own originate, and become the implacable, altho' ¡with pleasure and gratitude; but there are situa possibly the concealed enemies of the authors of tions in which the efforts of valour would be of both. If this melancholy picture be overcharged, no avail, and discipline becomes useless. The the nature of man must be altered from what it Marattas can with the greatest ease pour into dit was, and new and debased sentiments must oc- ferent parts of our possessions twenty or thirty cupy his bosom. With the Marattas we have had thousand horse, and the utmost consternation and much intercourse, and it will be necessary to en- confusion would instantly ensue. The inhabitants large upon these subjects. They have occasionally of every denomination, now entirely exposed, been our confederates and our adversaries; in the and totally defenceless, would fly to the woods one case they made their bargains before they for safety, where those who should be successful, would serve, and were afterwards remunerated for numbers must be lost in the attempt, would for services which they never performed-in the behold their habitations in flames, all their imother, devastation and ruin have marked their moveable property destroyed, and their cattle, footsteps, and dismay and horror accompanied the bulk of their fortune, swept away by the intheir pursuits. When led by Senerjec, not quite vaders. Thus would the revenues of the public a century ago, they were so insignificant as to he suspended, its resources cut up by the roots, be almost concealed from notice by the obscurity and a successful war carried on against us without in which they were immerged. Since that period the necessity of firing a shot. What could our they have multiplied so surprisingly, that belief troops do with such an enemy, whose motions might hesitate in giving credit to the fact; and are as vivid as lightning? Let it also be consiat this time they are indisputably the most warlike dered that those troops are to garrison countless and powerful people existing, or, it may be, that forts, that are dispersed at the distance of 10, ever did exist, in India; nor has their power 20, 30, and so on, to 500 miles from each other. yet reached its summit, and their ambition, like If, thus circumstanced, it should be deemed extheir avarice, is boundless. Adopting the exam- pedient to carry hostility into the enemy's counple of the western world, they have formed their try, it would require much time to assemble an infantry, once an armed rabble, into regular re- army, during which a thousand embarrassing and giments, and, assisted by Europeans of all nations, ruinous occurrences might take place; but suphave arrived at a degree of perfection in military pose the ariny assembled and arrived in the Maknowledge and discipline that may challenge ad-ratta's dominions, would victory be within their miration, and will certainly compel respect. It grasp? Certainly not. They would find there a is their cavalry, however, on which they place continuation of stupendous mountains, surrounded their chief dependance, and of these, it is said, by impregnable forests, and the labyrinth by they can bring two hundred thousand into the which these are accessible to the natives unknown feld. They are of a restless disposition, of an to foreigners, and if we were acquainted with enterprising genius, soldiers from their infancy, them, we should not be efited by our knowand plunderers by profession. But they have an- ledge. Where troops would be necessitated to other character not less deserving of remark, and march in single ranks through passes and defiles, which may have a preponderating weight in those thickly planted on each side by unseen assailants, councils that are to advise their future operations in order to reach their destined spot, courage it-they are the aborigines of the country, and con- selt would stand appalled, or its exertions would sequently of the Hindoo religion, which rejects be spent in vain. To these mountains and forests, with abhorrence every proposal of conversion to which form at once their refuge and their treasury, its tenets: holds the habits and customs of Euro- their granaries and their arsenals, the Marattas repeans and Mahomedans in equal detestation, as treat whenever they are overpowered, or find the effervescence of impunity, and execrates both themselves inferior to a contest on the plainas abominable for eating of the flesh of the cow, there they smile at their pursuers and defy puran animal of sacred estimation throughout Hin. suit. To shut them up in these fortresses of nadostan, so much so that to kill a cow is amongst ture, nearly one thousand miles in extent, and the highest crimes that can be perpetrated. The their rear completely open, would be impossible, Marattas, then, must be regarded as a component and to fall back from such a position truly danpart of the great Hindoo body, and the whole, gerous. The predicament of the army under gen. actuated by one feeling, governed by one princi- Goddard, in the year 1780, to which I reler you, ple, and animated by the same spirit towards the will fully illustrate this fact, and the expences of accomplishment of one purpose common to all. that army may afford an useful lesson." Tippoo Hence it is apparent that the far greater number of was the determined foe of the Marattas, whose the E. I. Comp.'s subjects may be friendly dis-growing power he saw and dreaded. His territoposed towards the Maratta interest, which, in ries lay between theirs and those of the E. I. some of its aspects must be dear to them, united comp.; so that they could not have entered the as they are by the bands of a religion that, more one without having first subjugated the other; but susceptible than the sensitive plant, shrinks even in an evil hour this strong barrier was broken at the approach of the uninitiated; a religion down, and the Marattas are become our immediate mild and benign in its institutes, enshrined by neighbours. It may be urged, that putting an impervious forms, that are encompassed by un-end to a reign of usurpation, as the dynasty of conquered prejudices, and administered by priests Hyder has been called, must be highly gratifying who hold the mind of its followers in the adaman-to the Marattas, and I do not mean to deny it. tine chains of superstition. That our troops in India transcend all praise, and are equal to any service within the ability, zeal, and exertion of the bravest and best disciplined troops in the world to perform, is a truth to which I subscribe But why are they gratified? Merely because a govt has been annihilated, which, under the rule of a man whom they feared and hated, impered their views, and checked their inordinate ambi tion; and because it is now directed by a prince whose religious tenets, and native predilections for the purpose, the painful doubt and anxious may incline him to favour them; but if they should suspense it has produced in the mind of the counhave nothing to hope from his assistance, they try. To solicit the comp. upon the subject would will have nothing to fear from his enmity. Here be an unprofitable undertaking. Elevated by the then are the effects of our wisdom and policy. pride of power, surrounded by the attributes of The Hindoo influence, already gigantic, has been majesty, and exercising all the functions of royextended, and the Mahommedan interest, that alty, they seem to have considered upon all occahas been rapidly declining for many years, has sions that a communication to the public of their been lessened. The Hindoos are computed at Asiatic transactions would be a condescension inforty millions, and the Mahomedans, who are compatible with their pre-eminence, and deroga. scattered over the face of Hindostan, do not extory to their dignity; yet surely they are not to ceed four millions. The Hindoos were since made learn at this day, that although sovereigns in Intributaries to the Mahomedans, at an era when dia, they are subjects in England, and that they the one lived in all the simplicity of the primitive owe a larger debt of duty and of gratitude to the ages, and the other had been trained to arms, and public than any individual or body of men in the inured to all the hardships of war. Their respec- kingdom: that whatever may be the privileges tive situations have undergone great changes, and they enjoy under the charter they hold, every act the one is known to be as expert in the field as of their government is amenable to the laws of the other. But although the Hindoos submitted the land, and that a violation of those laws will to the Mahomedans, they never lost sight of their work a forfeiture of that charter. And if the reformer state; nor did they ever cease to cherish port alluded to be true, it may be adviseable that the hope of returning to it. They may now in- they should pay an early attention to the consedulge that hope amidst more flattering prospects quences that must follow upon a disclosure of the opened to them by means not within their power circumstances with which the event it announces to have commanded. Their dormant spirit may is connected. It has been asserted from various now awaken, and who will say that it may not quarters, and I maintain the fact to be so, that be roused to action? It is with nations as with immediately subsequent to the deposition of i.s individuals, when deprived of their dignity and highness, he was not only condemned to be “¿ honour, and reduced by injustice and oppression private person, hostile to the Brit. interests, and depento humiliation and poverty, they will look for- dent upon the bounty of the comp." but in aggravation ward to favourable seasons, and with avidity seize of this sentence, remarkable for the despotism by on the opportunity that may restore them to their which it was dictated, and the absurdities that lost rights and most valued privileges. The con- pervade it, his highness was also deprived of bis quest then of Mysore, if I am correct in my pre- liberty, and confined to an obscure apartment of mises, instead of stengthening the power of the the palace in which the usurper of his throne reE. I. comp. has very ch weakened it, by weak-sided, and ruled with arbitrary sway, and as it has ening its defences, and the debility has been ennot been even suggested that his highness was aftercreased, by raising to the musnud of that king-wards restored to liberty, or removed to any other dom the reputed descendant of a prince also of situation, we have a right to presume that he died aboriginal extraction, and of the Hindoo religion; in his prison, and that to the latest moment of and if your plans of conquest have on the one his existence, he continued to be within the power hand served only to introduce dangers, and open of that man in whose sight he was odious and a wide field for disputes and controversies, which detestable; who, adopting the pernicious councils may be calculated upon as endless, it will not of envy and jealousy, and bending to the grovel be less evident that they have failed in their pur-ling sentiments of hatred and malice, greedily pose of advancing your revenue, which I shall anticipated the death of his highness as an occur. hereafter endeavour to prove. But it will be of rence that would dispel all those fears and appreinfinitely more importance to the public to know hensions that beset his new-fangled greatness, the means by which such ends were acquired. In and secure him in the possession of his ill-acquired those their stake has been great and their loss im- diadem. Contemplating this assemblage, the tenmense-fortunately they can and will retrieve it. dency to which it pointed, and the passions by ARISTIDES. which it was influenced, are you not satisfied that it offers ample ground for the strongest suspicions, that his highness's death did not proceed from that course of visitation to which our nature is subjected? But, sir, there are other facts that SIR-A report that has been some time in cir- speak with more positive decision, and demand culation of a nature much to be deprecated obl ges the awful decrees of retributive justice. The unme for a moment to deviate from those objects to happy prince, whose only crime was possessing a which I had by my former letter called your atten-judgment beyond the common attainment of ins tion. It has been stated in several of the daily prints, infant years; a fortitude that rose to heroism, and and particularly The Times, that accounts received a soul that united with filial affection those ge from Madras mention the death of his highness nerous feelings that ennoble man and endear him the deposed nabob of the Carnatic. How far that to his fellow creatures, very soon perceived that statement, which concludes with a confidence his life, which was delivered into the hands of the that gives to it the colouring of certainty, is en- tyrant, was in imminent danger of falling a sacrititled to the credit that it claims, you best can de-fice to his machinations. At the dead hour of termine, as your official situation must be informed night, a season best suited to dark designs, a bani upon a matter of so much importance; and rely- of ruffians, headed by Azim ul Dowlah, forecd ing upon your candour I persuade myself that his dreary abode, with the impious view of making you will feel a particular gratification in relieving, it his tomb; but, eluding the malevolent purposes by such means as you may deem best calculatop of such atrocious intentions, his highness fled to Letter IV.-To John Wallace, Esq. One of the Commissioners for the Affairs of India, on the Report of the Death of the deposed Nabob. the mournful dwelling of his distracted mother, unhappy situation; but we have not yet been faand the fury of "the favourite of fortune" was for voured with your Idp's reply. Circumstances will that time spent in excesses of cruelty upon a child not allow us to remain inactive in secking our of 7 or 8 years of age, who had accompanied his safety; and these must excuse any seeming imuncle, the venerable Najeb Khan, to the solitude portunity in requesting your idp's instant attention of their sovereign, with the pious resolution of to our case. We shall not repeat to your ldp in lessening his misfortures by becoming the part- council the aggravated injuries which we publicly ners of them. Thus attacked in a spot which was represented in our former letter, and we hope considered as a sanctuary, consecrated to grief and they are not forgotten; and although they have affliction, his highness looked upon his fate as ir hitherto received no redress, we cannot bring ourrevocably fixed, and that the period for his de- selves to think that they will be ultimately unreparture to another world was fast approaching; a lieved. We have too high an opinion of your fecble ray of hope, however, threw a glimmering Idp's character, and those honourable men who of light upon his gloomy prospects, and be con- are your idp's council, ever to suppose that the ceived the determination to address the govt of indignities and cruelties which we stated to your Fort St. George, complaining of the outrage that Idp would pass, after our solemn representation, had been committed, and craving protection without inquiry or remedy. Since we last had against future violence. His illustrious family, the honour of addressing your ldp in council, our whose sufferings were equally severe and oppres- state has become more intolerable and more sive as his own, joined him in the application, but alarming. In a condition of imprisonment (sad the answer it obtained, far from diminishing their reverse of our former fortune)-a condition which sorrows, marked out for them new and more dis- would awaken humanity in every civilized breast, tressing channels, and they saw themselves aban- we have been loaded with opprobrium and insult, doned to despair. They were charged with in- more severe and more galling than the heaviest fetveterate enmity towards Azim ul Dowlah, be- ters which ingenious barbarity could forge. Weak, cause they were absent when he was enthroned, forlorn, incapable of offence, and sacred as it were and had withheld the obedience that was due to from circumstance, we have been offended and his authority as nabob of the Carnatic! Much attacked both in person and in property. The praise was bestowed upon the manner in which doors of some of our dwellings have been forced, Azım ul Dowlah had deported himself, and it was and our interior apartments have been entered and signified in terms not to be mistaken, that his con- profaned by a hired band, without a semblance of duct towards them was justifiable upon the prin- reason, and without a shadow of cause, witch ciple of retaliation. On the subject of the im-justice, or even policy, can avow and authorize, prisonment of their persons and the plunder of The house of the prince, the heir of our late much their property, adverted to by them in their ad- regretted brother and se sign, has been viodress, they were left to conclude from the pre-lently and forcibly broken; the doors torn from mises afforded to them, that such acts were a part their hinges: his cabinets plundered; his friends of the prerogative to which Azim ul Dowlah had calumniated and reviled; his attendants beaten; succeeded, and that govt were determined to and he himself driven before a scoffing horde of guard and protect him in all his rights with honour ruffians (for we cannot dignify them with the and respect. This merciless answer finished with name of soldiers) into the sanctuary of the Muhl, an intimation, that if Azim ul Dowlah, in the ex- in the defence of what is dearer than life-his hoercise of his authority, acted inconsistent with the nour and his name. We need not declare to your honour and dignity of the English nation, he would Idp in council the author of those injuries, nor be discountenanced, and that an inquiry would be need we represent the events to which they made of him as to the measures of oppression that lead, and to which they are so fast approachhad been imputed to him. If these facts should be ing. They are too inevitable, and too plain to susceptible of proof, and if it should be manifested escape the most common capacity and judgment. that the supplication of a dethroned sovereign and We think it a duty we owe to our rightful prince, a royal family, reduced to wretchedness by the to our families, and to ourselves, to make known arm of power, had been offered to a Brit. govt for these circumstances to your ldp in council, under an asylum against insult, and to obtain security for a full conviction, that in regard to the calls of juspersonal safety, and was received with indiffer- tice and humanity-to your own honour-to the ence, or noticed only in order to convey reproach, character of the Brit. nation-and to the interest will you preserve your tranquillity? will you ex- which your Idp represents, you will interpose your perience no impulse of indignation? will you per- immediate authority to restrain proceedings which severe in defending the govt of India? I think outrage every principle of right, and the best imtoo highly of your heart and understanding to be- pressions of our nature. We request your Idp's leve it possible. The subjoined correspondence most serious attention to the matters, of which we will illustrate the subject on which I have touched, have now, and before apprised your ldp in counand furnish the evidence that is necessary to sup- cil; and if it shall be deemed expedicnt, from port it. I know the emotions that it will excite in public motives; if your ldp in council is liable to the public breast, and I leave it with every grate-[ decide, to subject the prince and us to a temporary ful sensation to the guardianship of the public confinement, we hope that the horrors of it may feeling. ARISTIDES. be abated, inasmuch as it shall be consistent with the object which renders such a measure necessary. We must entreat most earnestly, that under the supposed necessity of such a measure, we may not Translation of a Letter to the Right Hon. Lord Clive, (From the Princes and Princesses of the Royal Family My Ld, We had the honour of addressing your ldp * Apartments appropriated to the ladies of the in council on the 13th of Rajab, on the subject of our family. 1579] SUPPLEMENT TO VOL. IL be left under the guardianship of one who has a Nabob Sultan ul Nisa Begum, own name Boody deceased princes, but merely in regard to the old and long-continued friendly intercourse with those princes, and from the honourable and laudable desires of the above-mentioned govt, to establish and perpetuate the ancient honour and dignity of those families in all parts, and amongst all the princes of Hindostan, in pursuance of such their temperate exercise of authority. The Eng. govt might have entertained a well-founded hope that the regulations designed and finally established for the maintenance and prosperity of the Eng, nation in the Carnatic, and in preserving the honour of those noble families, would have been received with the sincere and united approbation of every individual personage of the above-mentioned families; it is nevertheless completely evident that those persons whose seals are affixed to the aforesaid writings have manifested every possible and unreasonable opposition to the before-mentioned Mulk ul Nisa Begum, own name Durya Begum. Omdut ul Misa Begum, own name Fratta Bc-regulations; and the greater part of them have engum. Hussam ul Mulk Yetta Mauded Dowla Ma- Nabob Rice ul Nisa Begum, own name Zalnab Ria ul Omrah Mahumed Abdul Hussain, own name Naseer Miah. Ammeer ul Dowla Abdul Cauder Cawn Ba- Chipak, Dec. 15, 1101. deavoured also to promote their several distinct claims; hence they have proved that any arrange. ment or mode that could have been adopted would be unsatisfactory. Finally, therefore, when the English govt resolved to exalt the nabob Azeem ul Dowlah (whom God preserve!) to the chiefship of the Carnatic, a reasonable hope prevailed in my mind that, after the rejection of those different claims, the noble persons of those families would assuredly have been anxious in desiring to signify their sincere and grateful compliance with, and approbation of a measure adopted merely for the exaltation and advancement of the dignity of that noble family. Wherefore, and agreeable to the before-mentioned considerations, by my authority, and in the name of the Eng. govi, at the proper season I caused to be published to those persons of quality the resolutions which the before-mentioned govt had formed of investing the nabob Azeem ul Dowlah (whose life may God prolong!) with the sovereign authority, and requested they would be ready in the presence at the time of seating the nabob Azeem ul Dowlah on the throne, by which attendance they would be honoured and advantaged. But it is fully known to those perI have recently had the honour of receiving two sons, and indeed public to all the world, that, at letters, scaled by some of the principal men of the time of enthroning the favourite of fortune, of rank belonging to the noble and dignified families all those persons not even one was present, and frem of the nabob (the repository of forgiveness) Ma- this circumstance there is the clearest proof of the most hommed Ally Khan and the nabob (the asylum of inveterate enmity of those persons towards the nabub mercy) Omdut ul Omrah Behauder, and have Azeem ul Dowlah (may whose soul endure for It cannot be un- ever!) and the most unbecoming contempt of the fully understood their contents. known to those noble persons that the English authority of the Eng. govt; and the decided disgovt (consistent and suitable with the dignity of obedience of those persons with the most perniits intentions, and the justice and equanimity of cious designs (and which can only tend to injure its protection, so natural to, and inseparable from, the claims of their own families) have been also that celebrated people) in the support of just and rendered most unquestionably evident. In purwell-founded claims have been observant of the suance of this public avowal of enmity and disafpath of rectitude and moderation, which, by rea- fection to the nabob Azeem ul Dowlah (whose life son of the disaffection of the two before-men- may God lengthen!) they have unceasingly mationed princes, namely, Wallajah and Omdut ulnifested their opposition to his endeavours and my Omrah, has become the more incumbent on the hon. comp. to attend to. Hence have proceeded the just and equitable intentions before mentioned, not from any concealed motives of obligation towards the families of the two before-mentioned *It has been customary in addressing the native princes to write in the Persian language, and to accompany such letter by a translation in English. admonitions, which have proceeded from the sole motives of increasing and cementing friendship and good understanding on all sides. From the commencement of these improper disputes, I have observed with much anxiety of mind their gradual advancement and increase, and in this view my respectful exhortations were contained in a letter, written on the 11th of the month of Jemmad ul Awall, in the year of the Hegir 1216, addressed to the sultaun Ulmissah Begum, and which was designed for the purpose of exciting content and good will amongst the several individuals of those families | supporters of the authority of the nabob Azeem ul with each other; but this also has passed without Dowlah will controul that authority, whensoever it any good effect, and disappointment upon disap- may be found, that the exercise of it is inconsistent pointment has but increased. On observing so with, and repugnant to the honour and dignity of clearly these measures of opposition and indignity the Eng nation; it will, therefore, be unquestiontowards the authority of the nabob Azeem ul Dow-ably necessary, if the nabob Azeem ul Dowlah 1ah (whom God prosper!) it must be acknowledged should really act towards the protectors of his authat, if the nabob before mentioned had entertained in thority, in the manner and to the extent as stated his heart a similar degree of malevolence towards these in the forementioned writings, that in that case I persons who have so conspicuously avowed their most cor- should discountenance such mode of act ng, and dial animosity towards him, it would not have been ex- finally put a stop to such conduct--a species of tremely unnatural. It is, however, incumbent upon authority nevertheless so entirely subversive of the me expressly to declare, that the nabob Azeem ul care and prudence of the Eng. nation, and so inDowlah Behauder has at all times afforded to my compatible with any permanent intercourse and mind the most complete and satisfactory proofs of friendship between the several persons of rank of his willingness to renew the terms of friendship the palace of Chepaux, that its existence can scarce and affection with every individual of the families be imagined.-It is also well known to me, that to which he is related. Those persons of rank be- some of the circumstances stated in the writings fore mentioned, whose seals are impressed upon beforementioned have been chiefly fermented and the aforesaid writings, have complained through stirred up with much exaggeration by the excess me to the Eng, govt of the violence and oppression of of anger and ill will; but, notwithstanding this the nabob Azeem ul Dowlah, in the imprisonment of impression upon my mind, without neglecting the their persons, and the plunder of their property, when interposition of friendship, I will enquire into from the nabob Azeem ul Dowlah Behauder ascended the nabob Azeem ul Dowlah and investigate those the throne of the Carnatic, to succeed to the oppressive measures, as set forth in the aforesaid rights of his ancestors and noble forefathers, namely writings; and, as soon as I have obtained a clear the preceding princes of the Carnatic. In like man- explanation, I will again write to those noble perner the rights before mentioned are, and have been for sons who have put their seals to the above-mena length of time, under the superintending care tioned writings.-Every reparation consistent with and direction of the Eng. govt; and it it well known the observance of the real good faith of the Eng. to every individual of those families that the Eng. nation will be made:-What further is necessary govt have not interfered with the order and ar- to be said? rangement of the affairs of those defunct princes, otherwise than in the way of friendship. If there was any one time more than another that particularly required the interposition of the Eng. govt, it was on the occurrence of the death of the nabob Ameer ul Omrah. Nevertheless, to some of those noble persons before-mentioned it is known extremely well what the deceased nabob Wallajah did on the occasion of the before-mentioned event, in the express exercise of his own authority, conformable to the Mussulman (or Mahometan) customs, without any consideration of his existing agreements with the Eng. govt*, and the existing agreements morcover of that time accord with the present agreements of the new treaty, by means of which the nabob Azeem ul Dowlah has himself effectuated a renewal of the basis of friendly intercourse with the Eng. nation, and of the aggrandizement of his own family. It is proper, therefore, that the Eng. govt should consider as sacred the rights stipulated for in the before-mentioned treaty, and it is certainly the most proper for me to be careful to - reject every objection to the rights before-mentioned, and to resist any violation of the articles of agreement, which are now firmly established and consented to. Under this consideration, therefore, I declare the fixed resolutions of the Eng. govt to guard and protect the rights of the nabob Azeem ul Dowlah, according to the terms of the beforementioned treaty, with honour and respect; and in like manner I promise, that at all times, the Written on the 11th of the month Shabaun, in the year of the Hegira1216-corresponding with the 18th of December, in year of Christ 1801. Letter V-To the Editor of the Morning Chronicle. Sir,-A letter in the Times of the 11th instant, signed ZENO, has given to me principles which I trust do not belong to me, and endeavoured, by general assertions, to injure the cause that I have espoused. God forbid that I should entertain a thought injurious to virtuous atchievements, or attempt to sully an honourable act in which the public may have an interest. The man who might be wicked enough to pursue such conduct would soon meet the punishment due to its atrocity. Zeno ought to have known, that before the public form an opinion upon subjects of considerable magnitude that are submitted to their decision, they will require circumstantial details, supported by the evidence of irrefragable facts. If then, I should fortunately draw down their resentment upon the measures that I expose, there can be no foundation for the apprehension that exalted worth will sustain an injury, or that deserving merit may be deprived of its well entitled rewards. Zeno's propositions sufficiently evince that he “has but little knowledge of India affairs;" there was no occasion for a formal declaration of his ignorance. If he will take the trouble to turn over the page of Asiatic History, defective as it certainly is, he may notwithstanding perceive, that the greater number of the Indian princes hold their territories in right of hereditary descent, and of course these cannot *This alludes to the conduct of the nabob Wal- be denominated usurpers. There are others who Lajah, in seizing upon the estate and possessions of have acquired dominion by conquest, and if such his son the Ameer, shortly after his decease: but means be questionable, there are very powerful it must be remembered that the Ameer died with- reasons why Zeno should not court enquiry. I out making any will or disposition of his property, abhor usurpation as much as he does, but I know which in consequence became the right of the reign-not of any other usurpers in Hindoostan than those ing sovereign,according to the Mahomedan customs. whom he so strenuously defends. His ethics seem |