowness of his voice:

Hickford. I am here indicted of divers points of High-Treason, part whereof I deny, for that I was never privy to the same: my fact, such as it is, I am ready to confess, and declare as I have already confessed it. I am not learned in the law. I know not in what

VOL. I.

form to answer unto it. This only I require
to be heard to declare the truth, so far as the
matter toucheth me: I here protest before your
intent
any
honours, and in the presence of God, that I
bring a conscience untouched with
of hurt, ever conceived by me against the
queen's majesty's person or my country; I
never meant any such thing in my heart: I
know the law hath not intent to the conscience,
or intent of men; but is to judge only of the
mind, according to the appearing of outward
facts; so the law cannot accept my intent for

3 x

my purgation. Therefore I shall declare the truth of my doing, and upon that further open unto you at large my dealing in the matters contained in the Indictment. First, For the matter of moving of Sedition, I did never know that any such thing was meant by my lord, or any other; and whatsoever was by him, or any other intended, I was not privy unto it. I do confess indeed, that the Articles mentioned in the Indictment were sent to my lord, my late master, which by his commandment I deciphered, for they were brought in cipher. Then my lord read them, and folded them up, and put them in the pocket of his hose, and said, The bishop of Ross will never be quiet, and then he went to supper; and from that time I never saw that Writing | till it was shewed me in the Tower. What Answer my lord made to them, or whether he answered them or no, I know not.

C.J. Catlin. Hickford, you seem to be a man of knowledge and learning, you have been indicted, and are now arraigned according to order of law; you must follow order, you must answer to the Indictment, confess or deny it, you shall be heard after to say your mind. You must plead unto it Guilty or not Guilty,

Hickford. I do confess the law hath not respect to man's intent, but judgeth according to his fact. I confess I saw these Articles and deciphered them, I shewed them to my lord; I revoked them not, as in duty I ought to have done, and therefore I think myself Guilty. Catlin. The Indictment containeth divers clauses of Treason, therefore answer, if you be guilty, to any special matters contained in the Indictment, or that you will confess yourself Guilty of the whole.

Hickford. I may not confess of myself that whereof my conscience doth not accuse me, some parts I am not privy to; the first point, concerning stirring of Sedition, I do not know that ever any such thing was meant by my lord. What intention he had, God and his own conscience knoweth it. As touching the matter of Rodolph's going over to the king of Spain, to the pope, and the duke of Alva, and the Instructions of that voyage contained in the thing, that by my lord's commandment I deciphered I answer, as I have before said, that I never knew of any proceeding, nor dealt therein afterwards; and my lord, when he read it deciphered, he answered as I said before, The bishop of Ross will never be quiet. I thought he had burnt that Paper, as a thing that he liked not; but what he did with it, or in the matter afterward, I cannot tell.

Catlin. You must answer more roundly and directly to the matter; for these circumstances and points, you shall be heard afterward. In the mean time answer plainly, if you be Guilty or not Guilty.

Southcote. Mr. Southcote spake to the same effect, and told him, That if he pleaded Not Guilty, these his Declarations should be heard at large upon the evidence.

Hickford. To part of the indictment I con

fess myself Guilty, which concerneth the deci-
phering of the letters by my
and commandment; after which time I never
lord's procurement
dealt in it.

Guilty to the whole Indictment; and for such
Southcote. You were best to plead Not
matters and parts of the Indictment as you can
clear yourself, the Jury may find you Not
Guilty, and find you Guilty for the rest.

advised to the same effect.
The Lord Chief Justice, and Mr. Attorney

how merciful a queen I live; I submit myself
Hickford. I am Guilty. I know under
wholly to her majesty's mercy. I will not
stand long upon that whereof mine own con-
science condemneth me.

Catlin. Confess you Guilty to the whole

Indictment?

Hickford. Yea.

Guilty of adhering to and comforting the Attorney. (Mr. Gilbert Gerrard.) Are you queen's enemies, and the conveying of the French Packet and Money that was sent to relieve them?

Hickford. I confess myself Guilty.

Serj. Then, after some pause, Mr. Serjeant Robert Hickford hath been indicted of HighBarham spake to this effect: Forasmuch as Treason, and, among other things, that he hath adhered to and comforted the queen's enemies, and the same Indictment hath been read unto him, and he hath confessed the treasons; I am to pray your lordships on the queen's majesty's behalf, that his Confession may be entered, and Judgment given for the against him, according to the law. Hickford. May I now declare to what points I am not Guilty?

queen

dictment that concern yourself; the dealing in Attorney. There are two points in the Inthe matter about Rodolph's Voyage, and the Instruction for the same; and the adhering to and comforting of the queen's enemies : are you not Guilty of these?

Hickford. I am Guilty.

Catlin. If you will yet wave and forsake your confession, we are content to admit you and you shall have your Trial. to do so, and you may yet plead Not Guilty,

her majesty's mercy: I know under how merHickford. No, I will submit me wholly to ciful a prince I live, though my deserts be far unworthy, by my master's means and procureuntouched with any intent or meaning of hurt ment. I know I bring, as I said, a conscience to her majesty's person, or to my country. And witness of you all; howbeit the law accepteth this I say before God and in the presence and not, nor judgeth by secret intents, for so might every man clear himself.

Catlin. Hickford, thou hast heard the Inthou art found and presented guilty of divers dictment read, where by the oaths of a Jury High-Treasons: thou hast been arraigned thereof, and confessed thyself guilty, and submitted majesty's Serjeant hath, on her behalf, required thyself to her majesty's mercy. The queen's

the oft

Confession to be entered, and Judgment to be | seminavit zizania: the good seedsman sowed came the enemy, given against thee, according to the order of good seed; but there Such, wicked the laws; so nothing resteth now but Judgment the evil seedsman, and he sowed darnel, to be given against thee, and that thou hear cockle, and noisome weeds. thy Judgment. A few words for good admo- seedsmen have been in England; if they had nition shall serve: Thou art a gentleman, wise, sown the right seed for their own use, the seed and well learned, I would to God there had of hemp, and felt of it, they had received acbeen in thee as much loyalty and truth, as there cording to their deserving. God hath sown in is learning, and other good qualities and gifts of you good gifts and qualities, meet to have God, then hadst thou not fallen into this great served any prince in Christendom; but superfault and misery. But there have been evil en- venit inimicus, the devil and his ministers, wicked seedsmen, sowed in you daruel and ticers, evil school masters, evil seedsmen, as one called them here last day; they have brought cockle, treason and disloyalty; they have en handled thee from truth and good estate, to untruth, made you forget your duty to your natural treason, and wretchedness; where before thou prince and country. If these had be and others were of good name and fame, they as they have deserved, they should long ago have brought you to infamy; of loyal, good, and have had of their own due seed, hemp bestowed truc subjects, they brought you to the name upon them, meet seed for such seedsmen; such and state of disloyal traitors: A great blot to mischievous seedsmen they be, that corrupt men, otherwise well indued, that sow treason be a Traitor, and the greatest infamy that cau so abundantly in this realm. O strange matbe. It is the chiefest point of the duty of every natural and reasonable man, which by the gift ter! that such Treasons should be, and so of reason differeth from a beast, to know his ripe in this realm; a common slander to this prince and head, to be true to his head and realm of England, the Treasons of England are prince. All the members are bound to obey every where talked of among strange nations: For proof of it they refer us to our histories of the head; every man is bound to repair life, to prove lay out and expend goods, lands, and posses- H. 2. Ed. 2. Ric. 2. Ed. 5. and so sions, to forsake father, mother, kindred, wife, practices in this realm to murder and depose our princes, to the great infamy and slander of and children, in respect of preserving the our country. The very regard of our country's prince; for in defending the prince, they preserve father, mother, kindred, wife, children, fame, that this great slander of treason should and all. It was well and wisely spoken here not by your fault have been renewed and inthe last day, by one that stood at the bar, that creased against us, if nothing else would, it was learned and as wise as you are, upon his should have staid you from so foul dealing in But is this sowing of treason lawful confessing of himself guilty of Treason against treason. his prince; I would he had had as much truth for any? May embassadors be such seedsten ? and loyalty, as he had of learning and under-Be these the parts of embassadors? They have standing, in few words, he comprehended a their articles in law, by which they are bound, great heap of matter concerning the duty of the let them do as law will let them. If they will subject to the prince. All the duties, said he, transgress these, and fall to treason, and procure to father, mother, friends, kindred, children, the danger of princes, let them feel as law will. I can shew you a precedent and history for it yea to a man's wife, that is his own flesh, are within memory, about 37 or 38 years ago, about all inferior to the duty that a subject oweth to was, Francis, his prince, for this duty comprehendeth them the 25th Hen. 8. it was done by the duke of Miall. In respect of duty to the prince, and lan. The French king, that then preserving the prince, neither wife, parent, grand-father to the French king that now is, sent one M. de Marveilles to the duke of Milan as his nor other are to be regarded, they must all stand behind; If in any case, any respect ambassador: this M. de Marveilles, the French shall allure a man from loyalty and truth king's ambassador, conspired Treason against to his prince, they must be forsaken, they the state and the duke of Milan; the duke unmust come behind; it must be said, l'ade post derstood it, he caused him to be arraigned after me, Satana. We must first look unto God the the order of their law, and being found guilty, high prince of all princes, and then to the queen's he beheaded him: and this jure gentium was lawmajesty the second prince, and God's deputy, fully done. May Messengers conspire Treason In these against princes to whom they be sent? Treason and our sovereign prince on earth. to princes is not their message, it is no lawful few words he comprehended much matter, he satisfied the hearers for their duty to the queen's cause of their sending; if of their own beads majesty. You are wise and learned as he was, they presume it, they must by law be touched and for knowledge of duty and understanding and taught to keep them within their duties. as much bound to God as he; but the evil As for them that seek fame by Treason, and by seedsmen, the evil inticers and seducers have procuring the destruction of princes, where shall sound that fame? Shall the golden Trump wrought evil effect in you both, the great good seedsman hath sowed in you good gifts, learning, of Fame and good Report, that Chaucer speakknowledge, and good quality, to serve him, your eth of? No; but the black Trump of Shame shall prince and your country withal, as it is said blow out their infamy for ever. Again, these in the gospel, Bonus seminator seminarit that follow such heinous Treasons, that bring semen bonum; but supervenit inimicus et forth the fruit of such seeds as such wicked