Albuquerque, Rodrigo, his barbarous treatment of the
Indians of Hifpaniola, i. 304.

Alcavala, in the Spanish customs, the term explained,

iii. 490.

Alexander the Great, his political character, i. 20. His
motive in founding the city of Alexandria, 21. His
difcoveries in India, 22, 23.

Alexander VI. Pope, grants to Ferdinand and Ifabella
of Caftile, the right of all their weftern difcoveries,
i. 162. Sends miffionaries with Columbus on his
fecond voyage, 163.

Almagro, Diego de, his birth and character, iii. 3.
Affociates with Pizarro and de Luque, in a voyage
of difcovery, 5. His unfuccefsful attempts, 6. Is
neglected by Pizarro in his Spanish negociation, 18.
Is reconciled to him, 20. Brings reinforcements
to Pizarro at Peru, 46. Beginning of diffenfions
between him and Pizarro, 67. Invades Chili, 71.
Is created governor of Chili, and marches to Cuzco,
77, 78. Seizes Cuzco, out of the hands of Pizarro,
80. Defeats Alvarado, and takes him prifoner, 81.
Is deceived by the artful negociations of Francis
Pizarro, 83. Is defeated by the Pizarros, 87. Is
taken prifoner, 89. Is tried and condemned, 91.
Is put to death, 92.

Almagro the fon, affords refuge to his father's follow-
ers at Lima, iii. 104. His character, ibid. Heads
a confpiracy against Francis Pizarro, 105. Pizarro
affaffinated, 106. Is acknowledged as his fucceffor,
108. His precarious fituation, 109. Is defeated
by Vaca de Caftro, 112. Is betrayed and executed,
113.

Almajorifafgo, in the Spanish American customs, the
amount of, iii. 490.

Alvarado, Alonzo, is fent from Lima, by Francis Pi-

zarro, with a body of Spaniards to relieve his bro-
thers at Cuzco, iii. 80. Is taken prifoner by Al-
magro, 81. His escape, 84.

Alvarado, Pedro de, is left by Cortes to command at

Mexico,

Mexico, while he marched against Narvaez, ii. 357-
He is befieged by the Mexicans, 366. His impru-
dent conduct, 367. His expedition to Quito in
Peru, iii. 63.

Amazons, a community of, faid to exift in South Ame-
rica, by Francis Orellana, iii. 101.

America, the continent of, difcovered by Christopher
Columbus, i. 198. How it obtained this name,
214. Ferdinand of Caftile nominates two govern-
ments in, 272. The propofitions offered to the na-
tives, 273. Il reception of Ojeda and Nicueffa
among them, 274. The South Sea discovered by
Balboa, 290. Rio de Plata difcovered, 302. The
natives of, injuriously treated by the Spaniards, 331.
The vaft extent of, ii. 2. The grand objects it
prefented to view, 3. The circumftances of, fa-
vourable for commerce and civilization, 5. The
climates of, 7, 8. Various causes of the peculiarity
of its climates, 10. Its rude and uncultivated
ftate when firft difcovered, 15. Its animals, 18.
Its infects and reptiles, 20. Birds, 22. General
account of its foil, 23. Inquiry into the first po-
pulation of, 25. Could not be peopled by civil-
ized nations,. 33. The northern extremity of,
contiguous to Afia, 38. Probably peopled by
Afiatics, 47.
Condition and character of the na-
tive inhabitants inquired into, 49. Were more
rude than the natives of any other known parts of
the earth, 51. The Peruvians and Mexicans ex-
cepted, 52. The firft difcoverers incapable of a
judicious fpeculative examination, 54. The vari-
ous fyftems of philofophers refpecting the natives,
56. Method obferved in the prefent review of their
bodily conftitution and circumftances, 59. The
venereal disease derived from this part of the world,
87. Why fo thinly inhabited, 129. The coun-
try depopulated by continual wars, 172. Caufe of
the extreme coldness toward the fouthern extremity
of, 465. The natural uncultivated ftate of the

Kk 3

country

country defcribed, 467. Bones of large extinct fpecies of animals difcovered under ground near the banks of the Ohio, 469. Why European animals degenerate there, 470. Suppofed to have undergone a convulfive feparation from Afia, 475. Causes of the depopulation of, traced, iii. 288. This depopulation not the refult of any intentional fyftem of policy, 275. Nor the refult of religion, 278. Number of Indian natives ftill remaining in Mexico and Peru, 280. All the Spanish dominions there, fubjected to two viceroys, 284. Its third viceroyalty lately established, 285. See Mexico, Peru, Certes, Pizarro, &c.

Americans, native, in Spanish America, their bodily conftitution and complexion, ii. 60. Their ftrength and abilities, 62. Their infenfibility with regard to their women, 64. No deformities in their frame, 71. This circumftance accounted for, 72. Uniformity of their colour, 74. A peculiar_race of, defcribed, 77. The Efquimaux, 80. Patagonians, 81. The exiftence of Patagonian giants yet remaining to be decided, 83. Their difeafes, 84. The venereal difeafe, peculiarly theirs, 86. The powers and qualities of their minds, 88. Are only folicitous to fupply immediate wants, 90. The art of computation, fcarcely known to them, 91. Have no abstract ideas, 93. The North Americans much more intelligent than thofe of the South, 95. Their averfion to labour, 97. Their focial ftate, 100. Domestic union, 101. The women, 103. Their women not prolific, 106. Their parental affection and filial duty, 108. Their modes of fubfiftence, 111. Fishing, 112. Hunting, 114. Agriculture, 117. The various objects of their culture, ilid. Two principal causes of the defects of their agriculture, 122. Their want of tame animals, ibid. Their want of useful metals, 125. Their political inftitutions, 128. Were divided into small independent communities, ibid. Unacquainted

quainted with the idea of property, 130. Their high fenfe of equality and independence, 132. Their ideas of fubordination imperfect, 133. To what tribes thefe defcriptions apply, 136. Some exceptions, 138. Florida, 139. The Natchez, ibid. The islands, 141. In Bogota, ibid. Inquiry into the caufes of thefe irregularities, 143. Their art of war, 147. Their motives to hoftility, 148. Causes of their ferocity, 149. Perpetuity of their animofities, 152. Their modes of conducting war, 153. Are not deftitute of courage and fortitude, 156. Incapable of military difcipline, 158. "Their treatment of prifoners, 159. Their fortitude under torture, 161. Never eat human flesh but to gratify revenge, 165. How the South Americans treated their prifoners, 166. Their military education, 168. Strange method of chufing a captain, among the Indians on the banks of the Orinoco, ibid. Their numbers wafted by continual wars, 172. Their tribes now recruit their numbers by adopting prisoners, 173. Are never formidable in war, to more polifhed nations, 175. Their arts, drefs, and ornaments, 176. Their habitations, 180. Their arms, 184. Their domeftic utenfils, 185. Conftruction of their canoes, 186. The liftleffness with which they apply to labour, 187. Their religion, 190. Some tribes altogether deftitute of any, 193. Remarkable diverfity in their religious notions, 198. Their ideas of the immortality of the foul, 202. Their modes of burial, 203. Why their phyficians pretend to be conjurors, 206. Their love of dancing, 210. Their immoderate paffion for gaming, 214. Are extremely addicted to drunkennefs, 216. Put their aged and incurable to death, 221. General eftimate of their character, 222. Their intellectual powers, 223. Their political talents, 224. Powers of affection, 227. Hardness of heart, 228. Their infenfibility, 229. Taciturnity, 231. Their cunning, 232. Their

Kk 4

Their virtues, 234. Their fpirit of independence,
ibid. Fortitude, 235. Attachment to their com-
munity, 236. Their fatisfaction with their own
condition, 237. General caution with respect to
this inquiry, 241. Two diftinguishable claffes of,
243. Exceptions as to their character, 245.
Their characteristic features deferibed, 476. In-
ftances of their perfevering fpeed, 477. An an-
tipathy induftriously encouraged between them and
the negroes in America, by the Spaniards, iii. 32 1.
Their prefent condition, 323. How taxed, 324.
Stated fervices demanded from them, 325. Mode
of exacting these services, 326. How governed,
327. Protector of the Indians, his function, 328.
Reasons why fo fmall a progress is made in their
converfion, 343.

Amerigo Vespucci, publifhes the firft written account
of the New World, and hence gave name to America,
i. 213. His claim as a discoverer examined, 380.
Anacoana, a female cazique of Hifpaniola, her bafe
and cruel ufage by the Spaniards, i. 255.

Andes, ftupendous height and extent of that range of
mountains, ii. 4. Their height compared with
other mountains, 457- Gonzalo Pizarro's re-
markable expedition over, iii. 97.

Animals, large, very few found in America at its first
discovery, ii. 18.

Antients, caule of the imperfection of the art of navi-
gation among them, i. 6. Their geographical
knowledge extremely confined, 352, 353, 354,
355, 356, 357-

Arabians peculiarly attached to the ftudy of geogra-
phy, i. 39.

Argonauts, the expedition of, why fo famous among
the Greeks, i. 16, 17.

Arithmetic, or computation, the art of, hardly known
to the native Americans, ii. 91.

Afcolino, father, his extraordinary miffion to the prince
of the Tartars, i. 46.

Afiatic